Remove redunant logic

Initial concept
2026-09-15 00:40:40 -07:00 · 2019-09-20 19:01:29 +10:00 · 2019-09-20 15:35:12 +10:00
174 changed files with 5548 additions and 13513 deletions
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-version: 2
-updates:
-  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
-    directory: "/"
-    schedule:
-      interval: weekly
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+enabled:
+  - cla
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-name: Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
-
-on:
-  pull_request_target:
-    types: [opened, synchronize]
-  issue_comment:
-    types: [created]
-
-jobs:
-  cla:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: |
-      (github.event.issue.pull_request 
-        && !github.event.issue.pull_request.merged_at
-        && contains(github.event.comment.body, 'signed')
-      ) 
-      || (github.event.pull_request && !github.event.pull_request.merged)
-    steps:
-      - uses: Shopify/shopify-cla-action@v1
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          cla-token: ${{ secrets.CLA_TOKEN }}
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-name: Liquid
-on: [push]
-
-env:
-  BUNDLE_JOBS: 4
-  BUNDLE_RETRY: 3
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        entry:
-          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
-          - { ruby: 3.4, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
-          - { ruby: 4.0, allowed-failure: false } # latest stable
-          - {
-              ruby: 4.0,
-              allowed-failure: false,
-              rubyopt: "--enable-frozen-string-literal",
-            }
-          - { ruby: 4.0, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
-          - { ruby: 4.0, allowed-failure: false, rubyopt: "--zjit" }
-          - { ruby: truffleruby, allowed-failure: false }
-
-          # Head can have failures due to being in development
-          - { ruby: head, allowed-failure: true }
-          - {
-              ruby: head,
-              allowed-failure: true,
-              rubyopt: "--enable-frozen-string-literal",
-            }
-          - { ruby: head, allowed-failure: true, rubyopt: "--yjit" }
-          - { ruby: head, allowed-failure: true, rubyopt: "--zjit" }
-    name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }} ${{ matrix.entry.rubyopt }} --${{ matrix.entry.allowed-failure && 'allowed-failure' || 'strict' }}
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@f43a0e5ff2bd294095638e18286ca9a3d1956744 # v3.6.0
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@319994f95fa847cf3fb3cd3dbe89f6dcde9f178f # v1.295.0
-        with:
-          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
-          bundler-cache: true
-          bundler: latest
-      - run: bundle exec rake
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.entry.allowed-failure }}
-        env:
-          RUBYOPT: ${{ matrix.entry.rubyopt }}
-
-  spec:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    env:
-      BUNDLE_WITH: spec
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@f43a0e5ff2bd294095638e18286ca9a3d1956744 # v3.6.0
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@319994f95fa847cf3fb3cd3dbe89f6dcde9f178f # v1.295.0
-        with:
-          bundler-cache: true
-          bundler: latest
-      - name: Run liquid-spec for all adapters
-        run: |
-          for adapter in spec/*.rb; do
-            echo "=== Running $adapter ==="
-            bundle exec liquid-spec run "$adapter" --no-max-failures
-          done
-
-  memory_profile:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@f43a0e5ff2bd294095638e18286ca9a3d1956744 # v3.6.0
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@319994f95fa847cf3fb3cd3dbe89f6dcde9f178f # v1.295.0
-        with:
-          bundler-cache: true
-      - run: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 pkg
 *.rbc
 .rvmrc
+.ruby-version
+Gemfile.lock
 .bundle
 .byebug_history
-Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-inherit_gem:
-  rubocop-shopify: rubocop.yml
-
 inherit_from:
+  - 'https://shopify.github.io/ruby-style-guide/rubocop.yml'
  - .rubocop_todo.yml

 require: rubocop-performance
@@ -10,19 +8,10 @@ Performance:
  Enabled: true

 AllCops:
-  NewCops: disable
-  SuggestExtensions: false
+  TargetRubyVersion: 2.4
  Exclude:
    - 'vendor/bundle/**/*'

 Naming/MethodName:
  Exclude:
    - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
-
-Style/ClassMethodsDefinitions:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# liquid filter calls were being mistaken to be calls on arrays
-Style/ConcatArrayLiterals:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
@@ -1,84 +1,25 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
-# on 2022-05-18 19:25:47 UTC using RuboCop version 1.29.1.
+# on 2019-09-11 06:34:25 +1000 using RuboCop version 0.74.0.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
 # versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.

-# Offense count: 1
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators, ConsiderPunctuation, Include.
-# Include: **/*.gemspec
-Gemspec/OrderedDependencies:
+# Offense count: 2
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+# SupportedStyles: runtime_error, standard_error
+Lint/InheritException:
  Exclude:
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
+    - 'lib/liquid/interrupts.rb'

-# Offense count: 6
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Layout/ClosingHeredocIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 34
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Layout/EmptyLineAfterGuardClause:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/block.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/parser.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/money_filter.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 8
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: AllowAliasSyntax, AllowedMethods.
-# AllowedMethods: alias_method, public, protected, private
-Layout/EmptyLinesAroundAttributeAccessor:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/strainer_template_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 17
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
-# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
-Layout/LineEndStringConcatenationIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/increment_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
-# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
-Layout/MultilineOperationIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 9
-Lint/MissingSuper:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/table_row_test.rb'
+# Offense count: 98
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
+# URISchemes: http, https
+Metrics/LineLength:
+  Max: 294

 # Offense count: 44
 Naming/ConstantName:
@@ -91,6 +32,7 @@ Naming/ConstantName:
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
@@ -98,92 +40,9 @@ Naming/ConstantName:
    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'

-# Offense count: 9
-# Configuration parameters: CheckIdentifiers, CheckConstants, CheckVariables, CheckStrings, CheckSymbols, CheckComments, CheckFilepaths, FlaggedTerms.
-Naming/InclusiveLanguage:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/parse_context.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
+# Offense count: 5
 Style/ClassVars:
  Exclude:
    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 3
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Style/ExplicitBlockArgument:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tag/disableable_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2982
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, ConsistentQuotesInMultiline.
-# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
-Style/StringLiterals:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 20
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
-Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 6
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
-# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
-Style/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'example/server/example_servlet.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
-# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
-Style/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 19
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, MinSize, WordRegex.
-# SupportedStyles: percent, brackets
-Style/WordArray:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 117
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, AllowCopDirectives, AllowedPatterns.
-# URISchemes: http, https
-Layout/LineLength:
-  Max: 260
-
-Naming/PredicatePrefix:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# This is intentional - early return from begin/rescue in assignment context
-Lint/NoReturnInBeginEndBlocks:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-3.4.1
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+language: ruby
+cache: bundler
+
+rvm:
+  - 2.4
+  - 2.5
+  - &latest_ruby 2.6
+  - 2.7
+  - ruby-head
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - rvm: *latest_ruby
+      script: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
+      name: Profiling Memory Usage
+  allow_failures:
+    - rvm: ruby-head
+
+branches:
+  only:
+    - master
+    - gh-pages
+    - /.*-stable/
+
+notifications:
+  disable: true
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 * Bugfixes
 * Performance improvements
 * Features that are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
-* Documentation updates that are concise and likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users

 ## Things we won't merge

@@ -15,22 +14,12 @@
 * Features that can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
 * Code that does not include tests
 * Code that breaks existing tests
-* Documentation changes that are verbose, incorrect or not important to most people (we want to keep it simple and easy to understand)

 ## Workflow

-* [Sign the CLA](https://cla.shopify.com/) if you haven't already
 * Fork the Liquid repository
 * Create a new branch in your fork
-  * For updating [Liquid documentation](https://shopify.github.io/liquid/), create it from `gh-pages` branch. (You can skip tests.)
 * If it makes sense, add tests for your code and/or run a performance benchmark
 * Make sure all tests pass (`bundle exec rake`)
 * Create a pull request

-## Releasing
-
-* Bump the version in `lib/liquid/version.rb`
-* Update the `History.md` file
-* Open a PR like [this one](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/pull/1894) and merge it to `main`
-* Create a new release using the [GitHub UI](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/releases/new)
-
@@ -7,31 +7,21 @@ end

 gemspec

-gem "base64"
-
 group :benchmark, :test do
  gem 'benchmark-ips'
  gem 'memory_profiler'
  gem 'terminal-table'
-  gem "lru_redux"

  install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /mingw|mswin|java/ && RUBY_ENGINE != 'truffleruby' } do
    gem 'stackprof'
  end
 end

-group :development do
-  gem "webrick"
-end
-
 group :test do
-  gem 'benchmark'
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.82.0'
-  gem 'rubocop-shopify', '~> 2.18.0', require: false
+  gem 'rubocop', '~> 0.74.0', require: false
  gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false
-end

-group :spec do
-  gem 'liquid-spec', github: 'Shopify/liquid-spec', branch: 'main'
-  gem 'activesupport', require: false
+  platform :mri, :truffleruby do
+    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'master'
+  end
 end
@@ -1,180 +1,5 @@
 # Liquid Change Log

-## 5.11.0
-* Revert the Inline Snippets tag (#2001), treat its inclusion in the latest Liquid release as a bug, and allow for feedback on RFC#1916 to better support Liquid developers [Guilherme Carreiro]
-* Rename the `:rigid` error mode to `:strict2` and display a warning when users attempt to use the `:rigid` mode [Guilherme Carreiro]
-
-## 5.10.0
-* Introduce support for Inline Snippets [Julia Boutin]
-
-## 5.9.0
-* Introduce `:rigid` error mode for stricter, safer parsing of all tags [CP Clermont, Guilherme Carreiro]
-
-## 5.8.7
-* Expose body content in the `Doc` tag [James Meng]
-
-## 5.8.1
-
-* Fix `{% doc %}` tag to be visitable [Guilherme Carreiro]
-
-## 5.8.0
-
-* Introduce the new `{% doc %}` tag [Guilherme Carreiro]
-
-## 5.7.3
-
-* Raise Liquid::SyntaxError when parsing invalidly encoded strings [Chris AtLee]
-
-## 5.7.2 2025-01-31
-
-* Fix array filters to not support nested properties [Guilherme Carreiro]
-
-## 5.7.1 2025-01-24
-
-* Fix the `find` and `find_index`filters to return `nil` when filtering empty arrays [Guilherme Carreiro]
-* Fix the `has` filter to return `false` when filtering empty arrays [Guilherme Carreiro]
-
-## 5.7.0 2025-01-16
-
-### Features
-
-* Add `find`, `find_index`, `has`, and `reject` filters to arrays [Guilherme Carreiro]
-* Compatibility with Ruby 3.4 [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-
-## 5.6.4 2025-01-14
-
-### Fixes
-* Add a default `string_scanner` to avoid errors with `Liquid::VariableLookup.parse("foo.bar")` [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-
-## 5.6.3 2025-01-13
-* Remove `lru_redux` dependency [Michael Go]
-
-## 5.6.2 2025-01-13
-
-### Fixes
-* Preserve the old behavior of requiring floats to start with a digit [Michael Go]
-
-## 5.6.1 2025-01-13
-
-### Performance improvements
-* Faster Expression parser / Tokenizer with StringScanner [Michael Go]
-
-## 5.6.0 2024-12-19
-
-### Architectural changes
-* Added new `Environment` class to manage configuration and state that was previously stored in `Template` [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Moved tag registration from `Template` to `Environment` [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Removed `StrainerFactory` in favor of `Environment`-based strainer creation [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Consolidated standard tags into a new `Tags` module with `STANDARD_TAGS` constant [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-
-### Performance improvements
-* Optimized `Lexer` with a new `Lexer2` implementation using jump tables for faster tokenization, requires Ruby 3.4 [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Improved variable rendering with specialized handling for different types [Michael Go]
-* Reduced array allocations by using frozen empty constants [Michael Go]
-
-### API changes
-* Deprecated several `Template` class methods in favor of `Environment` methods [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Added deprecation warnings system [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Changed how filters and tags are registered to use Environment [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fixed table row handling of break interrupts [Alex Coco]
-* Improved variable output handling for arrays [Ian Ker-Seymer]
-* Fix Tokenizer to handle null source value (#1873) [Bahar Pourazar]
-
-## 5.5.0 2024-03-21
-
-Please reference the GitHub release for more information.
-
-## 5.4.0 2022-07-29
-
-### Breaking Changes
-* Drop support for end-of-life Ruby versions (2.5 and 2.6) (#1578) [Andy Waite]
-
-### Features
-* Allow `#` to be used as an inline comment tag (#1498) [CP Clermont]
-
-### Fixes
-* `PartialCache` now shares snippet cache with subcontexts by default (#1553) [Chris AtLee]
-* Hash registers no longer leak into subcontexts as static registers (#1564) [Chris AtLee]
-* Fix `ParseTreeVisitor` for `with` variable expressions in `Render` tag (#1596) [CP Clermont]
-
-### Changed
-* Liquid::Context#registers now always returns a Liquid::Registers object, though supports the most used Hash functions for compatibility (#1553)
-
-## 5.3.0 2022-03-22
-
-### Fixes
-* StandardFilter: Fix missing @context on iterations (#1525) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Fix warning about block and default value in `static_registers.rb` (#1531) [Peter Zhu]
-
-### Deprecation
-* Condition#evaluate to require mandatory context argument in Liquid 6.0.0 (#1527) [Thierry Joyal]
-
-## 5.2.0 2022-03-01
-
-### Features
-* Add `remove_last`, and `replace_last` filters (#1422) [Anders Hagbard]
-* Eagerly cache global filters (#1524) [Jean Boussier]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fix some internal errors in filters from invalid input (#1476) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Allow dash in filter kwarg name for consistency with Liquid::C (#1518) [CP Clermont]
-
-## 5.1.0 / 2021-09-09
-
-### Features
-* Add `base64_encode`, `base64_decode`, `base64_url_safe_encode`, and `base64_url_safe_decode` filters (#1450) [Daniel Insley]
-* Introduce `to_liquid_value` in `Liquid::Drop` (#1441) [Michael Go]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fix support for using a String subclass for the liquid source (#1421) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add `ParseTreeVisitor` to `RangeLookup` (#1470) [CP Clermont]
-* Translate `RangeError` to `Liquid::Error` for `truncatewords` with large int (#1431) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-## 5.0.1 / 2021-03-24
-
-### Fixes
-* Add ParseTreeVisitor to Echo tag (#1414) [CP Clermont]
-* Test with ruby 3.0 as the latest ruby version (#1398) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Handle carriage return in newlines_to_br (#1391) [Unending]
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Use split limit in truncatewords (#1361) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-## 5.0.0 / 2021-01-06
-
-### Features
-* Add new `{% render %}` tag (#1122) [Samuel Doiron]
-* Add support for `as` in `{% render %}` and `{% include %}` (#1181) [Mike Angell]
-* Add `{% liquid %}` and `{% echo %}` tags (#1086) [Justin Li]
-* Add [usage tracking](README.md#usage-tracking) [Mike Angell]
-* Add `Tag.disable_tags` for disabling tags that prepend `Tag::Disableable` at render time (#1162, #1274, #1275) [Mike Angell]
-* Support using a profiler for multiple renders (#1365, #1366) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fix catastrophic backtracking in `RANGES_REGEX` regular expression (#1357) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Make sure the for tag's limit and offset are integers (#1094) [David Cornu]
-* Invokable methods for enumerable reject include (#1151) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Allow `default` filter to handle `false` as value (#1144) [Mike Angell]
-* Fix render length resource limit so it doesn't multiply nested output (#1285) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Fix duplication of text in raw tags (#1304) [Peter Zhu]
-* Fix strict parsing of find variable with a name expression (#1317) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Use monotonic time to measure durations in Liquid::Profiler (#1362) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-### Breaking Changes
-* Require Ruby >= 2.5 (#1131, #1310) [Mike Angell, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Remove support for taint checking (#1268) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Split Strainer class into StrainerFactory and StrainerTemplate (#1208) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Remove handling of a nil context in the Strainer class (#1218) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Handle `BlockBody#blank?` at parse time (#1287) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Pass the tag markup and tokenizer to `Document#unknown_tag` (#1290) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* And several internal changes
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Reduce allocations (#1073, #1091, #1115, #1099, #1117, #1141, #1322, #1341) [Richard Monette, Florian Weingarten, Ashwin Maroli]
-* Improve resources limits performance (#1093, #1323) [Florian Weingarten, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
 ## 4.0.3 / 2019-03-12

 ### Fixed
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-[![Build status](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml)
+[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid)
 [![Inline docs](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid)

 # Liquid template engine

 * [Contributing guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 * [Version history](History.md)
-* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](https://shopify.dev/docs/api/liquid)
+* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](http://docs.shopify.com/themes/liquid-basics)
 * [Liquid Wiki at GitHub](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/wiki)
 * [Website](http://liquidmarkup.org/)

@@ -52,66 +52,24 @@ For standard use you can just pass it the content of a file and call render with
@template.render('name' => 'tobi')                # => "hi tobi"
 ```

-### Concept of Environments
-
-In Liquid, a "Environment" is a scoped environment that encapsulates custom tags, filters, and other configurations. This allows you to define and isolate different sets of functionality for different contexts, avoiding global overrides that can lead to conflicts and unexpected behavior.
-
-By using environments, you can:
-
-1. **Encapsulate Logic**: Keep the logic for different parts of your application separate.
-2. **Avoid Conflicts**: Prevent custom tags and filters from clashing with each other.
-3. **Improve Maintainability**: Make it easier to manage and understand the scope of customizations.
-4. **Enhance Security**: Limit the availability of certain tags and filters to specific contexts.
-
-We encourage the use of Environments over globally overriding things because it promotes better software design principles such as modularity, encapsulation, and separation of concerns.
-
-Here's an example of how you can define and use Environments in Liquid:
-
-```ruby
-user_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
-  environment.register_tag("renderobj", RenderObjTag)
-end
-
-Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: user_environment)
-  {% renderobj src: "path/to/model.obj" %}
-LIQUID
-```
-
-In this example, `RenderObjTag` is a custom tag that is only available within the `user_environment`.
-
-Similarly, you can define another environment for a different context, such as email templates:
-
-```ruby
-email_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
-  environment.register_tag("unsubscribe_footer", UnsubscribeFooter)
-end
-
-Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: email_environment)
-  {% unsubscribe_footer %}
-LIQUID
-```
-
-By using Environments, you ensure that custom tags and filters are only available in the contexts where they are needed, making your Liquid templates more robust and easier to manage. For smaller projects, a global environment is available via `Liquid::Environment.default`.
-
 ### Error Modes

 Setting the error mode of Liquid lets you specify how strictly you want your templates to be interpreted.
 Normally the parser is very lax and will accept almost anything without error. Unfortunately this can make
-it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour.
+it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour. 

-Liquid also comes with different parsers that can be used when editing templates to give better error messages
+Liquid also comes with a stricter parser that can be used when editing templates to give better error messages
 when templates are invalid. You can enable this new parser like this:

 ```ruby
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict2 # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used in all tags
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict  # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used in some tags
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :warn    # Adds strict errors to template.errors but continues as normal
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :lax     # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = :warn # Adds errors to template.errors but continues as normal
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
 ```

 If you want to set the error mode only on specific templates you can pass `:error_mode` as an option to `parse`:
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Template.parse(source, error_mode: :strict)
+Liquid::Template.parse(source, :error_mode => :strict)
 ```
 This is useful for doing things like enabling strict mode only in the theme editor.

@@ -153,4 +111,4 @@ template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })

 To help track usages of a feature or code path in production, we have released opt-in usage tracking. To enable this, we provide an empty `Liquid:: Usage.increment` method which you can customize to your needs. The feature is well suited to https://github.com/Shopify/statsd-instrument. However, the choice of implementation is up to you.

-Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
+Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
@@ -9,15 +9,9 @@ task(default: [:test, :rubocop])

 desc('run test suite with default parser')
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
+  t.libs << '.' << 'lib' << 'test'
  t.test_files = FileList['test/{integration,unit}/**/*_test.rb']
-  t.verbose    = false
-end
-
-Rake::TestTask.new(:integration_test) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
-  t.test_files = FileList['test/integration/**/*_test.rb']
-  t.verbose    = false
+  t.verbose = false
 end

 desc('run test suite with warn error mode')
@@ -33,7 +27,7 @@ task :rubocop do
  end
 end

-desc('runs test suite with lax, strict, and strict2 parsers')
+desc('runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers')
 task :test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
@@ -42,22 +36,16 @@ task :test do
  Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke

-  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict2'
-  Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
-  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
-
  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' || RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
+    ENV['LIQUID_C'] = '1'
+
    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke

    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
-
-    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict2'
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
  end
 end

@@ -79,7 +67,7 @@ end

 namespace :benchmark do
  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with lax parsing"
-  task :lax do
+  task :run do
    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb lax"
  end

@@ -87,38 +75,6 @@ namespace :benchmark do
  task :strict do
    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict"
  end
-
-  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with strict2 parsing"
-  task :strict2 do
-    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict2"
-  end
-
-  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with lax, strict, and strict2 parsing"
-  task run: [:lax, :strict, :strict2]
-
-  desc "Run unit benchmarks"
-  namespace :unit do
-    task :all do
-      Dir["./performance/unit/*_benchmark.rb"].each do |file|
-        puts "🧪 Running #{file}"
-        ruby file
-      end
-    end
-
-    task :lexer do
-      Dir["./performance/unit/lexer_benchmark.rb"].each do |file|
-        puts "🧪 Running #{file}"
-        ruby file
-      end
-    end
-
-    task :expression do
-      Dir["./performance/unit/expression_benchmark.rb"].each do |file|
-        puts "🧪 Running #{file}"
-        ruby file
-      end
-    end
-  end
 end

 namespace :profile do
@@ -148,9 +104,3 @@ end
 task :console do
  exec 'irb -I lib -r liquid'
 end
-
-desc('run liquid-spec suite across all adapters')
-task :spec do
-  adapters = Dir['./spec/*.rb'].join(',')
-  sh "bundle exec liquid-spec matrix --adapters=#{adapters} --reference=ruby_liquid"
-end
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-# Autoresearch Ideas
-
-## Dead Ends (tried and failed)
-
- **Tag name interning** (skip+byte dispatch): saves 878 allocs but verification loop overhead kills speed
- **String dedup (-@)** for filter names: no alloc savings, creates temp strings anyway
- **Split-based tokenizer**: 2.5x faster C-level split but can't handle {{ followed by %} nesting
- **Streaming tokenizer**: needs own StringScanner (+alloc), per-shift overhead worse than eager array
- **Merge simple_lookup? into initialize**: logic overhead offsets saved index call
- **Cursor for filter scanning**: cursor.reset overhead worse than inline byte loops
- **Direct strainer call**: YJIT already inlines context.invoke_single well
- **TruthyCondition subclass**: YJIT polymorphism at evaluate call site hurts more than 115 saved allocs
- **Index loop for filters**: YJIT optimizes each+destructure MUCH better than manual filter[0]/filter[1]
-
-## Key Insights
-
- YJIT monomorphism > allocation reduction at this scale
- C-level StringScanner.scan/skip > Ruby-level byte loops (already applied)
- String#split is 2.5x faster than manual tokenization, but Liquid's grammar is too complex for regex
- 74% of total CPU time is GC — alloc reduction is the highest-leverage optimization
- But YJIT-deoptimization from polymorphism costs more than the GC savings
-
-## Remaining Ideas
-
- **Tokenizer: use String#index + byteslice instead of StringScanner**: avoid the StringScanner overhead entirely for the simple case of finding {%/{{ delimiters
- **Pre-freeze all Condition operator lambdas**: reduce alloc in Condition initialization
- **Avoid `@blocks = []` in If with single-element optimization**: use `@block` ivar for single condition, only create array for elsif
- **Reduce ForloopDrop allocation**: reuse ForloopDrop objects across iterations or use a lighter-weight object
- **VariableLookup: single-segment optimization**: for "product.title" (1 lookup), use an ivar instead of 1-element Array
-
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-# Autoresearch: Liquid Parse+Render Performance
-
-## Objective
-Optimize the Shopify Liquid template engine's parse and render performance.
-The workload is the ThemeRunner benchmark which parses and renders real Shopify
-theme templates (dropify, ripen, tribble, vogue) with realistic data from
-`performance/shopify/database.rb`. We measure parse time, render time, and
-object allocations. The optimization target is combined parse+render time (µs).
-
-## How to Run
-Run `./auto/autoresearch.sh` — it runs unit tests, liquid-spec conformance,
-then the performance benchmark, outputting metrics in parseable format.
-
-## Metrics
- **Primary (optimization target)**: `combined_µs` (µs, lower is better) — sum of parse + render time
- **Secondary (tradeoff monitoring)**:
-  - `parse_µs` — time to parse all theme templates (Liquid::Template#parse)
-  - `render_µs` — time to render all pre-compiled templates
-  - `allocations` — total object allocations for one parse+render cycle
-  Parse dominates (~70-75% of combined). Allocations correlate with GC pressure.
-
-## Files in Scope
- `lib/liquid/*.rb` — core Liquid library (parser, lexer, context, expression, etc.)
- `lib/liquid/tags/*.rb` — tag implementations (for, if, assign, etc.)
- `performance/bench_quick.rb` — benchmark script
-
-## Off Limits
- `test/` — tests must continue to pass unchanged
- `performance/tests/` — benchmark templates, do not modify
- `performance/shopify/` — benchmark data/filters, do not modify
-
-## Constraints
- All unit tests must pass (`bundle exec rake base_test`)
- liquid-spec failures must not increase beyond 2 (pre-existing UTF-8 edge cases)
- No new gem dependencies
- Semantic correctness must be preserved — templates must render identical output
- **Security**: Liquid runs untrusted user code. See Strategic Direction for details.
-
-## Strategic Direction
-The long-term goal is to converge toward a **single-pass, forward-only parsing
-architecture** using one shared StringScanner instance. The current system has
-multiple redundant passes: Tokenizer → BlockBody → Lexer → Parser → Expression
-→ VariableLookup, each re-scanning portions of the source. A unified scanner
-approach would:
-
-1. **One StringScanner** flows through the entire parse — no intermediate token
-   arrays, no re-lexing filter chains, no string reconstruction in Parser#expression.
-2. **Emit a lightweight IL or normalized AST** during the single forward pass,
-   decoupling strictness checking from the hot parse path. The LiquidIL project
-   (`~/src/tries/2026-01-05-liquid-il`) demonstrated this: a recursive-descent
-   parser emitting IL directly achieved significant speedups.
-3. **Minimal backtracking** — the scanner advances forward, byte-checking as it
-   goes. liquid-c (`~/src/tries/2026-01-16-Shopify-liquid-c`) showed that a
-   C-level cursor-based tokenizer eliminates most allocation overhead.
-
-Current fast-path optimizations (byte-level tag/variable/for/if parsing) are
-steps toward this goal. Each one replaces a regex+MatchData pattern with
-forward-only byte scanning. The remaining Lexer→Parser path for filter args
-is the next target for elimination.
-
-**Security note**: Liquid executes untrusted user templates. All parsing must
-use explicit byte-range checks. Never use eval, send on user input, dynamic
-method dispatch, const_get, or any pattern that lets template authors escape
-the sandbox.
-
-## Baseline
- **Commit**: 4ea835a (original, before any optimizations)
- **combined_µs**: 7,374
- **parse_µs**: 5,928
- **render_µs**: 1,446
- **allocations**: 62,620
-
-## Progress Log
- 3329b09: Replace FullToken regex with manual byte parsing → combined 7,262 (-1.5%)
- 97e6893: Replace VariableParser regex with manual byte scanner → combined 6,945 (-5.8%), allocs 58,009
- 2b78e4b: getbyte instead of string indexing in whitespace_handler/create_variable → allocs 51,477
- d291e63: Lexer equal? for frozen arrays, \s+ whitespace skip → combined ~6,331
- d79b9fa: Avoid strip alloc in Expression.parse, byteslice for strings → allocs 49,151
- fa41224: Short-circuit parse_number with first-byte check → allocs 48,240
- c1113ad: Fast-path String in render_obj_to_output → combined ~6,071
- 25f9224: Fast-path simple variable parsing (skip Lexer/Parser) → combined ~5,860, allocs 45,202
- 3939d74: Replace SIMPLE_VARIABLE regex with byte scanner → combined ~5,717, allocs 42,763
- fe7a2f5: Fast-path simple if conditions → combined ~5,444, allocs 41,490
- cfa0dfe: Replace For tag Syntax regex with manual byte parser → combined ~4,974, allocs 39,847
- 8a92a4e: Unified fast-path Variable: parse name directly, only lex filter chain → combined ~5,060, allocs 40,520
- 58d2514: parse_tag_token returns [tag_name, markup, newlines] → combined ~4,815, allocs 37,355
- db43492: Hoist write score check out of render loop → render ~1,345
- 17daac9: Extend fast-path to quoted string literal variables → all 1,197 variables fast-pathed
- 9fd7cec: Split filter parsing: no-arg filters scanned directly, Lexer only for args → combined ~4,595, allocs 35,159
- e5933fc: Avoid array alloc in parse_tag_token via class ivars → allocs 34,281
- 2e207e6: Replace WhitespaceOrNothing regex with byte-level blank_string? → combined ~4,800
- 526af22: invoke_single fast path for no-arg filter invocation → allocs 32,621
- 76ae8f1: find_variable top-scope fast path → combined ~4,740
- 4cda1a5: slice_collection: skip copy for full Array → allocs 32,004
- 79840b1: Replace SIMPLE_CONDITION regex with manual byte parser → combined ~4,663, allocs 31,465
- 69430e9: Replace INTEGER_REGEX/FLOAT_REGEX with byte-level parse_number → allocs 31,129
- 405e3dc: Frozen EMPTY_ARRAY/EMPTY_HASH for Context @filters/@disabled_tags → allocs 31,009
- b90d7f0: Avoid unnecessary array wrapping for Context environments → allocs 30,709
- 3799d4c: Lazy seen={} hash in Utils.to_s/inspect → allocs 30,169
- 0b07487: Fast-path VariableLookup: skip scan_variable for simple identifiers → allocs 29,711
- 9de1527: Introduce Cursor class for centralized byte-level scanning
- dd4a100: Remove dead parse_tag_token/SIMPLE_CONDITION (now in Cursor)
- cdc3438: For tag: migrate lax_parse to Cursor with zero-alloc scanning → allocs 29,620
-
-## Current Best
- **combined_µs**: ~3,400 (-54% from original 7,374 baseline)
- **parse_µs**: ~2,300
- **render_µs**: ~1,100
- **allocations**: 24,882 (-60% from original 62,620 baseline)
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Autoresearch benchmark runner for Liquid performance optimization
-# Runs: unit tests → performance benchmark (3 runs, takes best)
-# Outputs METRIC lines for the agent to parse
-# Exit code 0 = all good, non-zero = broken
-set -euo pipefail
-
-cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
-
-# ── Step 1: Unit tests (fast gate) ──────────────────────────────────
-echo "=== Unit Tests ==="
-TEST_OUT=$(bundle exec rake base_test 2>&1)
-TEST_RESULT=$(echo "$TEST_OUT" | tail -1)
-if echo "$TEST_OUT" | grep -q 'failures\|errors' && ! echo "$TEST_RESULT" | grep -q '0 failures, 0 errors'; then
-  echo "$TEST_OUT" | grep -E 'Failure|Error|failures|errors' | head -20
-  echo "FATAL: unit tests failed"
-  exit 1
-fi
-echo "$TEST_RESULT"
-
-# ── Step 2: Performance benchmark (3 runs, take best) ──────────────
-echo ""
-echo "=== Performance Benchmark (3 runs) ==="
-BEST_COMBINED=999999
-BEST_PARSE=0
-BEST_RENDER=0
-BEST_ALLOC=0
-
-for i in 1 2 3; do
-  OUT=$(bundle exec ruby performance/bench_quick.rb 2>&1)
-  P=$(echo "$OUT" | grep '^parse_us=' | cut -d= -f2)
-  R=$(echo "$OUT" | grep '^render_us=' | cut -d= -f2)
-  C=$(echo "$OUT" | grep '^combined_us=' | cut -d= -f2)
-  A=$(echo "$OUT" | grep '^allocations=' | cut -d= -f2)
-  echo "  run $i: combined=${C}µs (parse=${P} render=${R}) allocs=${A}"
-  if [ "$C" -lt "$BEST_COMBINED" ]; then
-    BEST_COMBINED=$C
-    BEST_PARSE=$P
-    BEST_RENDER=$R
-    BEST_ALLOC=$A
-  fi
-done
-
-echo ""
-echo "METRIC combined_us=$BEST_COMBINED"
-echo "METRIC parse_us=$BEST_PARSE"
-echo "METRIC render_us=$BEST_RENDER"
-echo "METRIC allocations=$BEST_ALLOC"
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Auto-research benchmark script for Liquid
-# Runs: unit tests → liquid-spec → performance benchmark
-# Outputs machine-readable metrics on success
-# Exit code 0 = all good, non-zero = broken
-set -euo pipefail
-
-cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
-
-# ── Step 1: Unit tests (fast gate) ──────────────────────────────────
-echo "=== Unit Tests ==="
-if ! bundle exec rake base_test 2>&1; then
-  echo "FATAL: unit tests failed"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-# ── Step 2: liquid-spec (correctness gate) ──────────────────────────
-echo ""
-echo "=== Liquid Spec ==="
-SPEC_OUTPUT=$(bundle exec liquid-spec run spec/ruby_liquid.rb 2>&1 || true)
-echo "$SPEC_OUTPUT" | tail -3
-
-# Extract failure count from "Total: N passed, N failed, N errors" line
-# Allow known pre-existing failures (≤2)
-TOTAL_LINE=$(echo "$SPEC_OUTPUT" | grep "^Total:" || echo "Total: 0 passed, 0 failed, 0 errors")
-FAILURES=$(echo "$TOTAL_LINE" | sed -n 's/.*\([0-9][0-9]*\) failed.*/\1/p')
-ERRORS=$(echo "$TOTAL_LINE" | sed -n 's/.*\([0-9][0-9]*\) error.*/\1/p')
-FAILURES=${FAILURES:-0}
-ERRORS=${ERRORS:-0}
-TOTAL_BAD=$((FAILURES + ERRORS))
-
-if [ "$TOTAL_BAD" -gt 2 ]; then
-  echo "FATAL: liquid-spec has $FAILURES failures and $ERRORS errors (threshold: 2)"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-# ── Step 3: Performance benchmark ──────────────────────────────────
-echo ""
-echo "=== Performance Benchmark ==="
-bundle exec ruby performance/bench_quick.rb 2>&1
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{"type":"config","name":"Liquid parse+render performance (tenderlove-inspired)","metricName":"combined_µs","metricUnit":"µs","bestDirection":"lower"}
-{"run":1,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3818,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2722,"render_µs":1096,"allocations":24881},"status":"keep","description":"Baseline: 3,818µs combined, 24,881 allocs","timestamp":1773348490227}
-{"run":2,"commit":"c09e722","metric":4063,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2901,"render_µs":1162,"allocations":24003},"status":"discard","description":"Tag name interning via skip+byte dispatch: saves 878 allocs but verification loop slower than scan","timestamp":1773348738557,"segment":0}
-{"run":3,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3881,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2720,"render_µs":1161,"allocations":24881},"status":"discard","description":"String dedup (-@) for filter names: no alloc savings, no speed benefit","timestamp":1773348781481,"segment":0}
-{"run":4,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3970,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2829,"render_µs":1141,"allocations":24881},"status":"discard","description":"Streaming tokenizer: needs own StringScanner (+1 alloc), per-shift overhead worse than saved array","timestamp":1773348883093,"segment":0}
-{"run":5,"commit":"c09e722","metric":0,"metrics":{"parse_µs":0,"render_µs":0,"allocations":0},"status":"crash","description":"REVERTED: split-based tokenizer — regex can't handle unclosed tags inside raw blocks","timestamp":1773349089230,"segment":0}
-{"run":6,"commit":"c09e722","metric":0,"metrics":{"parse_µs":0,"render_µs":0,"allocations":0},"status":"crash","description":"REVERTED: split regex tokenizer v2 — can't handle {{ followed by %} (variable-becomes-tag nesting)","timestamp":1773349248313,"segment":0}
-{"run":7,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3861,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2744,"render_µs":1117,"allocations":24881},"status":"discard","description":"Merge simple_lookup? dot position into initialize — logic overhead offsets saved index call","timestamp":1773349376707,"segment":0}
-{"run":8,"commit":"c09e722","metric":4048,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2929,"render_µs":1119,"allocations":24881},"status":"discard","description":"Use Cursor regex for filter name scanning — cursor.reset + method dispatch overhead worse than inline bytes","timestamp":1773349447172,"segment":0}
-{"run":9,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3872,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2744,"render_µs":1128,"allocations":24881},"status":"discard","description":"Direct strainer call in Variable#render — YJIT already inlines context.invoke_single well","timestamp":1773349497593,"segment":0}
-{"run":10,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3839,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2732,"render_µs":1107,"allocations":24879},"status":"discard","description":"Array#[] fast path for slice_collection with limit/offset — only 2 alloc savings, not meaningful","timestamp":1773349555348,"segment":0}
-{"run":11,"commit":"c09e722","metric":3889,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2770,"render_µs":1119,"allocations":24766},"status":"discard","description":"TruthyCondition for simple if checks: -115 allocs but YJIT polymorphism at evaluate call site hurts speed","timestamp":1773349649377,"segment":0}
-{"run":12,"commit":"c09e722","metric":4150,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2769,"render_µs":1381,"allocations":24881},"status":"discard","description":"Index loop for filters: YJIT optimizes each+destructure better than manual indexing","timestamp":1773349699285,"segment":0}
-{"run":13,"commit":"b7ae55f","metric":3556,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2388,"render_µs":1168,"allocations":24882},"status":"keep","description":"Replace StringScanner tokenizer with String#byteindex — 12% faster parse, no regex overhead for delimiter finding","timestamp":1773349875890,"segment":0}
-{"run":14,"commit":"e25f2f1","metric":3464,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2335,"render_µs":1129,"allocations":24882},"status":"keep","description":"Confirmation run: byteindex tokenizer consistently 3,400-3,600µs","timestamp":1773349889465,"segment":0}
-{"run":15,"commit":"b37fa98","metric":3490,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2331,"render_µs":1159,"allocations":24882},"status":"keep","description":"Clean up tokenizer: remove unused StringScanner setup and regex constants","timestamp":1773349928672,"segment":0}
-{"run":16,"commit":"b37fa98","metric":3638,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2460,"render_µs":1178,"allocations":24882},"status":"discard","description":"Single-char byteindex for %} search: Ruby loop overhead worse for nearby targets","timestamp":1773349985509,"segment":0}
-{"run":17,"commit":"b37fa98","metric":3553,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2431,"render_µs":1122,"allocations":25256},"status":"discard","description":"Regex simple_variable_markup: MatchData creates 374 extra allocs, offsetting speed gain","timestamp":1773350066627,"segment":0}
-{"run":18,"commit":"b37fa98","metric":3629,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2455,"render_µs":1174,"allocations":25002},"status":"discard","description":"String.new(capacity: 4096) for output buffer: allocates more objects, not fewer","timestamp":1773350101852,"segment":0}
-{"run":19,"commit":"f6baeae","metric":3350,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2212,"render_µs":1138,"allocations":24882},"status":"keep","description":"parse_tag_token without StringScanner: pure byte ops avoid reset(token) overhead, -12% combined","timestamp":1773350230252,"segment":0}
-{"run":20,"commit":"f6baead","metric":0,"metrics":{"parse_µs":0,"render_µs":0,"allocations":0},"status":"crash","description":"REVERTED: regex ultra-fast path for Variable — name pattern too broad, matches invalid trailing dots","timestamp":1773350472859,"segment":0}
-{"run":21,"commit":"ae9a2e2","metric":3314,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2203,"render_µs":1111,"allocations":24882},"status":"keep","description":"Clean confirmation run: 3,314µs (-55% from main), stable","timestamp":1773350544354,"segment":0}
-{"run":22,"commit":"ae9a2e2","metric":3497,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2336,"render_µs":1161,"allocations":24882},"status":"discard","description":"Regex fast path for no-filter variables: include? + match? overhead exceeds byte scan savings","timestamp":1773350641375,"segment":0}
-{"run":23,"commit":"ca327b0","metric":3445,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2284,"render_µs":1161,"allocations":24647},"status":"keep","description":"Condition#evaluate: skip loop block for simple conditions (no child_relation) — saves 235 allocs","timestamp":1773350691752,"segment":0}
-{"run":24,"commit":"99454a9","metric":3489,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2353,"render_µs":1136,"allocations":24647},"status":"keep","description":"Replace simple_lookup? byte scan with match? regex — 8x faster per call, cleaner code","timestamp":1773350837721,"segment":0}
-{"run":25,"commit":"99454a9","metric":3797,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2636,"render_µs":1161,"allocations":29627},"status":"discard","description":"Regex name extraction in try_fast_parse: MatchData creates 5K extra allocs, much worse","timestamp":1773351048938,"segment":0}
-{"run":26,"commit":"db348e0","metric":3459,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2318,"render_µs":1141,"allocations":24647},"status":"keep","description":"Inline to_liquid_value in If render — avoids one method dispatch per condition evaluation","timestamp":1773351080001,"segment":0}
-{"run":27,"commit":"b195d09","metric":3496,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2356,"render_µs":1140,"allocations":24530},"status":"keep","description":"Replace @blocks.each with while loop in If render — avoids block proc allocation per render","timestamp":1773351101134,"segment":0}
-{"run":28,"commit":"b195d09","metric":3648,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2457,"render_µs":1191,"allocations":24530},"status":"discard","description":"While loop in For render: YJIT optimizes each well for hot loops with many iterations","timestamp":1773351142275,"segment":0}
-{"run":29,"commit":"b195d09","metric":3966,"metrics":{"parse_µs":2641,"render_µs":1325,"allocations":24060},"status":"discard","description":"While loop for environment search: -470 allocs but YJIT deopt makes render 16% slower","timestamp":1773351193863,"segment":0}
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'bundler/setup'
-require 'liquid'
-
-class VirtualFileSystem
-  def initialize
-    snippet_1 = <<~LIQUID
-      <h1>
-        {{- greating | default: 'Hello' }}, {{ name | default: 'world' -}}!
-      </h1>
-    LIQUID
-    snippet_2 = <<~LIQUID
-      {%- for i in (1..5) -%}
-        > {{ i }}
-      {%- endfor -%}
-    LIQUID
-
-    @templates = {
-      'snippet-1' => snippet_1,
-      'snippet-2' => snippet_2,
-    }
-  end
-
-  def read_template_file(key)
-    @templates[key] || raise(Liquid::FileSystemError, "No such template '#{key}'")
-  end
-end
-
-def source
-  File.read(ARGV[0])
-rescue StandardError
-  'Usage: bin/render example/server/templates/index.liquid'
-end
-
-def assigns
-  {
-    'date' => Time.now,
-  }
-end
-
-puts Liquid::Template
-  .parse(source, error_mode: :strict2)
-  .tap { |t| t.registers[:file_system] = VirtualFileSystem.new }
-  .render(assigns)
@@ -30,18 +30,14 @@ class Servlet < LiquidServlet
  private

  def products_list
-    [
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }
-    ]
+    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
+     { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
+     { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }]
  end

  def more_products_list
-    [
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }
-    ]
+    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
+     { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }]
  end

  def description
@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
  private

  def handle(_type, req, res)
-    @request  = req
+    @request = req
    @response = res

    @request.path_info =~ /(\w+)\z/
-    @action  = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
+    @action = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
    @assigns = send(@action) if respond_to?(@action)

    @response['Content-Type'] = "text/html"
    @response.status = 200
-    @response.body   = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
+    @response.body = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
  end

  def read_template(filename = @action)
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@
 # OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
 # WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

-require "strscan"
-
 module Liquid
  FilterSeparator             = /\|/
  ArgumentSeparator           = ','
@@ -31,7 +29,6 @@ module Liquid
  WhitespaceControl           = '-'
  TagStart                    = /\{\%/
  TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
-  TagName                     = /#|\w+/
  VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
  VariableSegment             = /[\w\-]/
  VariableStart               = /\{\{/
@@ -39,30 +36,18 @@ module Liquid
  VariableIncompleteEnd       = /\}\}?/
  QuotedString                = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
  QuotedFragment              = /#{QuotedString}|(?:[^\s,\|'"]|#{QuotedString})+/o
-  TagAttributes               = /(\w[\w-]*)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
+  TagAttributes               = /(\w+)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
  AnyStartingTag              = /#{TagStart}|#{VariableStart}/o
  PartialTemplateParser       = /#{TagStart}.*?#{TagEnd}|#{VariableStart}.*?#{VariableIncompleteEnd}/om
  TemplateParser              = /(#{PartialTemplateParser}|#{AnyStartingTag})/om
-  VariableParser              = /\[(?>[^\[\]]+|\g<0>)*\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
+  VariableParser              = /\[[^\]]+\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o

-  RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA = ->(_e) { raise }
-  HAS_STRING_SCANNER_SCAN_BYTE = StringScanner.instance_methods.include?(:scan_byte)
+  singleton_class.send(:attr_accessor, :cache_classes)
+  self.cache_classes = true
 end

 require "liquid/version"
-require "liquid/deprecations"
-require "liquid/const"
-require 'liquid/byte_tables'
-require 'liquid/cursor'
-require 'liquid/standardfilters'
-require 'liquid/file_system'
-require 'liquid/parser_switching'
-require 'liquid/tag'
-require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/parse_tree_visitor'
-require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/tags'
-require "liquid/environment"
 require 'liquid/lexer'
 require 'liquid/parser'
 require 'liquid/i18n'
@@ -72,22 +57,29 @@ require 'liquid/forloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/extensions'
 require 'liquid/errors'
 require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/strainer_template'
+require 'liquid/strainer'
+require 'liquid/expression'
 require 'liquid/context'
+require 'liquid/parser_switching'
 require 'liquid/tag'
+require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/block_body'
 require 'liquid/document'
 require 'liquid/variable'
 require 'liquid/variable_lookup'
 require 'liquid/range_lookup'
+require 'liquid/file_system'
 require 'liquid/resource_limits'
-require 'liquid/expression'
 require 'liquid/template'
+require 'liquid/standardfilters'
 require 'liquid/condition'
 require 'liquid/utils'
 require 'liquid/tokenizer'
 require 'liquid/parse_context'
 require 'liquid/partial_cache'
 require 'liquid/usage'
-require 'liquid/registers'
-require 'liquid/template_factory'
+require 'liquid/static_registers'
+
+# Load all the tags of the standard library
+#
+Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/tags/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      @body = new_body
+      @body = BlockBody.new
      while parse_body(@body, tokens)
      end
-      @body.freeze
    end

    # For backwards compatibility
@@ -29,52 +28,30 @@ module Liquid
      @body.nodelist
    end

-    def unknown_tag(tag_name, _markup, _tokenizer)
-      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag_name, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_unknown_tag(tag, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, _params, _tokens)
      if tag == 'else'
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
-          "errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
-          block_name: block_name,
-        )
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
+          block_name: block_name)
      elsif tag.start_with?('end')
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
-          "errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
          tag: tag,
          block_name: block_name,
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter,
-        )
+          block_delimiter: block_delimiter)
      else
        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
      end
    end

-    def raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
-    end
-
    def block_name
      @tag_name
    end

-    # Cache block delimiters per tag name to avoid repeated string allocation
-    BLOCK_DELIMITER_CACHE = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = "end#{k}".freeze }
-
    def block_delimiter
-      @block_delimiter ||= BLOCK_DELIMITER_CACHE[block_name]
+      @block_delimiter ||= "end#{block_name}"
    end

-    private
+    protected

-    # @api public
-    def new_body
-      parse_context.new_block_body
-    end
-
-    # @api public
    def parse_body(body, tokens)
      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
@@ -85,7 +62,9 @@ module Liquid
          @blank &&= body.blank?

          return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
-          raise_tag_never_closed(block_name) unless end_tag_name
+          unless end_tag_name
+            raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
+          end

          # this tag is not registered with the system
          # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting
@@ -2,24 +2,21 @@

 module Liquid
  class BlockBody
-    LiquidTagToken      = /\A\s*(#{TagName})\s*(.*?)\z/o
-    FullToken           = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(#{TagName})(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
-    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
-    ContentOfVariable   = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
+    LiquidTagToken = /\A\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\z/o
+    FullToken = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(\w+)(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
    WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
-    TAGSTART            = "{%"
-    VARSTART            = "{{"
+    TAGSTART = "{%"
+    VARSTART = "{{"

    attr_reader :nodelist

    def initialize
      @nodelist = []
-      @blank    = true
+      @blank = true
    end

    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
-      raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Liquid::BlockBody" if frozen?
-
      parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number

      if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
@@ -29,29 +26,19 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def freeze
-      @nodelist.freeze
-      super
-    end
-
    private def parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context)
      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
-        unless token.empty? || BlockBody.blank_string?(token)
+        unless token.empty? || token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing
          unless token =~ LiquidTagToken
            # line isn't empty but didn't match tag syntax, yield and let the
            # caller raise a syntax error
            return yield token, token
          end
          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-          markup   = Regexp.last_match(2)
-
-          if tag_name == 'liquid'
-            parse_context.line_number -= 1
-            next parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-          end
-
-          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
-            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag; let the caller determine how to proceed
+          markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
+          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
+            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
+            # determine how to proceed
            return yield tag_name, markup
          end
          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
@@ -64,95 +51,48 @@ module Liquid
      yield nil, nil
    end

-    # @api private
-    def self.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(tag, parse_context)
-      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag, 'liquid', '%}', parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.render_node(context, output, node)
-      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-    rescue => exc
-      blank_tag = !node.instance_of?(Variable) && node.blank?
-      rescue_render_node(context, output, node.line_number, exc, blank_tag)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.rescue_render_node(context, output, line_number, exc, blank_tag)
-      case exc
-      when MemoryError
-        raise
-      when UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter
-        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-      else
-        error_message = context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-        unless blank_tag # conditional for backwards compatibility
-          output << error_message
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-      liquid_tag_tokenizer = parse_context.new_tokenizer(
-        markup, start_line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true
-      )
-      parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_markup|
-        if end_tag_name
-          BlockBody.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context)
-      if token.end_with?('%}')
-        yield token, token
-      else
-        BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.blank_string?(str)
-      str.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
-    end
-
    private def parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
        next if token.empty?
-
-        first_byte = token.getbyte(0)
-        if first_byte == Cursor::LCURLY
-          second_byte = token.getbyte(1)
-          if second_byte == Cursor::PCT
-            # handle_tag_token returns:
-            #   nil      — tag parsed normally, continue (update line number)
-            #   :next    — 'liquid' inline tag; skip line number update
-            #   :unknown — end tag or unknown tag; yield to caller and return
-            #   :invalid — malformed tag token; delegate to handle_invalid_tag_token
-            result = handle_tag_token(token, parse_context, tokenizer)
-            next unless result                                                          # nil: normal
-            next if result == :next                                                     # :next: 'liquid'
-            return yield(@_unknown_tag_name, parse_context.cursor.tag_markup) if result == :unknown
-            return handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context, &block) # :invalid
-          elsif second_byte == Cursor::LCURLY
-            whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
-            @nodelist << create_variable(token, parse_context)
-            @blank = false
-          else
-            # Fallback: text token starting with '{'
-            append_text_token(token, parse_context)
+        case
+        when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
+          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
+          unless token =~ FullToken
+            raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
          end
+          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
+          markup = Regexp.last_match(4)
+
+          if parse_context.line_number
+            # newlines inside the tag should increase the line number,
+            # particularly important for multiline {% liquid %} tags
+            parse_context.line_number += Regexp.last_match(1).count("\n") + Regexp.last_match(3).count("\n")
+          end
+
+          if tag_name == 'liquid'
+            liquid_tag_tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true)
+            next parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+          end
+
+          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
+            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
+            # determine how to proceed
+            return yield tag_name, markup
+          end
+          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
+          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
+          @nodelist << new_tag
+        when token.start_with?(VARSTART)
+          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
+          @nodelist << create_variable(token, parse_context)
+          @blank = false
        else
-          append_text_token(token, parse_context)
+          if parse_context.trim_whitespace
+            token.lstrip!
+          end
+          parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
+          @nodelist << token
+          @blank &&= !!(token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing)
        end
        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
      end
@@ -160,124 +100,52 @@ module Liquid
      yield nil, nil
    end

-    # Handles a {%...%} tag token. Does not receive the outer block — callers handle
-    # yield/block passing themselves, keeping the Proc off the hot path.
-    # Returns:
-    #   nil      — tag parsed, caller continues the loop
-    #   :next    — 'liquid' inline tag; caller skips line number update
-    #   :unknown — unknown/end tag; @_unknown_tag_name holds the tag name;
-    #              markup is in parse_context.cursor.tag_markup
-    #   :invalid — malformed token; caller delegates to handle_invalid_tag_token
-    private def handle_tag_token(token, parse_context, tokenizer)
-      whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
-      cursor = parse_context.cursor
-      tag_name = cursor.parse_tag_token(token)
-      return :invalid unless tag_name
-
-      markup = cursor.tag_markup
-      if parse_context.line_number
-        newlines = cursor.tag_newlines
-        parse_context.line_number += newlines if newlines > 0
-      end
-
-      if tag_name == 'liquid'
-        parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-        return :next
-      end
-
-      tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name)
-      unless tag
-        # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag; let the caller determine how to proceed
-        @_unknown_tag_name = tag_name
-        return :unknown
-      end
-
-      new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-      @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
-      @nodelist << new_tag
-      nil
-    end
-
-    def append_text_token(token, parse_context)
-      token.lstrip! if parse_context.trim_whitespace
-      parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
-      @nodelist << token
-      @blank &&= BlockBody.blank_string?(token)
-    end
-    private :append_text_token
-
-    private def whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
-      if token.getbyte(2) == Cursor::DASH
+    def whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
+      if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
        previous_token = @nodelist.last
        if previous_token.is_a?(String)
-          first_byte = previous_token.getbyte(0)
          previous_token.rstrip!
-          if previous_token.empty? && parse_context[:bug_compatible_whitespace_trimming] && first_byte
-            previous_token << first_byte
-          end
        end
      end
-      parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token.getbyte(token.bytesize - 3) == Cursor::DASH)
+      parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
    end

    def blank?
      @blank
    end

-    # Remove blank strings in the block body for a control flow tag (e.g. `if`, `for`, `case`, `unless`)
-    # with a blank body.
-    #
-    # For example, in a conditional assignment like the following
-    #
-    # ```
-    # {% if size > max_size %}
-    #   {% assign size = max_size %}
-    # {% endif %}
-    # ```
-    #
-    # we assume the intention wasn't to output the blank spaces in the `if` tag's block body, so this method
-    # will remove them to reduce the render output size.
-    #
-    # Note that it is now preferred to use the `liquid` tag for this use case.
-    def remove_blank_strings
-      raise "remove_blank_strings only support being called on a blank block body" unless @blank
-      @nodelist.reject! { |node| node.instance_of?(String) }
-    end
-
    def render(context)
      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      freeze
+      context.resource_limits.render_score += @nodelist.length

-      resource_limits = context.resource_limits
-      resource_limits.increment_render_score(@nodelist.length)
-
-      # Hot render loop — split on check_write so the common case (no resource
-      # limits) pays zero branch cost per node.
      idx = 0
-      if resource_limits.render_length_limit || resource_limits.last_capture_length
-        while (node = @nodelist[idx])
-          if node.instance_of?(String)
-            output << node
-          else
-            render_node(context, output, node)
-            break if context.interrupt?
-          end
-          idx += 1
-          resource_limits.increment_write_score(output)
-        end
-      else
-        while (node = @nodelist[idx])
-          if node.instance_of?(String)
-            output << node
-          else
-            render_node(context, output, node)
-            break if context.interrupt?
-          end
-          idx += 1
+      while (node = @nodelist[idx])
+        previous_output_size = output.bytesize
+
+        case node
+        when String
+          output << node
+        when Variable
+          render_node(context, output, node)
+        when Block
+          render_node(context, node.blank? ? +'' : output, node)
+          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
+        when Continue, Break
+          # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
+          # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
+          # or {% continue %}
+          context.push_interrupt(node.interrupt)
+          break
+        else # Other non-Block tags
+          render_node(context, output, node)
+          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened through an include
        end
+        idx += 1
+
+        raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
      end

      output
@@ -285,29 +153,39 @@ module Liquid

    private

-    # Indirection allows subclasses to intercept per-node rendering.
    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      BlockBody.render_node(context, output, node)
+      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    rescue UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter => e
+      context.handle_error(e, node.line_number)
+    rescue ::StandardError => e
+      line_number = node.is_a?(String) ? nil : node.line_number
+      output << context.handle_error(e, line_number)
+    end
+
+    def raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, length)
+      context.resource_limits.render_length += length
+      return unless context.resource_limits.reached?
+      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
    end

    def create_variable(token, parse_context)
-      len = token.bytesize
-      if len >= 4 && token.getbyte(len - 1) == Cursor::RCURLY && token.getbyte(len - 2) == Cursor::RCURLY
-        markup = parse_context.cursor.parse_variable_token(token)
+      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
+        markup = content.first
        return Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
      end
-
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
    end

-    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_tag_terminator} instead
    def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
    end

-    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_variable_terminator} instead
    def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
+    end
+
+    def registered_tags
+      Template.tags
    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  # Pre-computed 256-entry boolean lookup tables for byte classification.
-  # Built once at load time; used as TABLE[byte] — a single array index
-  # instead of 3-5 comparison operators per check.
-  #
-  # Performance: neutral to slightly faster vs. chained comparisons.
-  # Readability: replaces expressions like
-  #   (b >= 97 && b <= 122) || (b >= 65 && b <= 90) || b == 95
-  # with the intent-revealing
-  #   ByteTables::IDENT_START[b]
-  module ByteTables
-    # [a-zA-Z_] — valid first byte of an identifier
-    IDENT_START = Array.new(256, false).tap do |t|
-      (97..122).each { |b| t[b] = true }  # a-z
-      (65..90).each  { |b| t[b] = true }  # A-Z
-      t[95] = true # _
-    end.freeze
-
-    # [a-zA-Z0-9_-] — valid continuation byte of an identifier
-    IDENT_CONT = Array.new(256, false).tap do |t|
-      (97..122).each { |b| t[b] = true }  # a-z
-      (65..90).each  { |b| t[b] = true }  # A-Z
-      (48..57).each  { |b| t[b] = true }  # 0-9
-      t[95] = true                          # _
-      t[45] = true                          # -
-    end.freeze
-
-    # [0-9] — ASCII digit
-    DIGIT = Array.new(256, false).tap do |t|
-      (48..57).each { |b| t[b] = true }
-    end.freeze
-
-    # [ \t\n\v\f\r] — ASCII whitespace (mirrors Ruby's \s)
-    WHITESPACE = Array.new(256, false).tap do |t|
-      [32, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].each { |b| t[b] = true } # space, tab, \n, \v, \f, \r
-    end.freeze
-  end
-end
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Liquid
  #   c = Condition.new(1, '==', 1)
  #   c.evaluate #=> true
  #
-  class Condition # :nodoc:
+  class Condition #:nodoc:
    @@operators = {
      '==' => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
      '!=' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
@@ -24,73 +24,50 @@ module Liquid
        else
          false
        end
-      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
-        # "✅".b.include?("✅") raises Encoding::CompatibilityError despite being materially equal
-        left.b.include?(right.b)
      end,
    }

-    class MethodLiteral
-      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
-
-      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
-        @method_name = method_name
-        @to_s = to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    @@method_literals = {
-      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
-      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze,
-    }
-
    def self.operators
      @@operators
    end

-    def self.parse_expression(parse_context, markup, safe: false)
-      @@method_literals[markup] || parse_context.parse_expression(markup, safe: safe)
-    end
-
    attr_reader :attachment, :child_condition
    attr_accessor :left, :operator, :right

    def initialize(left = nil, operator = nil, right = nil)
-      @left     = left
+      @left = left
      @operator = operator
-      @right    = right
-
-      @child_relation  = nil
+      @right = right
+      @child_relation = nil
      @child_condition = nil
    end

-    def evaluate(context = deprecated_default_context)
-      result = interpret_condition(@left, @right, @operator, context)
-
-      # Fast path: no child conditions (most common)
-      return result unless @child_relation
-
+    def evaluate(context = Context.new)
      condition = self
-      while condition.child_relation
+      result = nil
+      loop do
+        result = interpret_condition(condition.left, condition.right, condition.operator, context)
+
        case condition.child_relation
        when :or
-          break if Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
+          break if result
        when :and
-          break unless Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
+          break unless result
+        else
+          break
        end
        condition = condition.child_condition
-        result = interpret_condition(condition.left, condition.right, condition.operator, context)
      end
      result
    end

    def or(condition)
-      @child_relation  = :or
+      @child_relation = :or
      @child_condition = condition
    end

    def and(condition)
-      @child_relation  = :and
+      @child_relation = :and
      @child_condition = condition
    end

@@ -113,76 +90,33 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def equal_variables(left, right)
-      if left.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
-        return call_method_literal(left, right)
+      if left.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+        if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
+          return right.send(left.method_name)
+        else
+          return nil
+        end
      end

-      if right.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
-        return call_method_literal(right, left)
+      if right.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+        if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
+          return left.send(right.method_name)
+        else
+          return nil
+        end
      end

      left == right
    end

-    def call_method_literal(literal, value)
-      method_name = literal.method_name
-
-      # If the object responds to the method (e.g., ActiveSupport is loaded), use it
-      if value.respond_to?(method_name)
-        value.send(method_name)
-      else
-        # Emulate ActiveSupport's blank?/empty? to make Liquid invariant
-        # to whether ActiveSupport is loaded or not
-        case method_name
-        when :blank?
-          liquid_blank?(value)
-        when :empty?
-          liquid_empty?(value)
-        else
-          false
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Implement blank? semantics matching ActiveSupport
-    # blank? returns true for nil, false, empty strings, whitespace-only strings,
-    # empty arrays, and empty hashes
-    def liquid_blank?(value)
-      case value
-      when NilClass, FalseClass
-        true
-      when TrueClass, Numeric
-        false
-      when String
-        # Blank if empty or whitespace only (matches ActiveSupport)
-        value.empty? || value.match?(/\A\s*\z/)
-      when Array, Hash
-        value.empty?
-      else
-        # Fall back to empty? if available, otherwise false
-        value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Implement empty? semantics
-    # Note: nil is NOT empty. empty? checks if a collection has zero elements.
-    def liquid_empty?(value)
-      case value
-      when String, Array, Hash
-        value.empty?
-      else
-        value.respond_to?(:empty?) ? value.empty? : false
-      end
-    end
-
    def interpret_condition(left, right, op, context)
      # If the operator is empty this means that the decision statement is just
      # a single variable. We can just poll this variable from the context and
      # return this as the result.
      return context.evaluate(left) if op.nil?

-      left  = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(left))
-      right = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(right))
+      left = context.evaluate(left)
+      right = context.evaluate(right)

      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError, "Unknown operator #{op}")

@@ -197,19 +131,11 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def deprecated_default_context
-      warn("DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated " \
-        "and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0.")
-      Context.new
-    end
-
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [
-          @node.left,
-          @node.right,
-          @node.child_condition,
-          @node.attachment
+          @node.left, @node.right,
+          @node.child_condition, @node.attachment
        ].compact
      end
    end
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  module Const
-    EMPTY_HASH = {}.freeze
-    EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
-  end
-end
@@ -15,52 +15,35 @@ module Liquid
  #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
  class Context
    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits, :static_registers, :static_environments
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters, :environment
+    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters

    # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
-    def self.build(environment: Environment.default, environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {}, &block)
-      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments, environment, &block)
+    def self.build(environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {})
+      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments)
    end

-    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {}, environment = Environment.default)
-      @environment = environment
-      @environments = environments.is_a?(Array) ? environments : [environments]
+    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {})
+      @environments = [environments]
+      @environments.flatten!

-      @static_environments = if static_environments.is_a?(Array)
-        static_environments.frozen? ? static_environments : static_environments.freeze
-      elsif static_environments.empty?
-        Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-      else
-        [static_environments].freeze
-      end
-      @scopes              = [outer_scope || {}]
-      @registers           = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers : Registers.new(registers)
+      @static_environments = [static_environments].flat_map(&:freeze).freeze
+      @scopes              = [(outer_scope || {})]
+      @registers           = registers
      @errors              = []
      @partial             = false
      @strict_variables    = false
-      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
+      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
      @base_scope_depth    = 0
-      @interrupts          = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-      @filters             = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-      @global_filter       = nil
-      @disabled_tags       = Const::EMPTY_HASH
+      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments

-      # Lazy-init StringScanner — only needed if Context#[] is called during render
-      @string_scanner = nil
-
-      @registers.static[:cached_partials] ||= {}
-      @registers.static[:file_system] ||= environment.file_system
-      @registers.static[:template_factory] ||= Liquid::TemplateFactory.new
-
-      self.exception_renderer = environment.exception_renderer
+      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
      if rethrow_errors
-        self.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
+        self.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
      end

-      yield self if block_given?
-
-      # Do this last, since it could result in this object being passed to a Proc in the environment
-      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
+      @interrupts = []
+      @filters = []
+      @global_filter = nil
    end
    # rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists

@@ -69,7 +52,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def strainer
-      @strainer ||= @environment.create_strainer(self, @filters)
+      @strainer ||= Strainer.create(self, @filters)
    end

    # Adds filters to this context.
@@ -77,7 +60,7 @@ module Liquid
    # Note that this does not register the filters with the main Template object. see <tt>Template.register_filter</tt>
    # for that
    def add_filters(filters)
-      filters = Array(filters).flatten.compact
+      filters = [filters].flatten.compact
      @filters += filters
      @strainer = nil
    end
@@ -88,12 +71,11 @@ module Liquid

    # are there any not handled interrupts?
    def interrupt?
-      !@interrupts.equal?(Const::EMPTY_ARRAY) && @interrupts.any?
+      !@interrupts.empty?
    end

    # push an interrupt to the stack. this interrupt is considered not handled.
    def push_interrupt(e)
-      @interrupts = [] if @interrupts.frozen?
      @interrupts.push(e)
    end

@@ -105,7 +87,7 @@ module Liquid
    def handle_error(e, line_number = nil)
      e = internal_error unless e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
      e.template_name ||= template_name
-      e.line_number   ||= line_number
+      e.line_number ||= line_number
      errors.push(e)
      exception_renderer.call(e).to_s
    end
@@ -114,20 +96,6 @@ module Liquid
      strainer.invoke(method, *args).to_liquid
    end

-    # Arity-specialized filter delegation — generated to match StrainerTemplate's specializations.
-    # The pattern (avoid *args splat) is the same for each arity; generating makes it explicit.
-    {
-      invoke_single: ['input'],
-      invoke_two: ['input', 'arg1'],
-    }.each do |method_name, params|
-      all_params = (["method"] + params).join(", ")
-      module_eval(<<~RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{method_name}(#{all_params})
-          strainer.#{method_name}(#{all_params}).to_liquid
-        end
-      RUBY
-    end
-
    # Push new local scope on the stack. use <tt>Context#stack</tt> instead
    def push(new_scope = {})
      @scopes.unshift(new_scope)
@@ -152,7 +120,7 @@ module Liquid
    #      context['var'] = 'hi'
    #   end
    #
-    #   context['var']  #=> nil
+    #   context['var]  #=> nil
    def stack(new_scope = {})
      push(new_scope)
      yield
@@ -165,19 +133,17 @@ module Liquid
    def new_isolated_subcontext
      check_overflow

-      self.class.build(
-        environment: @environment,
+      Context.build(
        resource_limits: resource_limits,
        static_environments: static_environments,
-        registers: Registers.new(registers),
+        registers: StaticRegisters.new(registers)
      ).tap do |subcontext|
-        subcontext.base_scope_depth   = base_scope_depth + 1
+        subcontext.base_scope_depth = base_scope_depth + 1
        subcontext.exception_renderer = exception_renderer
-        subcontext.filters  = @filters
+        subcontext.filters = @filters
        subcontext.strainer = nil
-        subcontext.errors   = errors
+        subcontext.errors = errors
        subcontext.warnings = warnings
-        subcontext.disabled_tags = @disabled_tags
      end
    end

@@ -199,11 +165,11 @@ module Liquid
    # Example:
    #   products == empty #=> products.empty?
    def [](expression)
-      evaluate(Expression.parse(expression, @string_scanner ||= StringScanner.new("")))
+      evaluate(Expression.parse(expression))
    end

    def key?(key)
-      !find_variable(key, raise_on_not_found: false).nil?
+      self[key] != nil
    end

    def evaluate(object)
@@ -212,40 +178,20 @@ module Liquid

    # Fetches an object starting at the local scope and then moving up the hierachy
    def find_variable(key, raise_on_not_found: true)
-      # Fast path: check top scope first (most common in for loops)
-      scope = @scopes[0]
-      if scope.key?(key)
-        variable = lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-      elsif @scopes.length == 1
-        # Only one scope and key not found — go straight to environments
-        variable = try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+      # This was changed from find() to find_index() because this is a very hot
+      # path and find_index() is optimized in MRI to reduce object allocation
+      index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.key?(key) }
+
+      variable = if index
+        lookup_and_evaluate(@scopes[index], key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
      else
-        # Multiple scopes — search through all of them
-        scope = @scopes.find { |s| s.key?(key) }
-
-        variable = if scope
-          lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-        else
-          try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # update variable's context before invoking #to_liquid
-      # Fast path: primitive types don't need context= or to_liquid conversion
-      case variable
-      when String, Integer, Float, NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Array, Hash, Time
-        return variable
+        try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
      end

+      variable = variable.to_liquid
      variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)

-      liquid_variable = variable.to_liquid
-
-      if variable != liquid_variable
-        liquid_variable.context = self if liquid_variable.respond_to?(:context=)
-      end
-
-      liquid_variable
+      variable
    end

    def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key, raise_on_not_found: true)
@@ -262,41 +208,26 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def with_disabled_tags(tag_names)
-      @disabled_tags = {} if @disabled_tags.frozen?
-      tag_names.each do |name|
-        @disabled_tags[name] = @disabled_tags.fetch(name, 0) + 1
-      end
-      yield
-    ensure
-      tag_names.each do |name|
-        @disabled_tags[name] -= 1
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag_disabled?(tag_name)
-      @disabled_tags.fetch(tag_name, 0) > 0
-    end
-
    protected

-    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters, :disabled_tags
+    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters

    private

    attr_reader :base_scope_depth

    def try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found:)
-      found = find_in_envs(@environments, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-      return found unless found.nil? && !(@strict_variables && raise_on_not_found)
-
-      find_in_envs(@static_environments, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-    end
-
-    def find_in_envs(envs, key, raise_on_not_found:)
-      envs.each do |environment|
+      @environments.each do |environment|
        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-        return found_variable if !found_variable.nil? || (@strict_variables && raise_on_not_found)
+        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
+          return found_variable
+        end
+      end
+      @static_environments.each do |environment|
+        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
+          return found_variable
+        end
      end
      nil
    end
@@ -1,317 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "strscan"
-
-module Liquid
-  # Single-pass forward-only scanner for Liquid parsing.
-  # Wraps StringScanner with higher-level methods for common Liquid constructs.
-  # One Cursor per template parse — threaded through all parsing code.
-  class Cursor
-    # Byte constants
-    SPACE   = 32
-    TAB     = 9
-    NL      = 10
-    CR      = 13
-    FF      = 12
-    DASH    = 45  # '-'
-    DOT     = 46  # '.'
-    COLON   = 58  # ':'
-    PIPE    = 124 # '|'
-    QUOTE_S = 39  # "'"
-    QUOTE_D = 34  # '"'
-    LBRACK  = 91  # '['
-    RBRACK  = 93  # ']'
-    LPAREN  = 40  # '('
-    RPAREN  = 41  # ')'
-    QMARK   = 63  # '?'
-    HASH    = 35  # '#'
-    USCORE  = 95  # '_'
-    COMMA   = 44
-    ZERO    = 48
-    NINE    = 57
-    PCT     = 37  # '%'
-    LCURLY  = 123 # '{'
-    RCURLY  = 125 # '}'
-
-    attr_reader :ss
-
-    def initialize(source)
-      @source = source
-      @ss = StringScanner.new(source)
-    end
-
-    # ── Position ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    def pos = @ss.pos
-
-    def pos=(n)
-      @ss.pos = n
-    end
-
-    def eos? = @ss.eos?
-    def peek_byte = @ss.peek_byte
-    def scan_byte = @ss.scan_byte
-
-    # Reset scanner to a new string (for reuse on sub-markup)
-    def reset(source)
-      @source = source
-      @ss.string = source
-    end
-
-    # Extract a slice from the source (deferred allocation)
-    def slice(start, len)
-      @source.byteslice(start, len)
-    end
-
-    # ── Whitespace ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Skip spaces/tabs/newlines/cr
-    def skip_ws
-      while (b = @ss.peek_byte)
-        case b
-        when SPACE, TAB, CR, FF, NL then @ss.scan_byte
-        else break
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Check if remaining bytes are all whitespace (or EOS).
-    # exist?(/\S/) returns nil when no non-whitespace remains, without advancing position.
-    def rest_blank?
-      !@ss.exist?(/\S/)
-    end
-
-    # Regex for identifier: [a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??
-    ID_REGEX = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
-
-    # ── Identifiers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Skip an identifier without allocating a string. Returns length skipped, or 0.
-    def skip_id
-      @ss.skip(ID_REGEX) || 0
-    end
-
-    # Check if next id matches expected string, consume if so. No allocation.
-    def expect_id(expected)
-      start = @ss.pos
-      len = @ss.skip(ID_REGEX)
-      if len == expected.bytesize
-        # Compare bytes directly without allocating a string
-        i = 0
-        while i < len
-          unless @source.getbyte(start + i) == expected.getbyte(i)
-            @ss.pos = start
-            return false
-          end
-          i += 1
-        end
-        return true
-      end
-      @ss.pos = start if len
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Scan a single identifier: [a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??
-    # Returns the string or nil if not at an identifier
-    def scan_id
-      @ss.scan(ID_REGEX)
-    end
-
-    # Scan a tag name: '#' or \w+
-    def scan_tag_name
-      if @ss.peek_byte == HASH
-        @ss.scan_byte
-        "#"
-      else
-        scan_id
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Regex for numbers: -?\d+(\.\d+)?
-    FLOAT_REGEX = /-?\d+\.\d+/
-    INT_REGEX = /-?\d+/
-
-    # ── Numbers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Try to scan an integer or float. Returns the number or nil.
-    def scan_number
-      if (s = @ss.scan(FLOAT_REGEX))
-        s.to_f
-      elsif (s = @ss.scan(INT_REGEX))
-        s.to_i
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Regex for quoted string content (without quotes)
-    SINGLE_QUOTED_CONTENT = /'([^']*)'/
-    DOUBLE_QUOTED_CONTENT = /"([^"]*)"/
-
-    # ── Strings ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Scan a quoted string ('...' or "..."). Returns the content without quotes, or nil.
-    def scan_quoted_string
-      if @ss.scan(SINGLE_QUOTED_CONTENT) || @ss.scan(DOUBLE_QUOTED_CONTENT)
-        @ss[1]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Regex for quoted strings (single or double quoted, including quotes)
-    QUOTED_STRING_RAW = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
-
-    # Scan a quoted string including quotes. Returns the full "..." or '...' string, or nil.
-    def scan_quoted_string_raw
-      @ss.scan(QUOTED_STRING_RAW)
-    end
-
-    # Regex for dotted identifier: name(.name)*
-    DOTTED_ID_REGEX = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??(?:\.[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??)*/
-
-    # ── Expressions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Scan a simple variable lookup: name(.name)* — no brackets, no filters
-    # Returns the string or nil
-    def scan_dotted_id
-      @ss.scan(DOTTED_ID_REGEX)
-    end
-
-    # Skip a fragment without allocating. Returns length skipped, or 0.
-    def skip_fragment
-      @ss.skip(QUOTED_STRING_RAW) || @ss.skip(UNQUOTED_FRAGMENT) || 0
-    end
-
-    # Regex for unquoted fragment: non-whitespace/comma/pipe sequence
-    UNQUOTED_FRAGMENT = /[^\s,|]+/
-
-    # Scan a "QuotedFragment" — a quoted string or non-whitespace/comma/pipe run
-    def scan_fragment
-      @ss.scan(QUOTED_STRING_RAW) || @ss.scan(UNQUOTED_FRAGMENT)
-    end
-
-    # ── Comparison operators ────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Identity map used for frozen string interning: StringScanner#scan returns a
-    # new unfrozen String on every call. Indexing into this hash returns the frozen
-    # literal stored here, avoiding a separate allocation and enabling faster
-    # equality checks downstream (frozen strings can be compared by identity).
-    COMPARISON_OPS = {
-      '==' => '==',
-      '!=' => '!=',
-      '<>' => '<>',
-      '<=' => '<=',
-      '>=' => '>=',
-      '<' => '<',
-      '>' => '>',
-      'contains' => 'contains',
-    }.freeze
-
-    # Scan a comparison operator. Returns frozen string or nil.
-    # Regex for comparison operators
-    COMPARISON_OP_REGEX = /==|!=|<>|<=|>=|<|>|contains(?!\w)/
-
-    def scan_comparison_op
-      if (op = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OP_REGEX))
-        COMPARISON_OPS[op]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # ── Tag parsing helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────
-    # Results from last parse_tag_token call (avoids array allocation)
-    attr_reader :tag_markup, :tag_newlines
-
-    # Parse the interior of a tag token: "{%[-] tag_name markup [-]%}"
-    # Pure byte operations — avoids StringScanner reset overhead.
-    # Returns tag_name string or nil. Sets tag_markup and tag_newlines.
-    def parse_tag_token(token)
-      len = token.bytesize
-      pos = 2 # skip "{%"
-      pos += 1 if token.getbyte(pos) == DASH # skip '-'
-      nl = 0
-
-      # Skip whitespace, count newlines
-      while pos < len
-        b = token.getbyte(pos)
-        case b
-        when SPACE, TAB, CR, FF then pos += 1
-        when NL then pos += 1
-                     nl += 1
-        else break
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Scan tag name: '#' or [a-zA-Z_][\w-]*
-      name_start = pos
-      b = token.getbyte(pos)
-      if b == HASH
-        pos += 1
-      elsif b && ByteTables::IDENT_START[b]
-        pos += 1
-        while pos < len
-          b = token.getbyte(pos)
-          break unless ByteTables::IDENT_CONT[b]
-
-          pos += 1
-        end
-        pos += 1 if pos < len && token.getbyte(pos) == QMARK
-      else
-        return
-      end
-      tag_name = token.byteslice(name_start, pos - name_start)
-
-      # Skip whitespace after tag name, count newlines
-      while pos < len
-        b = token.getbyte(pos)
-        case b
-        when SPACE, TAB, CR, FF then pos += 1
-        when NL then pos += 1
-                     nl += 1
-        else break
-        end
-      end
-
-      # markup is everything up to optional '-' before '%}'
-      markup_end = len - 2
-      markup_end -= 1 if markup_end > pos && token.getbyte(markup_end - 1) == DASH
-      @tag_markup = pos >= markup_end ? "" : token.byteslice(pos, markup_end - pos)
-      @tag_newlines = nl
-
-      tag_name
-    end
-
-    # Parse variable token interior: extract markup from "{{[-] ... [-]}}"
-    def parse_variable_token(token)
-      len = token.bytesize
-      return if len < 4
-
-      i = 2
-      i = 3 if token.getbyte(i) == DASH
-      parse_end = len - 3
-      parse_end -= 1 if token.getbyte(parse_end) == DASH
-      markup_len = parse_end - i + 1
-      markup_len <= 0 ? "" : token.byteslice(i, markup_len)
-    end
-
-    # ── Simple condition parser ─────────────────────────────────────
-    # Results from last parse_simple_condition call
-    attr_reader :cond_left, :cond_op, :cond_right
-
-    # Parse "expr [op expr]" from current position to end.
-    # Returns true on success, nil on failure. Sets cond_left, cond_op, cond_right.
-    def parse_simple_condition
-      skip_ws
-      @cond_left = scan_fragment
-      return unless @cond_left
-
-      skip_ws
-      if eos?
-        @cond_op = nil
-        @cond_right = nil
-        return true
-      end
-
-      @cond_op = scan_comparison_op
-      return unless @cond_op
-
-      skip_ws
-      @cond_right = scan_fragment
-      return unless @cond_right
-
-      skip_ws
-      return unless eos? # trailing junk
-
-      true
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "set"
-
-module Liquid
-  class Deprecations
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :warned
-
-      Deprecations.warned = Set.new
-
-      def warn(name, alternative)
-        return if warned.include?(name)
-
-        warned << name
-
-        caller_location = caller_locations(2, 1).first
-        Warning.warn("[DEPRECATION] #{name} is deprecated. Use #{alternative} instead. Called from #{caller_location}\n")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,34 +1,23 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  class Document
+  class Document < BlockBody
    def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      doc = new(parse_context)
+      doc = new
      doc.parse(tokens, parse_context)
      doc
    end

-    attr_reader :parse_context, :body
-
-    def initialize(parse_context)
-      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @body = new_body
-    end
-
-    def nodelist
-      @body.nodelist
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
-      while parse_body(tokenizer)
+    def parse(tokens, parse_context)
+      super do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_params|
+        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context) if end_tag_name
      end
-      @body.freeze
    rescue SyntaxError => e
      e.line_number ||= parse_context.line_number
      raise
    end

-    def unknown_tag(tag, _markup, _tokenizer)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, parse_context)
      case tag
      when 'else', 'end'
        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag", tag: tag)
@@ -36,30 +25,5 @@ module Liquid
        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
      end
    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      @body.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-    end
-
-    def render(context)
-      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def new_body
-      parse_context.new_block_body
-    end
-
-    def parse_body(tokenizer)
-      @body.parse(tokenizer, parse_context) do |unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup|
-        if unknown_tag_name
-          unknown_tag(unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup, tokenizer)
-          true
-        else
-          false
-        end
-      end
-    end
  end
 end
@@ -25,13 +25,9 @@ module Liquid
  class Drop
    attr_writer :context

-    def initialize
-      @context = nil
-    end
-
    # Catch all for the method
    def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      return unless @context&.strict_variables
+      return nil unless @context&.strict_variables
      raise Liquid::UndefinedDropMethod, "undefined method #{method}"
    end

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  # The Environment is the container for all configuration options of Liquid, such as
-  # the registered tags, filters, and the default error mode.
-  class Environment
-    # The default error mode for all templates. This can be overridden on a
-    # per-template basis.
-    attr_accessor :error_mode
-
-    # The tags that are available to use in the template.
-    attr_accessor :tags
-
-    # The strainer template which is used to store filters that are available to
-    # use in templates.
-    attr_accessor :strainer_template
-
-    # The exception renderer that is used to render exceptions that are raised
-    # when rendering a template
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer
-
-    # The default file system that is used to load templates from.
-    attr_accessor :file_system
-
-    # The default resource limits that are used to limit the resources that a
-    # template can consume.
-    attr_accessor :default_resource_limits
-
-    class << self
-      # Creates a new environment instance.
-      #
-      # @param tags [Hash] The tags that are available to use in
-      #  the template.
-      # @param file_system The default file system that is used
-      #  to load templates from.
-      # @param error_mode [Symbol] The default error mode for all templates
-      #  (either :strict2, :strict, :warn, or :lax).
-      # @param exception_renderer [Proc] The exception renderer that is used to
-      #   render exceptions.
-      # @yieldparam environment [Environment] The environment instance that is being built.
-      # @return [Environment] The new environment instance.
-      def build(tags: nil, file_system: nil, error_mode: nil, exception_renderer: nil)
-        ret = new
-        ret.tags = tags if tags
-        ret.file_system = file_system if file_system
-        ret.error_mode = error_mode if error_mode
-        ret.exception_renderer = exception_renderer if exception_renderer
-        yield ret if block_given?
-        ret.freeze
-      end
-
-      # Returns the default environment instance.
-      #
-      # @return [Environment] The default environment instance.
-      def default
-        @default ||= new
-      end
-
-      # Sets the default environment instance for the duration of the block
-      #
-      # @param environment [Environment] The environment instance to use as the default for the
-      #   duration of the block.
-      # @yield
-      # @return [Object] The return value of the block.
-      def dangerously_override(environment)
-        original_default = @default
-        @default = environment
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @default = original_default
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Initializes a new environment instance.
-    # @api private
-    def initialize
-      @tags = Tags::STANDARD_TAGS.dup
-      @error_mode = :lax
-      @strainer_template = Class.new(StrainerTemplate).tap do |klass|
-        klass.add_filter(StandardFilters)
-      end
-      @exception_renderer = ->(exception) { exception }
-      @file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
-      @default_resource_limits = Const::EMPTY_HASH
-      @strainer_template_class_cache = {}
-    end
-
-    # Registers a new tag with the environment.
-    #
-    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
-    # @param klass [Liquid::Tag] The class that implements the tag.
-    # @return [void]
-    def register_tag(name, klass)
-      @tags[name] = klass
-    end
-
-    # Registers a new filter with the environment.
-    #
-    # @param filter [Module] The module that contains the filter methods.
-    # @return [void]
-    def register_filter(filter)
-      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
-      @strainer_template.add_filter(filter)
-    end
-
-    # Registers multiple filters with this environment.
-    #
-    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The modules that contain the filter methods.
-    # @return [self]
-    def register_filters(filters)
-      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
-      filters.each { |f| @strainer_template.add_filter(f) }
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Creates a new strainer instance with the given filters, caching the result
-    # for faster lookup.
-    #
-    # @param context [Liquid::Context] The context that the strainer will be
-    #   used in.
-    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The filters that the strainer will have
-    #   access to.
-    # @return [Liquid::Strainer] The new strainer instance.
-    def create_strainer(context, filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY)
-      return @strainer_template.new(context) if filters.empty?
-
-      strainer_template = @strainer_template_class_cache[filters] ||= begin
-        klass = Class.new(@strainer_template)
-        filters.each { |f| klass.add_filter(f) }
-        klass
-      end
-
-      strainer_template.new(context)
-    end
-
-    # Returns the names of all the filter methods that are available to use in
-    # the strainer template.
-    #
-    # @return [Array<String>] The names of all the filter methods.
-    def filter_method_names
-      @strainer_template.filter_method_names
-    end
-
-    # Returns the tag class for the given tag name.
-    #
-    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
-    # @return [Liquid::Tag] The tag class.
-    def tag_for_name(name)
-      @tags[name]
-    end
-
-    def freeze
-      @tags.freeze
-      # TODO: freeze the tags, currently this is not possible because of liquid-c
-      # @strainer_template.freeze
-      super
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -40,20 +40,19 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  ArgumentError         = Class.new(Error)
-  ContextError          = Class.new(Error)
-  FileSystemError       = Class.new(Error)
-  StandardError         = Class.new(Error)
-  SyntaxError           = Class.new(Error)
-  StackLevelError       = Class.new(Error)
-  MemoryError           = Class.new(Error)
-  ZeroDivisionError     = Class.new(Error)
-  FloatDomainError      = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedVariable     = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedDropMethod   = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedFilter       = Class.new(Error)
-  MethodOverrideError   = Class.new(Error)
-  DisabledError         = Class.new(Error)
-  InternalError         = Class.new(Error)
-  TemplateEncodingError = Class.new(Error)
+  ArgumentError = Class.new(Error)
+  ContextError = Class.new(Error)
+  FileSystemError = Class.new(Error)
+  StandardError = Class.new(Error)
+  SyntaxError = Class.new(Error)
+  StackLevelError = Class.new(Error)
+  TaintedError = Class.new(Error)
+  MemoryError = Class.new(Error)
+  ZeroDivisionError = Class.new(Error)
+  FloatDomainError = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedVariable = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedDropMethod = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedFilter = Class.new(Error)
+  MethodOverrideError = Class.new(Error)
+  InternalError = Class.new(Error)
 end
@@ -2,154 +2,50 @@

 module Liquid
  class Expression
+    class MethodLiteral
+      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
+
+      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
+        @method_name = method_name
+        @to_s = to_s
+      end
+
+      def to_liquid
+        to_s
+      end
+    end
+
    LITERALS = {
-      nil => nil,
-      'nil' => nil,
-      'null' => nil,
-      '' => nil,
+      nil => nil, 'nil' => nil, 'null' => nil, '' => nil,
      'true' => true,
      'false' => false,
-      'blank' => '',
-      'empty' => '',
-      # in lax mode, minus sign can be a VariableLookup
-      # For simplicity and performace, we treat it like a literal
-      '-' => VariableLookup.parse("-", nil).freeze,
+      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
    }.freeze

-    # Use an atomic group (?>...) to avoid pathological backtracing from
-    # malicious input as described in https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/issues/1357
-    RANGES_REGEX = /\A\(\s*(?>(\S+)\s*\.\.)\s*(\S+)\s*\)\z/
+    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
+    DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A"(.*)"\z/m
+    INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
+    FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
+    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/

-    class << self
-      def safe_parse(parser, ss = StringScanner.new(""), cache = nil)
-        parse(parser.expression, ss, cache)
-      end
-
-      def parse(markup, ss = StringScanner.new(""), cache = nil)
-        return unless markup
-
-        # Only strip if there's leading/trailing whitespace (avoids allocation)
-        first_byte = markup.getbyte(0)
-        if first_byte && ByteTables::WHITESPACE[first_byte]
-          markup = markup.strip
-        elsif first_byte
-          markup = markup.strip if ByteTables::WHITESPACE[markup.getbyte(markup.bytesize - 1)]
-        end
-
-        if (markup.start_with?('"') && markup.end_with?('"')) ||
-          (markup.start_with?("'") && markup.end_with?("'"))
-          return markup.byteslice(1, markup.bytesize - 2)
-        elsif LITERALS.key?(markup)
-          return LITERALS[markup]
-        end
-
-        # Cache only exists during parsing
-        if cache
-          return cache[markup] if cache.key?(markup)
-
-          cache[markup] = inner_parse(markup, ss, cache).freeze
+    def self.parse(markup)
+      if LITERALS.key?(markup)
+        LITERALS[markup]
+      else
+        case markup
+        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
+          Regexp.last_match(1)
+        when INTEGERS_REGEX
+          Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
+        when RANGES_REGEX
+          RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
+        when FLOATS_REGEX
+          Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
        else
-          inner_parse(markup, ss, nil).freeze
+          VariableLookup.parse(markup)
        end
      end
-
-      def inner_parse(markup, ss, cache)
-        if markup.start_with?("(") && markup.end_with?(")") && markup =~ RANGES_REGEX
-          return RangeLookup.parse(
-            Regexp.last_match(1),
-            Regexp.last_match(2),
-            ss,
-            cache,
-          )
-        end
-
-        if (num = parse_number(markup, ss))
-          num
-        else
-          VariableLookup.parse(markup, ss, cache)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def parse_number(markup, _ss = nil)
-        len = markup.bytesize
-        return if len == 0
-
-        # Quick reject: first byte must be digit or dash
-        pos = 0
-        first = markup.getbyte(pos)
-        if first == Cursor::DASH
-          pos += 1
-          return if pos >= len
-
-          b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-          return unless ByteTables::DIGIT[b]
-
-          pos += 1
-        elsif ByteTables::DIGIT[first]
-          pos += 1
-        else
-          return
-        end
-
-        # Scan digits
-        while pos < len
-          b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-          break unless ByteTables::DIGIT[b]
-
-          pos += 1
-        end
-
-        # If we consumed everything, it's a simple integer
-        if pos == len
-          return Integer(markup, 10)
-        end
-
-        # Check for dot (float)
-        if markup.getbyte(pos) == Cursor::DOT
-          dot_pos = pos
-          pos += 1
-          # Must have at least one digit after dot
-          digit_after_dot = pos
-          while pos < len
-            b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-            break unless ByteTables::DIGIT[b]
-
-            pos += 1
-          end
-
-          if pos > digit_after_dot && pos == len
-            # Simple float like "123.456"
-            return markup.to_f
-          elsif pos > digit_after_dot
-            # Float followed by more content: "1.2.3.4" — scan to find where the
-            # numeric portion ends (stop at next dot or non-digit).
-            return scan_float_with_trailing(markup, pos, len)
-          else
-            # dot at end: "123."
-            return markup.byteslice(0, dot_pos).to_f
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Not a number (has non-digit, non-dot characters)
-        nil
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # Scans forward from `pos` through digits, returning the float up to the
-      # next dot or the end of string. Returns nil when a non-digit, non-dot
-      # byte is found (not a valid number). Used by parse_number for inputs
-      # like "1.2.3.4" where the float literal ends at the second dot.
-      def scan_float_with_trailing(markup, pos, len)
-        while pos < len
-          b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-          return markup.byteslice(0, pos).to_f if b == Cursor::DOT
-          return unless ByteTables::DIGIT[b]
-
-          pos += 1
-        end
-        markup.byteslice(0, pos).to_f
-      end
    end
  end
 end
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module Liquid
    attr_accessor :root

    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid")
-      @root    = root
+      @root = root
      @pattern = pattern
    end

@@ -1,81 +1,36 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type object
-  # @liquid_name forloop
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Information about a parent [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
  class ForloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
-      @name       = name
-      @length     = length
+      @name = name
+      @length = length
      @parentloop = parentloop
-      @index      = 0
+      @index = 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_name length
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :length
+    attr_reader :name, :length, :parentloop

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_name parentloop
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The parent `forloop` object.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   If the current `for` loop isn't nested inside another `for` loop, then `nil` is returned.
-    # @liquid_return [forloop]
-    attr_reader :parentloop
-
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index
      @index + 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index0
      @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex
      @length - @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex0
      @length - @index - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def first
      @index == 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def last
      @index == @length - 1
    end
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module Liquid
    def interpolate(name, vars)
      name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) do
        # raise TranslationError, "Undefined key #{$1} for interpolation in translation #{name}"  unless vars[$1.to_sym]
-        vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym].to_s
+        (vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym]).to_s
      end
    end

@@ -1,180 +1,62 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

+require "strscan"
 module Liquid
  class Lexer
-    CLOSE_ROUND = [:close_round, ")"].freeze
-    CLOSE_SQUARE = [:close_square, "]"].freeze
-    COLON = [:colon, ":"].freeze
-    COMMA = [:comma, ","].freeze
-    COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL = [:comparison, "!="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_CONTAINS = [:comparison, "contains"].freeze
-    COMPARISON_EQUAL = [:comparison, "=="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN = [:comparison, ">"].freeze
-    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, ">="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN = [:comparison, "<"].freeze
-    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, "<="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT = [:comparison, "<>"].freeze
-    DASH = [:dash, "-"].freeze
-    DOT = [:dot, "."].freeze
-    DOTDOT = [:dotdot, ".."].freeze
-    DOT_ORD = ".".ord
-    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
-    EOS = [:end_of_string].freeze
-    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
-    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
-    OPEN_ROUND = [:open_round, "("].freeze
-    OPEN_SQUARE = [:open_square, "["].freeze
-    PIPE = [:pipe, "|"].freeze
-    QUESTION = [:question, "?"].freeze
-    RUBY_WHITESPACE = [" ", "\t", "\r", "\n", "\f"].freeze
+    SPECIALS = {
+      '|' => :pipe,
+      '.' => :dot,
+      ':' => :colon,
+      ',' => :comma,
+      '[' => :open_square,
+      ']' => :close_square,
+      '(' => :open_round,
+      ')' => :close_round,
+      '?' => :question,
+      '-' => :dash,
+    }.freeze
+    IDENTIFIER = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
+    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
+    NUMBER_LITERAL = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
+    DOTDOT = /\.\./
+    COMPARISON_OPERATOR = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
    WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
-    WHITESPACE = /\s+/

-    SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS = [].tap do |table|
-      table["<".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN
-      table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN
-      table.freeze
+    def initialize(input)
+      @ss = StringScanner.new(input)
    end

-    TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      table["=".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_EQUAL
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table["!".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table.freeze
-    end
+    def tokenize
+      @output = []

-    COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      table["<".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL
-        sub_table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table[">".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table.freeze
-    end
-
-    NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      "a".upto("z") do |c|
-        table[c.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
-        table[c.upcase.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
-      end
-      table["_".ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
-
-      "0".upto("9") do |c|
-        table[c.ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
-      end
-      table["-".ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
-
-      table["'".ord] = [:string, SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
-      table["\"".ord] = [:string, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
-      table.freeze
-    end
-
-    SPECIAL_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      table["|".ord] = PIPE
-      table[".".ord] = DOT
-      table[":".ord] = COLON
-      table[",".ord] = COMMA
-      table["[".ord] = OPEN_SQUARE
-      table["]".ord] = CLOSE_SQUARE
-      table["(".ord] = OPEN_ROUND
-      table[")".ord] = CLOSE_ROUND
-      table["?".ord] = QUESTION
-      table["-".ord] = DASH
-    end
-
-    NUMBER_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      "0".upto("9") do |c|
-        table[c.ord] = true
-      end
-      table.freeze
-    end
-
-    # rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockNesting
-    class << self
-      def tokenize(ss)
-        output = []
-
-        until ss.eos?
-          ss.skip(WHITESPACE)
-
-          break if ss.eos?
-
-          start_pos = ss.pos
-          peeked = ss.peek_byte
-
-          if (special = SPECIAL_TABLE[peeked])
-            ss.scan_byte
-            # Special case for ".."
-            if special.equal?(DOT) && ss.peek_byte == DOT_ORD
-              ss.scan_byte
-              output << DOTDOT
-            elsif special.equal?(DASH)
-              # Special case for negative numbers
-              if (peeked_byte = ss.peek_byte) && NUMBER_TABLE[peeked_byte]
-                ss.pos -= 1
-                output << [:number, ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL)]
-              else
-                output << special
-              end
-            else
-              output << special
-            end
-          elsif (sub_table = TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
-            ss.scan_byte
-            if (peeked_byte = ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
-              output << found
-              ss.scan_byte
-            else
-              raise_syntax_error(start_pos, ss)
-            end
-          elsif (sub_table = COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
-            ss.scan_byte
-            if (peeked_byte = ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
-              output << found
-              ss.scan_byte
-            else
-              output << SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS[peeked]
-            end
+      until @ss.eos?
+        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
+        break if @ss.eos?
+        tok = if (t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR))
+          [:comparison, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL))
+          [:string, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL))
+          [:string, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL))
+          [:number, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER))
+          [:id, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT))
+          [:dotdot, t]
+        else
+          c = @ss.getch
+          if (s = SPECIALS[c])
+            [s, c]
          else
-            type, pattern = NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE[peeked]
-
-            if type && (t = ss.scan(pattern))
-              # Special case for "contains"
-              output << if type == :id && t == "contains" && output.last&.first != :dot
-                COMPARISON_CONTAINS
-              else
-                [type, t]
-              end
-            else
-              raise_syntax_error(start_pos, ss)
-            end
+            raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{c}"
          end
        end
-        # rubocop:enable Metrics/BlockNesting
-        output << EOS
-      rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-        if e.message == "invalid byte sequence in #{ss.string.encoding}"
-          raise SyntaxError, "Invalid byte sequence in #{ss.string.encoding}"
-        else
-          raise
-        end
+        @output << tok
      end

-      def raise_syntax_error(start_pos, ss)
-        ss.pos = start_pos
-        # the character could be a UTF-8 character, use getch to get all the bytes
-        raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{ss.getch}"
-      end
+      @output << [:end_of_string]
    end
  end
 end
@@ -2,32 +2,26 @@
  errors:
    syntax:
      tag_unexpected_args: "Syntax Error in '%{tag}' - Valid syntax: %{tag}"
-      block_tag_unexpected_args: "Syntax Error in '%{tag}' - Valid syntax: {% %{tag} %}{% end%{tag} %}"
      assign: "Syntax Error in 'assign' - Valid syntax: assign [var] = [source]"
      capture: "Syntax Error in 'capture' - Valid syntax: capture [var]"
      case: "Syntax Error in 'case' - Valid syntax: case [condition]"
      case_invalid_when: "Syntax Error in tag 'case' - Valid when condition: {% when [condition] [or condition2...] %}"
      case_invalid_else: "Syntax Error in tag 'case' - Valid else condition: {% else %} (no parameters) "
      cycle: "Syntax Error in 'cycle' - Valid syntax: cycle [name :] var [, var2, var3 ...]"
-      doc_invalid_nested: "Syntax Error in 'doc' - Nested doc tags are not allowed"
      for: "Syntax Error in 'for loop' - Valid syntax: for [item] in [collection]"
      for_invalid_in: "For loops require an 'in' clause"
      for_invalid_attribute: "Invalid attribute in for loop. Valid attributes are limit and offset"
      if: "Syntax Error in tag 'if' - Valid syntax: if [expression]"
      include: "Error in tag 'include' - Valid syntax: include '[template]' (with|for) [object|collection]"
-      inline_comment_invalid: "Syntax error in tag '#' - Each line of comments must be prefixed by the '#' character"
+      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
      invalid_delimiter: "'%{tag}' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
-      invalid_template_encoding: "Invalid template encoding"
-      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
-      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
-      table_row_invalid_attribute: "Invalid attribute '%{attribute}' in tablerow loop. Valid attributes are cols, limit, offset, and range"
-      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
-      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
      unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect 'else' tag"
      unexpected_outer_tag: "Unexpected outer '%{tag}' tag"
-      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
+      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
      variable_termination: "Variable '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
+      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
+      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
+      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
+      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
    argument:
      include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
-    disabled:
-      tag: "usage is not allowed in this context"
@@ -3,30 +3,13 @@
 module Liquid
  class ParseContext
    attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
-    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode, :environment, :expression_cache, :string_scanner, :cursor
+    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode

-    def initialize(options = Const::EMPTY_HASH)
-      @environment = options.fetch(:environment, Environment.default)
+    def initialize(options = {})
      @template_options = options ? options.dup : {}
-
-      @locale   = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
+      @locale = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
      @warnings = []
-
-      # constructing new StringScanner in Lexer, Tokenizer, etc is expensive
-      # This StringScanner will be shared by all of them
-      @string_scanner = StringScanner.new("")
-
-      @expression_cache = if options[:expression_cache].nil?
-        {}
-      elsif options[:expression_cache].respond_to?(:[]) && options[:expression_cache].respond_to?(:[]=)
-        options[:expression_cache]
-      elsif options[:expression_cache]
-        {}
-      end
-
-      @cursor = Cursor.new("")
-
-      self.depth   = 0
+      self.depth = 0
      self.partial = false
    end

@@ -34,48 +17,10 @@ module Liquid
      @options[option_key]
    end

-    def new_block_body
-      Liquid::BlockBody.new
-    end
-
-    def new_parser(input)
-      @string_scanner.string = input
-      Parser.new(@string_scanner)
-    end
-
-    def new_tokenizer(source, start_line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
-      Tokenizer.new(
-        source: source,
-        string_scanner: @string_scanner,
-        line_number: start_line_number,
-        for_liquid_tag: for_liquid_tag,
-      )
-    end
-
-    def safe_parse_expression(parser)
-      Expression.safe_parse(parser, @string_scanner, @expression_cache)
-    end
-
-    def parse_expression(markup, safe: false)
-      if !safe && @error_mode == :strict2
-        # parse_expression is a widely used API. To maintain backward
-        # compatibility while raising awareness about strict2 parser standards,
-        # the safe flag supports API users make a deliberate decision.
-        #
-        # In strict2 mode, markup MUST come from a string returned by the parser
-        # (e.g., parser.expression). We're not calling the parser here to
-        # prevent redundant parser overhead.
-        raise Liquid::InternalError, "unsafe parse_expression cannot be used in strict2 mode"
-      end
-
-      Expression.parse(markup, @string_scanner, @expression_cache)
-    end
-
    def partial=(value)
      @partial = value
      @options = value ? partial_options : @template_options
-
-      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || @environment.error_mode
+      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
    end

    def partial_options
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def initialize(node, callbacks)
-      @node      = node
+      @node = node
      @callbacks = callbacks
    end

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module Liquid
    protected

    def children
-      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
+      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : []
    end
  end
 end
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 module Liquid
  class Parser
    def initialize(input)
-      ss = input.is_a?(StringScanner) ? input : StringScanner.new(input)
-      @tokens = Lexer.tokenize(ss)
-      @p      = 0 # pointer to current location
+      l = Lexer.new(input)
+      @tokens = l.tokenize
+      @p = 0 # pointer to current location
    end

    def jump(point)
@@ -46,20 +46,16 @@ module Liquid
      tok[0] == type
    end

+    SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES = [:string, :number].freeze
+    private_constant :SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES
+
    def expression
      token = @tokens[@p]
-      case token[0]
-      when :id
-        str = consume
-        str << variable_lookups
-      when :open_square
-        str = consume.dup
-        str << expression
-        str << consume(:close_square)
-        str << variable_lookups
-      when :string, :number
+      if token[0] == :id
+        variable_signature
+      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include?(token[0])
        consume
-      when :open_round
+      elsif token.first == :open_round
        consume
        first = expression
        consume(:dotdot)
@@ -82,22 +78,16 @@ module Liquid
      str
    end

-    def variable_lookups
-      # Fast path: no lookups at all (most common case for simple identifiers)
-      return "" unless look(:dot) || look(:open_square)
-
-      str = +""
-      loop do
-        if look(:open_square)
-          str << consume
-          str << expression
-          str << consume(:close_square)
-        elsif look(:dot)
-          str << consume
-          str << consume(:id)
-        else
-          break
-        end
+    def variable_signature
+      str = consume(:id)
+      while look(:open_square)
+        str << consume
+        str << expression
+        str << consume(:close_square)
+      end
+      if look(:dot)
+        str << consume
+        str << variable_signature
      end
      str
    end
@@ -2,71 +2,26 @@

 module Liquid
  module ParserSwitching
-    # Do not use this.
-    #
-    # It's basically doing the same thing the {#parse_with_selected_parser},
-    # except this will try the strict parser regardless of the error mode,
-    # and fall back to the lax parser if the error mode is lax or warn,
-    # except when in strict2 mode where it uses the strict2 parser.
-    #
-    # @deprecated Use {#parse_with_selected_parser} instead.
-    def strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
-      return strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup) if strict2_mode?
-
-      strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-    rescue SyntaxError => e
-      case parse_context.error_mode
-      when :rigid
-        rigid_warn
-        raise
-      when :strict2
-        raise
-      when :strict
-        raise
-      when :warn
-        parse_context.warnings << e
-      end
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
    def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
      case parse_context.error_mode
-      when :rigid   then rigid_warn && strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      when :strict2 then strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      when :strict  then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      when :lax     then lax_parse(markup)
+      when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+      when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
      when :warn
        begin
-          strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+          return strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
        rescue SyntaxError => e
          parse_context.warnings << e
-          lax_parse(markup)
+          return lax_parse(markup)
        end
      end
    end

-    def strict2_mode?
-      parse_context.error_mode == :strict2 || parse_context.error_mode == :rigid
-    end
-
    private

-    def rigid_warn
-      Deprecations.warn(':rigid', ':strict2')
-    end
-
-    def strict2_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-      strict2_parse(markup)
-    rescue SyntaxError => e
-      e.line_number    = line_number
-      e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)
-      raise e
-    end
-
    def strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
      strict_parse(markup)
    rescue SyntaxError => e
-      e.line_number    = line_number
+      e.line_number = line_number
      e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)
      raise e
    end
@@ -3,29 +3,16 @@
 module Liquid
  class PartialCache
    def self.load(template_name, context:, parse_context:)
-      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials]
-      cache_key = "#{template_name}:#{parse_context.error_mode}"
-      cached = cached_partials[cache_key]
+      cached_partials = (context.registers[:cached_partials] ||= {})
+      cached = cached_partials[template_name]
      return cached if cached

-      file_system = context.registers[:file_system]
-      source      = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
-
+      file_system = (context.registers[:file_system] ||= Liquid::Template.file_system)
+      source = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
      parse_context.partial = true

-      template_factory = context.registers[:template_factory]
-      template = template_factory.for(template_name)
-
-      begin
-        partial = template.parse(source, parse_context)
-      rescue Liquid::Error => e
-        e.template_name = template&.name || template_name
-        raise e
-      end
-
-      partial.name ||= template_name
-
-      cached_partials[cache_key] = partial
+      partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
+      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
    ensure
      parse_context.partial = false
    end
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module Liquid
  #     node.code
  #
  #     # Which template and line number of this node.
-  #     # The top-level template name is `nil` by default, but can be set in the Liquid::Context before rendering.
+  #     # If top level, this will be "<root>".
  #     node.partial
  #     node.line_number
  #
@@ -46,94 +46,115 @@ module Liquid
    include Enumerable

    class Timing
-      attr_reader :code, :template_name, :line_number, :children
-      attr_accessor :total_time
-      alias_method :render_time, :total_time
-      alias_method :partial, :template_name
+      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children

-      def initialize(code: nil, template_name: nil, line_number: nil)
-        @code = code
-        @template_name = template_name
-        @line_number = line_number
-        @children = []
+      def initialize(node, partial)
+        @code        = node.respond_to?(:raw) ? node.raw : node
+        @partial     = partial
+        @line_number = node.respond_to?(:line_number) ? node.line_number : nil
+        @children    = []
      end

-      def self_time
-        @self_time ||= begin
-          total_children_time = 0.0
-          @children.each do |child|
-            total_children_time += child.total_time
-          end
-          @total_time - total_children_time
-        end
+      def self.start(node, partial)
+        new(node, partial).tap(&:start)
+      end
+
+      def start
+        @start_time = Time.now
+      end
+
+      def finish
+        @end_time = Time.now
+      end
+
+      def render_time
+        @end_time - @start_time
      end
    end

-    attr_reader :total_time
-    alias_method :total_render_time, :total_time
+    def self.profile_node_render(node)
+      if Profiler.current_profile && node.respond_to?(:render)
+        Profiler.current_profile.start_node(node)
+        output = yield
+        Profiler.current_profile.end_node(node)
+        output
+      else
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.profile_children(template_name)
+      if Profiler.current_profile
+        Profiler.current_profile.push_partial(template_name)
+        output = yield
+        Profiler.current_profile.pop_partial
+        output
+      else
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.current_profile
+      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler]
+    end

    def initialize
-      @root_children = []
-      @current_children = nil
-      @total_time = 0.0
+      @partial_stack = ["<root>"]
+
+      @root_timing = Timing.new("", current_partial)
+      @timing_stack = [@root_timing]
+
+      @render_start_at = Time.now
+      @render_end_at = @render_start_at
    end

-    def profile(template_name, &block)
-      # nested renders are done from a tag that already has a timing node
-      return yield if @current_children
-
-      root_children = @root_children
-      render_idx = root_children.length
-      begin
-        @current_children = root_children
-        profile_node(template_name, &block)
-      ensure
-        @current_children = nil
-        if (timing = root_children[render_idx])
-          @total_time += timing.total_time
-        end
-      end
+    def start
+      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = self
+      @render_start_at = Time.now
    end

-    def children
-      children = @root_children
-      if children.length == 1
-        children.first.children
-      else
-        children
-      end
+    def stop
+      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = nil
+      @render_end_at = Time.now
+    end
+
+    def total_render_time
+      @render_end_at - @render_start_at
    end

    def each(&block)
-      children.each(&block)
+      @root_timing.children.each(&block)
    end

    def [](idx)
-      children[idx]
+      @root_timing.children[idx]
    end

    def length
-      children.length
+      @root_timing.children.length
    end

-    def profile_node(template_name, code: nil, line_number: nil)
-      timing = Timing.new(code: code, template_name: template_name, line_number: line_number)
-      parent_children = @current_children
-      start_time = monotonic_time
-      begin
-        @current_children = timing.children
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @current_children = parent_children
-        timing.total_time = monotonic_time - start_time
-        parent_children << timing
-      end
+    def start_node(node)
+      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(node, current_partial))
    end

-    private
+    def end_node(_node)
+      timing = @timing_stack.pop
+      timing.finish

-    def monotonic_time
-      Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      @timing_stack.last.children << timing
+    end
+
+    def current_partial
+      @partial_stack.last
+    end
+
+    def push_partial(partial_name)
+      @partial_stack.push(partial_name)
+    end
+
+    def pop_partial
+      @partial_stack.pop
    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,35 +1,25 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  module BlockBodyProfilingHook
-    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      if (profiler = context.profiler)
-        profiler.profile_node(context.template_name, code: node.raw, line_number: node.line_number) do
-          super
-        end
-      else
-        super
+  class BlockBody
+    def render_node_with_profiling(context, output, node)
+      Profiler.profile_node_render(node) do
+        render_node_without_profiling(context, output, node)
      end
    end
-  end
-  BlockBody.prepend(BlockBodyProfilingHook)

-  module DocumentProfilingHook
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      return super unless context.profiler
-      context.profiler.profile(context.template_name) { super }
+    alias_method :render_node_without_profiling, :render_node
+    alias_method :render_node, :render_node_with_profiling
+  end
+
+  class Include < Tag
+    def render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling(context, output)
+      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr).to_s) do
+        render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling(context, output)
+      end
    end
-  end
-  Document.prepend(DocumentProfilingHook)

-  module ContextProfilingHook
-    attr_accessor :profiler
-
-    def new_isolated_subcontext
-      new_context = super
-      new_context.profiler = profiler
-      new_context
-    end
+    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling, :render_to_output_buffer
+    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer, :render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling
  end
-  Context.prepend(ContextProfilingHook)
 end
@@ -2,36 +2,24 @@

 module Liquid
  class RangeLookup
-    def self.parse(start_markup, end_markup, string_scanner, cache = nil)
-      start_obj = Expression.parse(start_markup, string_scanner, cache)
-      end_obj   = Expression.parse(end_markup, string_scanner, cache)
+    def self.parse(start_markup, end_markup)
+      start_obj = Expression.parse(start_markup)
+      end_obj = Expression.parse(end_markup)
      if start_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate) || end_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate)
        new(start_obj, end_obj)
      else
-        begin
-          start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          invalid_expr = start_markup unless start_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
-          invalid_expr ||= end_markup unless end_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
-          if invalid_expr
-            raise Liquid::SyntaxError, "Invalid expression type '#{invalid_expr}' in range expression"
-          end
-
-          raise
-        end
+        start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
      end
    end

-    attr_reader :start_obj, :end_obj
-
    def initialize(start_obj, end_obj)
      @start_obj = start_obj
-      @end_obj   = end_obj
+      @end_obj = end_obj
    end

    def evaluate(context)
      start_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@start_obj))
-      end_int   = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
+      end_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
      start_int..end_int
    end

@@ -47,11 +35,5 @@ module Liquid
        Utils.to_integer(input)
      end
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.start_obj, @node.end_obj]
-      end
-    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Registers
-    attr_reader :static
-
-    def initialize(registers = {})
-      @static = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers.static : registers
-      @changes = nil
-    end
-
-    def []=(key, value)
-      (@changes ||= {})[key] = value
-    end
-
-    def [](key)
-      if @changes&.key?(key)
-        @changes[key]
-      else
-        @static[key]
-      end
-    end
-
-    def delete(key)
-      @changes&.delete(key)
-    end
-
-    UNDEFINED = Object.new
-
-    def fetch(key, default = UNDEFINED, &block)
-      if @changes&.key?(key)
-        @changes.fetch(key)
-      elsif default != UNDEFINED
-        if block_given?
-          @static.fetch(key, &block)
-        else
-          @static.fetch(key, default)
-        end
-      else
-        @static.fetch(key, &block)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def key?(key)
-      @changes&.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Alias for backwards compatibility
-  StaticRegisters = Registers
-end
@@ -2,79 +2,24 @@

 module Liquid
  class ResourceLimits
-    attr_accessor :render_length_limit,
-      :render_score_limit,
-      :assign_score_limit,
-      :cumulative_render_score_limit,
-      :cumulative_assign_score_limit
-    attr_reader :render_score,
-      :assign_score,
-      :last_capture_length,
-      :cumulative_render_score,
-      :cumulative_assign_score
+    attr_accessor :render_length, :render_score, :assign_score,
+      :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit

    def initialize(limits)
-      @render_length_limit           = limits[:render_length_limit]
-      @render_score_limit            = limits[:render_score_limit]
-      @assign_score_limit            = limits[:assign_score_limit]
-      @cumulative_render_score_limit = limits[:cumulative_render_score_limit]
-      @cumulative_assign_score_limit = limits[:cumulative_assign_score_limit]
-      @cumulative_render_score = 0
-      @cumulative_assign_score = 0
+      @render_length_limit = limits[:render_length_limit]
+      @render_score_limit = limits[:render_score_limit]
+      @assign_score_limit = limits[:assign_score_limit]
      reset
    end

-    def increment_render_score(amount)
-      @render_score += amount
-      @cumulative_render_score += amount
-      raise_limits_reached if @render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit
-      raise_limits_reached if @cumulative_render_score_limit && @cumulative_render_score > @cumulative_render_score_limit
-    end
-
-    def increment_assign_score(amount)
-      @assign_score += amount
-      @cumulative_assign_score += amount
-      raise_limits_reached if @assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit
-      raise_limits_reached if @cumulative_assign_score_limit && @cumulative_assign_score > @cumulative_assign_score_limit
-    end
-
-    # update either render_length or assign_score based on whether or not the writes are captured
-    def increment_write_score(output)
-      if (last_captured = @last_capture_length)
-        captured = output.bytesize
-        increment = captured - last_captured
-        @last_capture_length = captured
-        increment_assign_score(increment)
-      elsif @render_length_limit && output.bytesize > @render_length_limit
-        raise_limits_reached
-      end
-    end
-
-    def raise_limits_reached
-      @reached_limit = true
-      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
-    end
-
    def reached?
-      @reached_limit
+      (@render_length_limit && @render_length > @render_length_limit) ||
+        (@render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit) ||
+        (@assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit)
    end

    def reset
-      @reached_limit = false
-      @last_capture_length = nil
-      @render_score = @assign_score = 0
-      raise_limits_reached if @cumulative_render_score_limit && @cumulative_render_score > @cumulative_render_score_limit
-      raise_limits_reached if @cumulative_assign_score_limit && @cumulative_assign_score > @cumulative_assign_score_limit
-    end
-
-    def with_capture
-      old_capture_length = @last_capture_length
-      begin
-        @last_capture_length = 0
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @last_capture_length = old_capture_length
-      end
+      @render_length = @render_score = @assign_score = 0
    end
  end
 end
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class StaticRegisters
+    attr_reader :static, :registers
+
+    def initialize(registers = {})
+      @static = registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? registers.static : registers
+      @registers = {}
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @registers[key] = value
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      if @registers.key?(key)
+        @registers[key]
+      else
+        @static[key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def delete(key)
+      @registers.delete(key)
+    end
+
+    def fetch(key, default = nil)
+      key?(key) ? self[key] : default
+    end
+
+    def key?(key)
+      @registers.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
+    end
+  end
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'set'
+
+module Liquid
+  # Strainer is the parent class for the filters system.
+  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
+  #
+  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via Strainer.global_filter,
+  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
+  class Strainer #:nodoc:
+    @@global_strainer = Class.new(Strainer) do
+      @filter_methods = Set.new
+    end
+    @@strainer_class_cache = Hash.new do |hash, filters|
+      hash[filters] = Class.new(@@global_strainer) do
+        @filter_methods = @@global_strainer.filter_methods.dup
+        filters.each { |f| add_filter(f) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(context)
+      @context = context
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      attr_reader :filter_methods
+    end
+
+    def self.add_filter(filter)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{filter.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
+      unless include?(filter)
+        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
+        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
+          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
+        else
+          send(:include, filter)
+          @filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.global_filter(filter)
+      @@strainer_class_cache.clear
+      @@global_strainer.add_filter(filter)
+    end
+
+    def self.invokable?(method)
+      @filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def self.create(context, filters = [])
+      @@strainer_class_cache[filters].new(context)
+    end
+
+    def invoke(method, *args)
+      if self.class.invokable?(method)
+        send(method, *args)
+      elsif @context&.strict_filters
+        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
+      else
+        args.first
+      end
+    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+end
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'set'
-
-module Liquid
-  # StrainerTemplate is the computed class for the filters system.
-  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
-  #
-  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via StrainerFactory.add_global_filter,
-  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
-  class StrainerTemplate
-    def initialize(context)
-      @context = context
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      def add_filter(filter)
-        return if include?(filter)
-
-        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
-        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
-          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
-        end
-
-        include(filter)
-
-        filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
-      end
-
-      def invokable?(method)
-        filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
-      end
-
-      def inherited(subclass)
-        super
-        subclass.instance_variable_set(:@filter_methods, @filter_methods.dup)
-      end
-
-      def filter_method_names
-        filter_methods.map(&:to_s).to_a
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def filter_methods
-        @filter_methods ||= Set.new
-      end
-    end
-
-    def invoke(method, *args)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method)
-        send(method, *args)
-      elsif @context.strict_filters
-        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
-      else
-        args.first
-      end
-    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
-    end
-
-    # Arity-specialized filter invocation.
-    # Avoids *args splat allocation for the common 0-arg and 1-arg cases.
-    # `invoke` (general case) still uses *args for 2+ extra arguments.
-    {
-      invoke_single: ['input'],
-      invoke_two: ['input', 'arg1'],
-    }.each do |method_name, params|
-      all_params = (["method"] + params).join(", ")
-      send_params = params.join(", ")
-      # __LINE__ + 1 is a parse-time constant; both generated methods will report
-      # the same file:line in backtraces. The method name in the trace distinguishes them.
-      module_eval(<<~RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{method_name}(#{all_params})
-          if self.class.invokable?(method)
-            send(method, #{send_params})
-          elsif @context.strict_filters
-            raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter \#{method}"
-          else
-            input
-          end
-        rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-          raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
-        end
-      RUBY
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,106 +1,49 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type object
-  # @liquid_name tablerowloop
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Information about a parent [`tablerow` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/tablerow).
  class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(length, cols)
      @length = length
-      @row    = 1
-      @col    = 1
-      @cols   = cols
-      @index  = 0
+      @row = 1
+      @col = 1
+      @cols = cols
+      @index = 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :length
+    attr_reader :length, :col, :row

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current column.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :col
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of current row.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :row
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index
      @index + 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index0
      @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current column.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def col0
      @col - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex
      @length - @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex0
      @length - @index - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def first
      @index == 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def last
      @index == @length - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the first in the row. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def col_first
      @col == 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the last in the row. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def col_last
      @col == @cols
    end
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

-require 'liquid/tag/disabler'
-require 'liquid/tag/disableable'
-
 module Liquid
  class Tag
    attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
@@ -16,26 +13,14 @@ module Liquid
        tag
      end

-      def disable_tags(*tag_names)
-        tag_names += disabled_tags
-        define_singleton_method(:disabled_tags) { tag_names }
-        prepend(Disabler)
-      end
-
      private :new
-
-      protected
-
-      def disabled_tags
-        []
-      end
    end

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      @tag_name      = tag_name
-      @markup        = markup
+      @tag_name   = tag_name
+      @markup     = markup
      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
+      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
    end

    def parse(_tokens)
@@ -57,23 +42,12 @@ module Liquid
    # of the `render_to_output_buffer` method will become the default and the `render`
    # method will be removed.
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      render_result = render(context)
-      output << render_result if render_result
+      output << render(context)
      output
    end

    def blank?
      false
    end
-
-    private
-
-    def safe_parse_expression(parser)
-      parse_context.safe_parse_expression(parser)
-    end
-
-    def parse_expression(markup, safe: false)
-      parse_context.parse_expression(markup, safe: safe)
-    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tag
-    module Disableable
-      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        if context.tag_disabled?(tag_name)
-          output << disabled_error(context)
-          return
-        end
-        super
-      end
-
-      def disabled_error(context)
-        # raise then rescue the exception so that the Context#exception_renderer can re-raise it
-        raise DisabledError, "#{tag_name} #{parse_context[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
-      rescue DisabledError => exc
-        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tag
-    module Disabler
-      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        context.with_disabled_tags(self.class.disabled_tags) do
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "tags/table_row"
-require_relative "tags/echo"
-require_relative "tags/if"
-require_relative "tags/break"
-require_relative "tags/inline_comment"
-require_relative "tags/for"
-require_relative "tags/assign"
-require_relative "tags/ifchanged"
-require_relative "tags/case"
-require_relative "tags/include"
-require_relative "tags/continue"
-require_relative "tags/capture"
-require_relative "tags/decrement"
-require_relative "tags/unless"
-require_relative "tags/increment"
-require_relative "tags/comment"
-require_relative "tags/raw"
-require_relative "tags/render"
-require_relative "tags/cycle"
-require_relative "tags/doc"
-
-module Liquid
-  module Tags
-    STANDARD_TAGS = {
-      'cycle' => Cycle,
-      'render' => Render,
-      'raw' => Raw,
-      'comment' => Comment,
-      'increment' => Increment,
-      'unless' => Unless,
-      'decrement' => Decrement,
-      'capture' => Capture,
-      'continue' => Continue,
-      'include' => Include,
-      'case' => Case,
-      'ifchanged' => Ifchanged,
-      'assign' => Assign,
-      'for' => For,
-      '#' => InlineComment,
-      'break' => Break,
-      'if' => If,
-      'echo' => Echo,
-      'tablerow' => TableRow,
-      'doc' => Doc,
-    }.freeze
-  end
-end
@@ -1,46 +1,37 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name assign
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   You can create variables of any [basic type](/docs/api/liquid/basics#types), [object](/docs/api/liquid/objects), or object property.
+  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
+  #
+  #   {% assign foo = 'monkey' %}
+  #
+  # You can then use the variable later in the page.
+  #
+  #  {{ foo }}
  #
-  #   > Caution:
-  #   > Predefined Liquid objects can be overridden by variables with the same name.
-  #   > To make sure that you can access all Liquid objects, make sure that your variable name doesn't match a predefined object's name.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% assign variable_name = value %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being created.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
  class Assign < Tag
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om

-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
-      raise Liquid::SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t('errors.syntax.assign')
+    def self.syntax_error_translation_key
+      "errors.syntax.assign"
    end

    attr_reader :to, :from

-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), parse_context)
+        @to = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), options)
      else
-        self.class.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t(self.class.syntax_error_translation_key)
      end
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      val = @from.render(context)
      context.scopes.last[@to] = val
-      context.resource_limits.increment_assign_score(assign_score_of(val))
+      context.resource_limits.assign_score += assign_score_of(val)
      output
    end

@@ -53,18 +44,11 @@ module Liquid
    def assign_score_of(val)
      if val.instance_of?(String)
        val.bytesize
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Array)
+      elsif val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash)
        sum = 1
        # Uses #each to avoid extra allocations.
        val.each { |child| sum += assign_score_of(child) }
        sum
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Hash)
-        sum = 1
-        val.each do |key, entry_value|
-          sum += assign_score_of(key)
-          sum += assign_score_of(entry_value)
-        end
-        sum
      else
        1
      end
@@ -76,4 +60,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('assign', Assign)
 end
@@ -10,20 +10,11 @@ module Liquid
  #      {% endif %}
  #    {% endfor %}
  #
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name break
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Stops a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) from iterating.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% break %}
  class Break < Tag
-    INTERRUPT = BreakInterrupt.new.freeze
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
-      output
+    def interrupt
+      BreakInterrupt.new
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('break', Break)
 end
@@ -1,24 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name capture
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable with a string value.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   You can create complex strings with Liquid logic and variables.
+  # Capture stores the result of a block into a variable without rendering it inplace.
  #
-  #   > Caution:
-  #   > Predefined Liquid objects can be overridden by variables with the same name.
-  #   > To make sure that you can access all Liquid objects, make sure that your variable name doesn't match a predefined object's name.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% capture variable %}
-  #     value
+  #   {% capture heading %}
+  #     Monkeys!
  #   {% endcapture %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable being created.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
+  #   ...
+  #   <h1>{{ heading }}</h1>
+  #
+  # Capture is useful for saving content for use later in your template, such as
+  # in a sidebar or footer.
+  #
  class Capture < Block
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)/o

@@ -32,10 +25,10 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.resource_limits.with_capture do
-        capture_output = render(context)
-        context.scopes.last[@to] = capture_output
-      end
+      previous_output_size = output.bytesize
+      super
+      context.scopes.last[@to] = output
+      context.resource_limits.assign_score += (output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
      output
    end

@@ -43,4 +36,6 @@ module Liquid
      true
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('capture', Capture)
 end
@@ -1,27 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category conditional
-  # @liquid_name case
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders a specific expression depending on the value of a specific variable.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% case variable %}
-  #     {% when first_value %}
-  #       first_expression
-  #     {% when second_value %}
-  #       second_expression
-  #     {% else %}
-  #       third_expression
-  #   {% endcase %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable you want to base your case statement on.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_value A specific value to check for.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_value A specific value to check for.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `first_value`.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `second_value`.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword third_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value has no match.
  class Case < Block
    Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
    WhenSyntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})(?:(?:\s+or\s+|\s*\,\s*)(#{QuotedFragment}.*))?/om
@@ -31,20 +10,17 @@ module Liquid
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @blocks = []
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+
+      if markup =~ Syntax
+        @left = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+      else
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
+      end
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      body = case_body = new_body
+      body = BlockBody.new
      body = @blocks.last.attachment while parse_body(body, tokens)
-      @blocks.reverse_each do |condition|
-        body = condition.attachment
-        unless body.frozen?
-          body.remove_blank_strings if blank?
-          body.freeze
-        end
-      end
-      case_body.freeze
    end

    def nodelist
@@ -68,14 +44,7 @@ module Liquid
      @blocks.each do |block|
        if block.else?
          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
-          next
-        end
-
-        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          block.evaluate(context),
-        )
-
-        if result
+        elsif block.evaluate(context)
          execute_else_block = false
          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
@@ -86,50 +55,9 @@ module Liquid

    private

-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      parser = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-      @left = safe_parse_expression(parser)
-      parser.consume(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
-    def strict_parse(markup)
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
-    def lax_parse(markup)
-      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @left = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
-      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
-      end
-    end
-
    def record_when_condition(markup)
-      body = new_body
+      body = BlockBody.new

-      if strict2_mode?
-        parse_strict2_when(markup, body)
-      else
-        parse_lax_when(markup, body)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def parse_strict2_when(markup, body)
-      parser = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-
-      loop do
-        expr = Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, parser.expression, safe: true)
-        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', expr)
-        block.attach(body)
-        @blocks << block
-
-        break unless parser.id?('or') || parser.consume?(:comma)
-      end
-
-      parser.consume(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
-    def parse_lax_when(markup, body)
      while markup
        unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when")
@@ -137,7 +65,7 @@ module Liquid

        markup = Regexp.last_match(2)

-        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, Regexp.last_match(1)))
+        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)))
        block.attach(body)
        @blocks << block
      end
@@ -149,7 +77,7 @@ module Liquid
      end

      block = ElseCondition.new
-      block.attach(new_body)
+      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
      @blocks << block
    end

@@ -159,4 +87,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('case', Case)
 end
@@ -1,19 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name comment
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Prevents an expression from being rendered or output.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Any text inside `comment` tags won't be output, and any Liquid code will be parsed, but not executed.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% comment %}
-  #     content
-  #   {% endcomment %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword content The content of the comment.
  class Comment < Block
    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
      output
@@ -25,64 +12,7 @@ module Liquid
    def blank?
      true
    end
-
-    private
-
-    def parse_body(body, tokenizer)
-      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
-        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
-      end
-
-      parse_context.depth += 1
-      comment_tag_depth = 1
-
-      begin
-        # Consume tokens without creating child nodes.
-        # The children tag doesn't require to be a valid Liquid except the comment and raw tag.
-        # The child comment and raw tag must be closed.
-        while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
-          tag_name = if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
-            next if token.empty? || token.match?(BlockBody::WhitespaceOrNothing)
-
-            tag_name_match = BlockBody::LiquidTagToken.match(token)
-
-            next if tag_name_match.nil?
-
-            tag_name_match[1]
-          else
-            token =~ BlockBody::FullToken
-            Regexp.last_match(2)
-          end
-
-          case tag_name
-          when "raw"
-            parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
-          when "comment"
-            comment_tag_depth += 1
-          when "endcomment"
-            comment_tag_depth -= 1
-          end
-
-          if comment_tag_depth.zero?
-            parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl) unless tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
-            return false
-          end
-        end
-
-        raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
-      ensure
-        parse_context.depth -= 1
-      end
-
-      false
-    end
-
-    def parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
-      while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
-        return if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && "endraw" == Regexp.last_match(2)
-      end
-
-      raise_tag_never_closed("raw")
-    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('comment', Comment)
 end
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name continue
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Causes a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) to skip to the next iteration.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% continue %}
+  # Continue tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
+  #
+  # == Basic Usage:
+  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  #      {% if item.condition %}
+  #        {% continue %}
+  #      {% endif %}
+  #    {% endfor %}
+  #
  class Continue < Tag
-    INTERRUPT = ContinueInterrupt.new.freeze
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
-      output
+    def interrupt
+      ContinueInterrupt.new
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('continue', Continue)
 end
@@ -1,39 +1,42 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name cycle
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Loops through a group of strings and outputs them one at a time for each iteration of a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   The `cycle` tag must be used inside a `for` loop.
+  # Cycle is usually used within a loop to alternate between values, like colors or DOM classes.
+  #
+  #   {% for item in items %}
+  #     <div class="{% cycle 'red', 'green', 'blue' %}"> {{ item }} </div>
+  #   {% end %}
+  #
+  #    <div class="red"> Item one </div>
+  #    <div class="green"> Item two </div>
+  #    <div class="blue"> Item three </div>
+  #    <div class="red"> Item four </div>
+  #    <div class="green"> Item five</div>
  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Use the `cycle` tag to output text in a predictable pattern. For example, to apply odd/even classes to rows in a table.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% cycle string, string, ... %}
  class Cycle < Tag
    SimpleSyntax = /\A#{QuotedFragment}+/o
    NamedSyntax  = /\A(#{QuotedFragment})\s*\:\s*(.*)/om
-    UNNAMED_CYCLE_PATTERN = /\w+:0x\h{8}/

    attr_reader :variables

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-    end
-
-    def named?
-      @is_named
+      case markup
+      when NamedSyntax
+        @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
+        @name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+      when SimpleSyntax
+        @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
+        @name = @variables.to_s
+      else
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
+      end
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}

-      key       = context.evaluate(@name)
+      key = context.evaluate(@name)
      iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i

      val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
@@ -47,94 +50,27 @@ module Liquid
      output << val

      iteration += 1
-      iteration = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
-
+      iteration  = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
      context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+
      output
    end

    private

-    # cycle [name:] expression(, expression)*
-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-
-      @variables = []
-
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle") if p.look(:end_of_string)
-
-      first_expression = safe_parse_expression(p)
-      if p.look(:colon)
-        # cycle name: expr1, expr2, ...
-        @name = first_expression
-        @is_named = true
-        p.consume(:colon)
-        # After the colon, parse the first variable (required for named cycles)
-        @variables << maybe_dup_lookup(safe_parse_expression(p))
-      else
-        # cycle expr1, expr2, ...
-        @variables << maybe_dup_lookup(first_expression)
-      end
-
-      # Parse remaining comma-separated expressions
-      while p.consume?(:comma)
-        break if p.look(:end_of_string)
-
-        @variables << maybe_dup_lookup(safe_parse_expression(p))
-      end
-
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-
-      unless @is_named
-        @name = @variables.to_s
-        @is_named = !@name.match?(UNNAMED_CYCLE_PATTERN)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def strict_parse(markup)
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
-    def lax_parse(markup)
-      case markup
-      when NamedSyntax
-        @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @name      = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
-        @is_named = true
-      when SimpleSyntax
-        @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
-        @name      = @variables.to_s
-        @is_named = !@name.match?(UNNAMED_CYCLE_PATTERN)
-      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
-      end
-    end
-
    def variables_from_string(markup)
      markup.split(',').collect do |var|
        var =~ /\s*(#{QuotedFragment})\s*/o
-        next unless Regexp.last_match(1)
-
-        var = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
-        maybe_dup_lookup(var)
+        Regexp.last_match(1) ? Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
      end.compact
    end

-    # For backwards compatibility, whenever a lookup is used in an unnamed cycle,
-    # we make it so that the @variables.to_s produces different strings for cycles
-    # called with the same arguments (since @variables.to_s is used as the cycle counter key)
-    # This makes it so {% cycle a, b %} and {% cycle a, b %} have independent counters even if a and b share value.
-    # This is not true for literal values, {% cycle "a", "b" %} and {% cycle "a", "b" %} share the same counter.
-    # I was really scratching my head about this one, but migrating away from this would be more headache
-    # than it's worth. So we're keeping this quirk for now.
-    def maybe_dup_lookup(var)
-      var.is_a?(VariableLookup) ? var.dup : var
-    end
-
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        Array(@node.variables)
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('cycle', Cycle)
 end
@@ -1,42 +1,38 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name decrement
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of -1, that's decreased by 1 with each subsequent call.
+  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
+  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
+  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
+  #     NOTE: decrement is a pre-decrement, --i,
+  #           while increment is post:      i++.
  #
-  #   > Caution:
-  #   > Predefined Liquid objects can be overridden by variables with the same name.
-  #   > To make sure that you can access all Liquid objects, make sure that your variable name doesn't match a predefined object's name.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Variables that are declared with `decrement` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
-  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
-  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture/snippets) included in the file.
+  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
  #
-  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `decrement` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
-  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `decrement` and [`increment`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/increment) share
-  #   variables.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% decrement variable_name %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being decremented.
-  class Decrement < Tag
-    attr_reader :variable_name
+  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.

+  #   Hello: {% decrement variable %}
+  #
+  # gives you:
+  #
+  #    Hello: -1
+  #    Hello: -2
+  #    Hello: -3
+  #
+  class Decrement < Tag
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      @variable_name = markup.strip
+      @variable = markup.strip
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      counter_environment = context.environments.first
-      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
+      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
      value -= 1
-      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value
+      context.environments.first[@variable] = value
      output << value.to_s
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('decrement', Decrement)
 end
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name doc
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Documents template elements with annotations.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   The `doc` tag allows developers to include documentation within Liquid
-  #   templates. Any content inside `doc` tags is not rendered or outputted.
-  #   Liquid code inside will be parsed but not executed. This facilitates
-  #   tooling support for features like code completion, linting, and inline
-  #   documentation.
-  #
-  #   For detailed documentation syntax and examples, see the
-  #   [`LiquidDoc` reference](/docs/storefronts/themes/tools/liquid-doc).
-  #
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% doc %}
-  #     Renders a message.
-  #
-  #     @param {string} foo - A string value.
-  #     @param {string} [bar] - An optional string value.
-  #
-  #     @example
-  #     {% render 'message', foo: 'Hello', bar: 'World' %}
-  #   {% enddoc %}
-  class Doc < Block
-    NO_UNEXPECTED_ARGS = /\A\s*\z/
-
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      super
-      ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokens)
-      @body = +""
-
-      while (token = tokens.shift)
-        tag_name = token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && Regexp.last_match(2)
-
-        raise_nested_doc_error if tag_name == @tag_name
-
-        if tag_name == block_delimiter
-          parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
-          @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
-          return
-        end
-        @body << token unless token.empty?
-      end
-
-      raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      output
-    end
-
-    def blank?
-      @body.empty?
-    end
-
-    def nodelist
-      [@body]
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      unless NO_UNEXPECTED_ARGS.match?(markup)
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.block_tag_unexpected_args", tag: tag_name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def raise_nested_doc_error
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.doc_invalid_nested")
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,26 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name echo
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Outputs an expression.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Using the `echo` tag is the same as wrapping an expression in curly brackets (`{{` and `}}`). However, unlike the curly
-  #   bracket method, you can use the `echo` tag inside [`liquid` tags](/docs/api/liquid/tags/liquid).
+  # Echo outputs an expression
+  #
+  #   {% echo monkey %}
+  #   {% echo user.name %}
+  #
+  # This is identical to variable output syntax, like {{ foo }}, but works
+  # inside {% liquid %} tags. The full syntax is supported, including filters:
+  #
+  #   {% echo user | link %}
  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > You can use [filters](/docs/api/liquid/filters) on expressions inside `echo` tags.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% liquid
-  #     echo expression
-  #   %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output.
  class Echo < Tag
-    attr_reader :variable
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      super
      @variable = Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
@@ -29,11 +20,7 @@ module Liquid
    def render(context)
      @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.variable]
-      end
-    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('echo', Echo)
 end
@@ -1,50 +1,66 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name for
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders an expression for every item in an array.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   You can do a maximum of 50 iterations with a `for` loop. If you need to iterate over more than 50 items, then use the
-  #   [`paginate` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/paginate) to split the items over multiple pages.
+  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
+  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
+  #
+  # == Basic usage:
+  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  #      {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
+  #    {% endfor %}
+  #
+  # == Advanced usage:
+  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  #      <div {% if forloop.first %}class="first"{% endif %}>
+  #        Item {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
+  #      </div>
+  #    {% else %}
+  #      There is nothing in the collection.
+  #    {% endfor %}
+  #
+  # You can also define a limit and offset much like SQL.  Remember
+  # that offset starts at 0 for the first item.
+  #
+  #    {% for item in collection limit:5 offset:10 %}
+  #      {{ item.name }}
+  #    {% end %}
+  #
+  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %} (note that the flag's spelling is different to the filter `reverse`)
+  #
+  # == Available variables:
+  #
+  # forloop.name:: 'item-collection'
+  # forloop.length:: Length of the loop
+  # forloop.index:: The current item's position in the collection;
+  #                 forloop.index starts at 1.
+  #                 This is helpful for non-programmers who start believe
+  #                 the first item in an array is 1, not 0.
+  # forloop.index0:: The current item's position in the collection
+  #                  where the first item is 0
+  # forloop.rindex:: Number of items remaining in the loop
+  #                  (length - index) where 1 is the last item.
+  # forloop.rindex0:: Number of items remaining in the loop
+  #                   where 0 is the last item.
+  # forloop.first:: Returns true if the item is the first item.
+  # forloop.last:: Returns true if the item is the last item.
+  # forloop.parentloop:: Provides access to the parent loop, if present.
  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Every `for` loop has an associated [`forloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/forloop) with information about the loop.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% for variable in array %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endfor %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render for each iteration.
-  # @liquid_optional_param limit: [number] The number of iterations to perform.
-  # @liquid_optional_param offset: [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
-  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
-  # @liquid_optional_param reversed [untyped] Iterate in reverse order.
  class For < Block
+    Syntax = /\A(#{VariableSegment}+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)\s*(reversed)?/o
+
    attr_reader :collection_name, :variable_name, :limit, :from

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @from = @limit = nil
      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      @for_block = new_body
+      @for_block = BlockBody.new
      @else_block = nil
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      if parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
-        parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
-      end
-      if blank?
-        @else_block&.remove_blank_strings
-        @for_block.remove_blank_strings
-      end
-      @else_block&.freeze
-      @for_block.freeze
+      return unless parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
+      parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
    end

    def nodelist
@@ -53,7 +69,7 @@ module Liquid

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
      return super unless tag == 'else'
-      @else_block = new_body
+      @else_block = BlockBody.new
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
@@ -70,81 +86,42 @@ module Liquid

    protected

-    # Fast byte-level parser for "var in collection [reversed] [limit:N] [offset:N]"
    def lax_parse(markup)
-      c = @parse_context.cursor
-      c.reset(markup)
-      c.skip_ws
-
-      # Parse variable name
-      var_start = c.pos
-      var_len = c.skip_id
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for") if var_len == 0
-      @variable_name = c.slice(var_start, var_len)
-
-      # Expect "in"
-      c.skip_ws
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for") unless c.expect_id("in")
-      c.skip_ws
-
-      # Parse collection name
-      col_start = c.pos
-      if c.peek_byte == Cursor::LPAREN
-        # Parenthesized range: (1..10)
-        depth = 1
-        c.scan_byte
-        while !c.eos? && depth > 0
-          b = c.scan_byte
-          depth += 1 if b == Cursor::LPAREN
-          depth -= 1 if b == Cursor::RPAREN
-        end
-      else
-        c.skip_fragment
-      end
-      collection_name = c.slice(col_start, c.pos - col_start)
-
-      @name            = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-      @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
-
-      c.skip_ws
-      @reversed = c.expect_id("reversed")
-      c.skip_ws
-
-      # Parse limit:/offset: if present.
-      # Cursor doesn't handle key:value attributes — delegate to regex for limit:/offset:.
-      if !c.eos? && (rest = c.slice(c.pos, markup.bytesize - c.pos)).include?(':')
-        rest.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
+      if markup =~ Syntax
+        @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        collection_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
+        @reversed = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
+        @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
+        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          set_attribute(key, value)
        end
+      else
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for")
      end
    end

    def strict_parse(markup)
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
+      p = Parser.new(markup)
      @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in") unless p.id?('in')
-
-      collection_name  = p.expression
-      @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name, safe: true)
-
-      @name     = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+      collection_name = p.expression
+      @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
      @reversed = p.id?('reversed')

-      while p.look(:comma) || p.look(:id)
-        p.consume?(:comma)
+      while p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
        unless (attribute = p.id?('limit') || p.id?('offset'))
          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute")
        end
-        p.consume(:colon)
-        set_attribute(attribute, p.expression, safe: true)
+        p.consume
+        set_attribute(attribute, p.expression)
      end
      p.consume(:end_of_string)
    end

    private

-    alias_method :strict2_parse, :strict_parse
-
    def collection_segment(context)
      offsets = context.registers[:for] ||= {}

@@ -152,14 +129,22 @@ module Liquid
        offsets[@name].to_i
      else
        from_value = context.evaluate(@from)
-        from_value.nil? ? 0 : Utils.to_integer(from_value)
+        if from_value.nil?
+          0
+        else
+          Utils.to_integer(from_value)
+        end
      end

      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)
      collection = collection.to_a if collection.is_a?(Range)

      limit_value = context.evaluate(@limit)
-      to = limit_value && (Utils.to_integer(limit_value) + from)
+      to = if limit_value.nil?
+        nil
+      else
+        Utils.to_integer(limit_value) + from
+      end

      segment = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
      segment.reverse! if @reversed
@@ -171,7 +156,7 @@ module Liquid

    def render_segment(context, output, segment)
      for_stack = context.registers[:for_stack] ||= []
-      length    = segment.length
+      length = segment.length

      context.stack do
        loop_vars = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(@name, length, for_stack[-1])
@@ -200,21 +185,25 @@ module Liquid
      output
    end

-    def set_attribute(key, expr, safe: false)
+    def set_attribute(key, expr)
      case key
      when 'offset'
        @from = if expr == 'continue'
          :continue
        else
-          parse_expression(expr, safe: safe)
+          Expression.parse(expr)
        end
      when 'limit'
-        @limit = parse_expression(expr, safe: safe)
+        @limit = Expression.parse(expr)
      end
    end

    def render_else(context, output)
-      @else_block ? @else_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) : output
+      if @else_block
+        @else_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      else
+        output
+      end
    end

    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
@@ -223,4 +212,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('for', For)
 end
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category conditional
-  # @liquid_name if
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders an expression if a specific condition is `true`.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% if condition %}
-  #     expression
+  # If is the conditional block
+  #
+  #   {% if user.admin %}
+  #     Admin user!
+  #   {% else %}
+  #     Not admin user
  #   {% endif %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render if the condition is met.
+  #
+  #    There are {% if count < 5 %} less {% else %} more {% endif %} items than you need.
+  #
  class If < Block
-    Syntax                  = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
+    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
    ExpressionsAndOperators = /(?:\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b|(?:\s*(?!\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b)(?:#{QuotedFragment}|\S+)\s*)+)/o
-    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS       = %w(and or).freeze
+    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS = %w(and or).freeze

    attr_reader :blocks

@@ -33,17 +31,10 @@ module Liquid
    def parse(tokens)
      while parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
      end
-      @blocks.reverse_each do |block|
-        block.attachment.remove_blank_strings if blank?
-        block.attachment.freeze
-      end
    end

-    ELSE_TAG_NAMES = ['elsif', 'else'].freeze
-    private_constant :ELSE_TAG_NAMES
-
    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      if ELSE_TAG_NAMES.include?(tag)
+      if ['elsif', 'else'].include?(tag)
        push_block(tag, markup)
      else
        super
@@ -51,17 +42,10 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      idx = 0
-      blocks = @blocks
-      while idx < blocks.length
-        block = blocks[idx]
-        result = block.evaluate(context)
-        result = result.to_liquid_value if result.respond_to?(:to_liquid_value)
-
-        if result
+      @blocks.each do |block|
+        if block.evaluate(context)
          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
-        idx += 1
      end

      output
@@ -69,10 +53,6 @@ module Liquid

    private

-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      strict_parse(markup)
-    end
-
    def push_block(tag, markup)
      block = if tag == 'else'
        ElseCondition.new
@@ -81,46 +61,21 @@ module Liquid
      end

      @blocks.push(block)
-      block.attach(new_body)
-    end
-
-    def parse_expression(markup, safe: false)
-      Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, markup, safe: safe)
+      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
    end

    def lax_parse(markup)
-      # Fastest path: simple identifier truthiness like "product.available" or "forloop.first"
-      if (simple = Variable.simple_variable_markup(markup))
-        return Condition.new(parse_expression(simple))
-      end
-
-      # Fast path: simple condition without and/or — use Cursor.
-      # The include? pre-checks are both a correctness guard (parse_simple_condition
-      # only handles a single comparison) and a perf gate (avoids cursor allocation
-      # for the compound-condition case that will always fall through to lax_parse).
-      if !markup.include?(' and ') && !markup.include?(' or ')
-        cursor = @parse_context.cursor
-        cursor.reset(markup)
-        if cursor.parse_simple_condition
-          return Condition.new(
-            parse_expression(cursor.cond_left),
-            cursor.cond_op,
-            cursor.cond_right ? parse_expression(cursor.cond_right) : nil,
-          )
-        end
-      end
-
      expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax

-      condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))

      until expressions.empty?
        operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip

        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax

-        new_condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
        new_condition.send(operator, condition)
        condition = new_condition
@@ -130,7 +85,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def strict_parse(markup)
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
+      p = Parser.new(markup)
      condition = parse_binary_comparisons(p)
      p.consume(:end_of_string)
      condition
@@ -139,7 +94,7 @@ module Liquid
    def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
      condition = parse_comparison(p)
      first_condition = condition
-      while (op = p.id?('and') || p.id?('or'))
+      while (op = (p.id?('and') || p.id?('or')))
        child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
        condition.send(op, child_condition)
        condition = child_condition
@@ -148,9 +103,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse_comparison(p)
-      a = parse_expression(p.expression, safe: true)
+      a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
      if (op = p.consume?(:comparison))
-        b = parse_expression(p.expression, safe: true)
+        b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
        Condition.new(a, op, b)
      else
        Condition.new(a)
@@ -163,4 +118,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('if', If)
 end
@@ -14,4 +14,6 @@ module Liquid
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('ifchanged', Ifchanged)
 end
@@ -1,33 +1,44 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category theme
-  # @liquid_name include
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture/snippets).
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Inside the snippet, you can access and alter variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside of the
-  #   snippet.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% include 'filename' %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
-  # @liquid_deprecated
-  #   Deprecated because the way that variables are handled reduces performance and makes code harder to both read and maintain.
+  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
+  #
+  # Simply include another template:
+  #
+  #   {% include 'product' %}
+  #
+  # Include a template with a local variable:
+  #
+  #   {% include 'product' with products[0] %}
+  #
+  # Include a template for a collection:
+  #
+  #   {% include 'product' for products %}
  #
-  #   The `include` tag has been replaced by [`render`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render).
  class Include < Tag
-    prepend Tag::Disableable
-
-    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
-    Syntax = SYNTAX
+    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?/o

    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+
+      if markup =~ Syntax
+
+        template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)
+
+        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
+        @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
+        @attributes = {}
+
+        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
+          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+        end
+
+      else
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include")
+      end
    end

    def parse(_tokens)
@@ -35,15 +46,15 @@ module Liquid

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name.is_a?(String)
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name

      partial = PartialCache.load(
        template_name,
        context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context,
+        parse_context: parse_context
      )

-      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
+      context_variable_name = template_name.split('/').last

      variable = if @variable_name_expr
        context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr)
@@ -52,12 +63,10 @@ module Liquid
      end

      old_template_name = context.template_name
-      old_partial       = context.partial
-
+      old_partial = context.partial
      begin
-        context.template_name = partial.name
+        context.template_name = template_name
        context.partial = true
-
        context.stack do
          @attributes.each do |key, value|
            context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
@@ -75,7 +84,7 @@ module Liquid
        end
      ensure
        context.template_name = old_template_name
-        context.partial       = old_partial
+        context.partial = old_partial
      end

      output
@@ -84,49 +93,6 @@ module Liquid
    alias_method :parse_context, :options
    private :parse_context

-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-
-      @template_name_expr = safe_parse_expression(p)
-      @variable_name_expr = safe_parse_expression(p) if p.id?("for") || p.id?("with")
-      @alias_name         = p.consume(:id) if p.id?("as")
-
-      p.consume?(:comma)
-
-      @attributes = {}
-      while p.look(:id)
-        key = p.consume
-        p.consume(:colon)
-        @attributes[key] = safe_parse_expression(p)
-        p.consume?(:comma)
-      end
-
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
-    def strict_parse(markup)
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
-    def lax_parse(markup)
-      if markup =~ SYNTAX
-        template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)
-
-        @alias_name         = Regexp.last_match(5)
-        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
-        @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
-        @attributes         = {}
-
-        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
-        end
-
-      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include")
-      end
-    end
-
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [
@@ -136,4 +102,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('include', Include)
 end
@@ -1,42 +1,35 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name increment
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of 0, that's increased by 1 with each subsequent call.
+  # increment is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
+  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
+  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
+  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
  #
-  #   > Caution:
-  #   > Predefined Liquid objects can be overridden by variables with the same name.
-  #   > To make sure that you can access all Liquid objects, make sure that your variable name doesn't match a predefined object's name.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Variables that are declared with `increment` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
-  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
-  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture/snippets) included in the file.
+  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.
+  #
+  #   Hello: {% increment variable %}
+  #
+  # gives you:
+  #
+  #    Hello: 0
+  #    Hello: 1
+  #    Hello: 2
  #
-  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `increment` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
-  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `increment` and [`decrement`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/decrement) share
-  #   variables.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% increment variable_name %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being incremented.
  class Increment < Tag
-    attr_reader :variable_name
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      @variable_name = markup.strip
+      @variable = markup.strip
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      counter_environment = context.environments.first
-      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
-      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value + 1
+      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
+      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1

      output << value.to_s
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('increment', Increment)
 end
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class InlineComment < Tag
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
-      super
-
-      # Semantically, a comment should only ignore everything after it on the line.
-      # Currently, this implementation doesn't support mixing a comment with another tag
-      # but we need to reserve future support for this and prevent the introduction
-      # of inline comments from being backward incompatible change.
-      #
-      # As such, we're forcing users to put a # symbol on every line otherwise this
-      # tag will throw an error.
-      if markup.match?(/\n\s*[^#\s]/)
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.inline_comment_invalid")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      output
-    end
-
-    def blank?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,19 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name raw
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Outputs any Liquid code as text instead of rendering it.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% raw %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endraw %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output without being rendered.
  class Raw < Block
    Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
+    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      super
@@ -24,15 +14,14 @@ module Liquid
    def parse(tokens)
      @body = +''
      while (token = tokens.shift)
-        if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
-          parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
+        if token =~ FullTokenPossiblyInvalid
          @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
-          return
+          return if block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
        end
        @body << token unless token.empty?
      end

-      raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
@@ -56,4 +45,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('raw', Raw)
 end
@@ -1,145 +1,56 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category theme
-  # @liquid_name render
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture/snippets) or [app block](/themes/architecture/sections/section-schema#render-app-blocks).
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Inside snippets and app blocks, you can't directly access variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside
-  #   of the snippet or app block. However, you can [specify variables as parameters](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render#render-passing-variables-to-a-snippet)
-  #   to pass outside variables to snippets.
-  #
-  #   While you can't directly access created variables, you can access global objects, as well as any objects that are
-  #   directly accessible outside the snippet or app block. For example, a snippet or app block inside the [product template](/themes/architecture/templates/product)
-  #   can access the [`product` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/product), and a snippet or app block inside a [section](/themes/architecture/sections)
-  #   can access the [`section` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/section).
-  #
-  #   Outside a snippet or app block, you can't access variables created inside the snippet or app block.
-  #
-  #   > Note:
-  #   > When you render a snippet using the `render` tag, you can't use the [`include` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/include)
-  #   > inside the snippet.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% render 'filename' %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
  class Render < Tag
-    FOR = 'for'
-    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString}+)(\s+(with|#{FOR})\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
+    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString})#{QuotedFragment}*/o

-    disable_tags "include"
-
-    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes, :alias_name
+    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :attributes

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-    end

-    def for_loop?
-      @is_for_loop
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.render") unless markup =~ SYNTAX
+
+      template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+
+      @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
+
+      @attributes = {}
+      markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
+        @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+      end
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      render_tag(context, output)
-    end
-
-    def render_tag(context, output)
-      # The expression should be a String literal, which parses to a String object
-      template_name = @template_name_expr
-      raise ::ArgumentError unless template_name.is_a?(String)
+      # Though we evaluate this here we will only ever parse it as a string literal.
+      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name

      partial = PartialCache.load(
        template_name,
        context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context,
+        parse_context: parse_context
      )

-      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
-
-      render_partial_func = ->(var, forloop) {
-        inner_context               = context.new_isolated_subcontext
-        inner_context.template_name = partial.name
-        inner_context.partial       = true
-        inner_context['forloop']    = forloop if forloop
-
-        @attributes.each do |key, value|
-          inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
-        end
-        inner_context[context_variable_name] = var unless var.nil?
-        partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)
-        forloop&.send(:increment!)
-      }
-
-      variable = @variable_name_expr ? context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr) : nil
-      if @is_for_loop && variable.respond_to?(:each) && variable.respond_to?(:count)
-        forloop = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(template_name, variable.count, nil)
-        variable.each { |var| render_partial_func.call(var, forloop) }
-      else
-        render_partial_func.call(variable, nil)
+      inner_context = context.new_isolated_subcontext
+      inner_context.template_name = template_name
+      inner_context.partial = true
+      @attributes.each do |key, value|
+        inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
      end
+      partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)

      output
    end

-    # render (string) (with|for expression)? (as id)? (key: value)*
-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-
-      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(strict2_template_name(p), safe: true)
-      with_or_for         = p.id?("for") || p.id?("with")
-      @variable_name_expr = safe_parse_expression(p) if with_or_for
-      @alias_name         = p.consume(:id) if p.id?("as")
-      @is_for_loop        = (with_or_for == FOR)
-
-      p.consume?(:comma)
-
-      @attributes = {}
-      while p.look(:id)
-        key = p.consume
-        p.consume(:colon)
-        @attributes[key] = safe_parse_expression(p)
-        p.consume?(:comma)
-      end
-
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
-    def strict2_template_name(p)
-      p.consume(:string)
-    end
-
-    def strict_parse(markup)
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
-    def lax_parse(markup)
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.render") unless markup =~ SYNTAX
-
-      template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      with_or_for = Regexp.last_match(3)
-      variable_name = Regexp.last_match(4)
-
-      @alias_name = Regexp.last_match(6)
-      @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
-      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
-      @is_for_loop = (with_or_for == FOR)
-
-      @attributes = {}
-      markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-        @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
-      end
-    end
-
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [
          @node.template_name_expr,
-          @node.variable_name_expr,
        ] + @node.attributes.values
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('render', Render)
 end
@@ -1,78 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name tablerow
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Generates HTML table rows for every item in an array.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   The `tablerow` tag must be wrapped in HTML `<table>` and `</table>` tags.
-  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Every `tablerow` loop has an associated [`tablerowloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/tablerowloop) with information about the loop.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% tablerow variable in array %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endtablerow %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render.
-  # @liquid_optional_param cols: [number] The number of columns that the table should have.
-  # @liquid_optional_param limit: [number] The number of iterations to perform.
-  # @liquid_optional_param offset: [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
-  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
  class TableRow < Block
    Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o
-    ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES = ['cols', 'limit', 'offset', 'range'].freeze

    attr_reader :variable_name, :collection_name, :attributes

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-    end
-
-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-
-      @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
-
-      unless p.id?("in")
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in")
-      end
-
-      @collection_name = safe_parse_expression(p)
-
-      p.consume?(:comma)
-
-      @attributes = {}
-      while p.look(:id)
-        key = p.consume
-        unless ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key)
-          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row_invalid_attribute", attribute: key)
-        end
-
-        p.consume(:colon)
-        @attributes[key] = safe_parse_expression(p)
-        p.consume?(:comma)
-      end
-
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
-    def strict_parse(markup)
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
-    def lax_parse(markup)
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @collection_name = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @attributes      = {}
+        @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @collection_name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(2))
+        @attributes = {}
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
+          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
        end
      else
        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row")
@@ -82,13 +23,14 @@ module Liquid
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      (collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)) || (return '')

-      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'])) : 0
-      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'])) : nil
+      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset']).to_i : 0
+      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit']).to_i : nil

      collection = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
-      length     = collection.length

-      cols = @attributes.key?('cols') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'])) : length
+      length = collection.length
+
+      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols']).to_i

      output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
      context.stack do
@@ -102,12 +44,6 @@ module Liquid
          super
          output << '</td>'

-          # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
-          if context.interrupt?
-            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
-            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
-          end
-
          if tablerowloop.col_last && !tablerowloop.last
            output << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
          end
@@ -125,13 +61,7 @@ module Liquid
        super + @node.attributes.values + [@node.collection_name]
      end
    end
-
-    private
-
-    def to_integer(value)
-      value.to_i
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid integer"
-    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('tablerow', TableRow)
 end
@@ -3,40 +3,21 @@
 require_relative 'if'

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category conditional
-  # @liquid_name unless
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders an expression unless a specific condition is `true`.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Similar to the [`if` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/if), you can use `elsif` to add more conditions to an `unless` tag.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% unless condition %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endunless %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render unless the condition is met.
+  # Unless is a conditional just like 'if' but works on the inverse logic.
+  #
+  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% endunless %}
+  #
  class Unless < If
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
      first_block = @blocks.first
-      result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-        first_block.evaluate(context),
-      )
-
-      unless result
+      unless first_block.evaluate(context)
        return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      end

      # After the first condition unless works just like if
      @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
-        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          block.evaluate(context),
-        )
-
-        if result
+        if block.evaluate(context)
          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
      end
@@ -44,4 +25,6 @@ module Liquid
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('unless', Unless)
 end
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 module Liquid
  # Templates are central to liquid.
-  # Interpreting templates is a two step process. First you compile the
+  # Interpretating templates is a two step process. First you compile the
  # source code you got. During compile time some extensive error checking is performed.
  # your code should expect to get some SyntaxErrors.
  #
@@ -15,96 +15,124 @@ module Liquid
  #   template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
  #
  class Template
-    attr_accessor :root, :name
+    attr_accessor :root
    attr_reader :resource_limits, :warnings

+    @@file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
+
+    class TagRegistry
+      include Enumerable
+
+      def initialize
+        @tags = {}
+        @cache = {}
+      end
+
+      def [](tag_name)
+        return nil unless @tags.key?(tag_name)
+        return @cache[tag_name] if Liquid.cache_classes
+
+        lookup_class(@tags[tag_name]).tap { |o| @cache[tag_name] = o }
+      end
+
+      def []=(tag_name, klass)
+        @tags[tag_name]  = klass.name
+        @cache[tag_name] = klass
+      end
+
+      def delete(tag_name)
+        @tags.delete(tag_name)
+        @cache.delete(tag_name)
+      end
+
+      def each(&block)
+        @tags.each(&block)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def lookup_class(name)
+        Object.const_get(name)
+      end
+    end
+
    attr_reader :profiler

    class << self
      # Sets how strict the parser should be.
      # :lax acts like liquid 2.5 and silently ignores malformed tags in most cases.
      # :warn is the default and will give deprecation warnings when invalid syntax is used.
-      # :strict enforces correct syntax for most tags
-      # :strict2 enforces correct syntax for all tags
-      def error_mode=(mode)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.error_mode=", "Environment#error_mode=")
-        Environment.default.error_mode = mode
-      end
+      # :strict will enforce correct syntax.
+      attr_writer :error_mode

-      def error_mode
-        Environment.default.error_mode
-      end
+      # Sets how strict the taint checker should be.
+      # :lax is the default, and ignores the taint flag completely
+      # :warn adds a warning, but does not interrupt the rendering
+      # :error raises an error when tainted output is used
+      attr_writer :taint_mode

-      def default_exception_renderer=(renderer)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_exception_renderer=", "Environment#exception_renderer=")
-        Environment.default.exception_renderer = renderer
-      end
-
-      def default_exception_renderer
-        Environment.default.exception_renderer
-      end
-
-      def file_system=(file_system)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.file_system=", "Environment#file_system=")
-        Environment.default.file_system = file_system
+      attr_accessor :default_exception_renderer
+      Template.default_exception_renderer = lambda do |exception|
+        exception
      end

      def file_system
-        Environment.default.file_system
+        @@file_system
      end

-      def tags
-        Environment.default.tags
+      def file_system=(obj)
+        @@file_system = obj
      end

      def register_tag(name, klass)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_tag", "Environment#register_tag")
-        Environment.default.register_tag(name, klass)
+        tags[name.to_s] = klass
+      end
+
+      def tags
+        @tags ||= TagRegistry.new
+      end
+
+      def error_mode
+        @error_mode ||= :lax
+      end
+
+      def taint_mode
+        @taint_mode ||= :lax
      end

      # Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
      # to all liquid views. Good for registering the standard library
      def register_filter(mod)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_filter", "Environment#register_filter")
-        Environment.default.register_filter(mod)
-      end
-
-      private def default_resource_limits=(limits)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_resource_limits=", "Environment#default_resource_limits=")
-        Environment.default.default_resource_limits = limits
+        Strainer.global_filter(mod)
      end

      def default_resource_limits
-        Environment.default.default_resource_limits
+        @default_resource_limits ||= {}
      end

      # creates a new <tt>Template</tt> object from liquid source code
      # To enable profiling, pass in <tt>profile: true</tt> as an option.
      # See Liquid::Profiler for more information
      def parse(source, options = {})
-        environment = options[:environment] || Environment.default
-        new(environment: environment).parse(source, options)
+        template = Template.new
+        template.parse(source, options)
      end
    end

-    def initialize(environment: Environment.default)
-      @environment = environment
-      @rethrow_errors  = false
-      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
+    def initialize
+      @rethrow_errors = false
+      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(self.class.default_resource_limits)
    end

    # Parse source code.
    # Returns self for easy chaining
    def parse(source, options = {})
-      parse_context = configure_options(options)
-      source = source.to_s.to_str
-
-      unless source.valid_encoding?
-        raise TemplateEncodingError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_template_encoding")
-      end
-
-      tokenizer     = parse_context.new_tokenizer(source, start_line_number: @line_numbers && 1)
-      @root         = Document.parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
+      @options = options
+      @profiling = options[:profile]
+      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
+      parse_context = options.is_a?(ParseContext) ? options : ParseContext.new(options)
+      @root = Document.parse(tokenize(source), parse_context)
+      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
      self
    end

@@ -146,17 +174,17 @@ module Liquid
        c = args.shift

        if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
+          c.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
        end

        c
      when Liquid::Drop
-        drop         = args.shift
-        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
+        drop = args.shift
+        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      when Hash
-        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
+        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      when nil
-        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
+        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      else
        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Hash or Liquid::Context as parameter"
      end
@@ -166,12 +194,9 @@ module Liquid
      case args.last
      when Hash
        options = args.pop
-        output  = options[:output] if options[:output]
-        static_registers = context.registers.static
+        output = options[:output] if options[:output]

-        options[:registers]&.each do |key, register|
-          static_registers[key] = register
-        end
+        registers.merge!(options[:registers]) if options[:registers].is_a?(Hash)

        apply_options_to_context(context, options)
      when Module, Array
@@ -181,15 +206,12 @@ module Liquid
      # Retrying a render resets resource usage
      context.resource_limits.reset

-      if @profiling && context.profiler.nil?
-        @profiler = context.profiler = Liquid::Profiler.new
-      end
-
-      context.template_name ||= name
-
      begin
        # render the nodelist.
-        @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
+        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
+        with_profiling(context) do
+          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
+        end
      rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
        context.handle_error(e)
      ensure
@@ -208,31 +230,33 @@ module Liquid

    private

-    def configure_options(options)
-      if (profiling = options[:profile])
+    def tokenize(source)
+      Tokenizer.new(source, @line_numbers)
+    end
+
+    def with_profiling(context)
+      if @profiling && !context.partial
        raise "Profiler not loaded, require 'liquid/profiler' first" unless defined?(Liquid::Profiler)
-      end

-      @options      = options
-      @profiling    = profiling
-      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
-      parse_context = if options.is_a?(ParseContext)
-        options
+        @profiler = Profiler.new
+        @profiler.start
+
+        begin
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @profiler.stop
+        end
      else
-        opts = options.key?(:environment) ? options : options.merge(environment: @environment)
-        ParseContext.new(opts)
+        yield
      end
-
-      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
-      parse_context
    end

    def apply_options_to_context(context, options)
      context.add_filters(options[:filters]) if options[:filters]
-      context.global_filter      = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
+      context.global_filter = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
      context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
-      context.strict_variables   = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
-      context.strict_filters     = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
+      context.strict_variables = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
+      context.strict_filters = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class TemplateFactory
-    def for(_template_name)
-      Liquid::Template.new
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -4,28 +4,15 @@ module Liquid
  class Tokenizer
    attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag

-    def initialize(
-      source:,
-      string_scanner: nil,
-      line_numbers: false,
-      line_number: nil,
-      for_liquid_tag: false
-    )
+    def initialize(source, line_numbers = false, line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
+      @source = source
      @line_number = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
      @for_liquid_tag = for_liquid_tag
-      @source = source.to_s
-      @offset = 0
-      @tokens = []
-
-      tokenize
+      @tokens = tokenize
    end

    def shift
-      token = @tokens[@offset]
-
-      return unless token
-
-      @offset += 1
+      (token = @tokens.shift) || return

      if @line_number
        @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
@@ -37,116 +24,88 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def tokenize
-      if @for_liquid_tag
-        @tokens = @source.split("\n")
-      else
-        tokenize_fast
-      end
+      return [] if @source.to_s.empty?

-      @source = nil
+      return @source.split("\n") if @for_liquid_tag
+
+      tokens = tokenize_new(@source)
+      # tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)
+
+      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
+      tokens.shift if tokens[0]&.empty?
+
+      tokens
    end

-    # Fast tokenizer using String#byteindex instead of StringScanner regex.
-    # String#byteindex is ~40% faster for finding { delimiters.
-    def tokenize_fast
-      src = @source
-      unless src.valid_encoding?
-        raise SyntaxError, "Invalid byte sequence in #{src.encoding}"
-      end
+    T_TAG_OPEN = "{%"
+    T_VAR_OPEN = "{{"
+    T_SIN_QUOT = "'"
+    T_DOU_QUOT = '"'
+    T_TAG_CLOS = "%}"
+    T_VAR_CLOS = "}}"
+    T_VAR_CLO2 = "}"

-      len = src.bytesize
-      pos = 0
+    S_NIL = 0
+    S_TAG = 1
+    S_VAR = 2
+    S_TAG_SIN = 3
+    S_TAG_DOU = 4
+    S_VAR_SIN = 5
+    S_VAR_DOU = 6

-      while pos < len
-        # Find next { which could start a tag or variable
-        idx = src.byteindex('{', pos)
-
-        unless idx
-          # No more tags/variables — rest is text
-          @tokens << src.byteslice(pos, len - pos) if pos < len
-          break
-        end
-
-        next_byte = idx + 1 < len ? src.getbyte(idx + 1) : nil
-
-        if next_byte == Cursor::PCT # {%
-          # Emit text before tag
-          @tokens << src.byteslice(pos, idx - pos) if idx > pos
-
-          # Find %} to close the tag
-          close = src.byteindex('%}', idx + 2)
-          if close
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(idx, close + 2 - idx)
-            pos = close + 2
-          else
-            # Emit malformed token to propagate a missing-terminator error in the parser
-            @tokens << "{%"
-            pos = idx + 2
-          end
-        elsif next_byte == Cursor::LCURLY # {{
-          # Emit text before variable, then scan for the closing }}.
-          @tokens << src.byteslice(pos, idx - pos) if idx > pos
-          pos = scan_variable_token(src, idx, len)
+    def tokenize_new(source)
+      output = []
+      s = S_NIL
+      current = +""
+      source.split(/({%|{{|"|'|}}|%}|})/om).each do |t|
+        if t == T_TAG_OPEN && s <= S_VAR
+          s = S_TAG
+          output << current
+          current = t
+        elsif t == T_VAR_OPEN && s <= S_VAR
+          s = S_VAR
+          output << current
+          current = t
+        elsif t == T_SIN_QUOT && s == S_TAG
+          s = S_TAG_SIN
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_SIN_QUOT && s == S_TAG_SIN
+          s = S_TAG
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_DOU_QUOT && s == S_TAG
+          s = S_TAG_DOU
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_DOU_QUOT && s == S_TAG_DOU
+          s = S_TAG
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_SIN_QUOT && s == S_VAR
+          s = S_VAR_SIN
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_SIN_QUOT && s == S_VAR_SIN
+          s = S_VAR
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_DOU_QUOT && s == S_VAR
+          s = S_VAR_DOU
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_DOU_QUOT && s == S_VAR_DOU
+          s = S_VAR
+          current += t
+        elsif t == T_TAG_CLOS && s == S_TAG
+          s = S_NIL
+          current += t
+          output << current
+          current = +""
+        elsif (t == T_VAR_CLOS || t == T_VAR_CLO2) && s == S_VAR
+          s = S_NIL
+          current += t
+          output << current
+          current = +""
        else
-          # Lone '{' — not the start of a tag or variable.
-          # Find the next '{{' or '{%' to know where this text token ends.
-          # Using two byteindex calls avoids a nested loop and is always O(n).
-          tag_start = src.byteindex('{%', idx + 1)
-          var_start = src.byteindex('{{', idx + 1)
-          next_token = [tag_start, var_start].compact.min
-          if next_token
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(pos, next_token - pos)
-            pos = next_token
-          else
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(pos, len - pos)
-            pos = len
-          end
+          current += t
        end
      end
-    end
-
-    # Scans a {{ ... }} variable token starting at `idx` in `src`.
-    # Emits the token to @tokens and returns the new position after the token.
-    # Handles }}, single }, and embedded {% ... %} (nested tag inside variable).
-    private def scan_variable_token(src, idx, len)
-      # Byte-by-byte scan: find } or {, then inspect the next byte.
-      scan_pos = idx + 2
-      while scan_pos < len
-        b = src.getbyte(scan_pos)
-        if b == Cursor::RCURLY # }
-          if scan_pos + 1 >= len
-            # } at end of string — emit token up to here
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(idx, scan_pos + 1 - idx)
-            return scan_pos + 1
-          end
-          b2 = src.getbyte(scan_pos + 1)
-          if b2 == Cursor::RCURLY
-            # Found }} — close variable
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(idx, scan_pos + 2 - idx)
-            return scan_pos + 2
-          else
-            # } followed by non-} — emit token up to here (matches original: @ss.pos -= 1)
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(idx, scan_pos + 1 - idx)
-            return scan_pos + 1
-          end
-        elsif b == Cursor::LCURLY && scan_pos + 1 < len && src.getbyte(scan_pos + 1) == Cursor::PCT
-          # Found {% inside {{ — scan to %} and emit as one token
-          close = src.byteindex('%}', scan_pos + 2)
-          if close
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(idx, close + 2 - idx)
-            return close + 2
-          else
-            @tokens << src.byteslice(idx, len - idx)
-            return len
-          end
-        else
-          scan_pos += 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Reached end without finding }} — malformed
-      @tokens << "{{"
-      idx + 2
+      output << current unless current == ""
+      output
    end
  end
 end
@@ -2,15 +2,9 @@

 module Liquid
  module Utils
-    DECIMAL_REGEX = /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/
-    UNIX_TIMESTAMP_REGEX = /\A\d+\z/
-
    def self.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
      if (from != 0 || !to.nil?) && collection.respond_to?(:load_slice)
        collection.load_slice(from, to)
-      elsif from == 0 && to.nil? && collection.is_a?(Array)
-        # Fast path: no offset/limit on an Array — return as-is (avoid copy)
-        collection
      else
        slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
      end
@@ -18,17 +12,23 @@ module Liquid

    def self.slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
      segments = []
+      index = 0

-      # String is Enumerable but #each is not defined; handle it as a single-element collection
+      # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
      if collection.is_a?(String)
        return collection.empty? ? [] : [collection]
      end
      return [] unless collection.respond_to?(:each)

-      index = 0
      collection.each do |item|
-        break if to && to <= index
-        segments << item if from <= index
+        if to && to <= index
+          break
+        end
+
+        if from <= index
+          segments << item
+        end
+
        index += 1
      end

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module Liquid
      when Numeric
        obj
      when String
-        DECIMAL_REGEX.match?(obj.strip) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
+        /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/.match?(obj.strip) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
      else
        if obj.respond_to?(:to_number)
          obj.to_number
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ module Liquid
      return obj if obj.respond_to?(:strftime)

      if obj.is_a?(String)
-        return if obj.empty?
+        return nil if obj.empty?
        obj = obj.downcase
      end

      case obj
      when 'now', 'today'
        Time.now
-      when UNIX_TIMESTAMP_REGEX, Integer
+      when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
        Time.at(obj.to_i)
      when String
        Time.parse(obj)
@@ -81,117 +81,5 @@ module Liquid
    rescue ::ArgumentError
      nil
    end
-
-    def self.to_liquid_value(obj)
-      # Enable "obj" to represent itself as a primitive value like integer, string, or boolean
-      return obj.to_liquid_value if obj.respond_to?(:to_liquid_value)
-
-      # Otherwise return the object itself
-      obj
-    end
-
-    # Cached string representations for common small integers (0-999)
-    # Avoids repeated Integer#to_s allocations during rendering
-    SMALL_INT_STRINGS = Array.new(1000) { |i| i.to_s.freeze }.freeze
-
-    def self.to_s(obj, seen = nil)
-      case obj
-      when Integer
-        obj >= 0 && obj < 1000 ? SMALL_INT_STRINGS[obj] : obj.to_s
-      when BigDecimal
-        obj.to_s("F")
-      when Hash
-        # If the custom hash implementation overrides `#to_s`, use their
-        # custom implementation. Otherwise we use Liquid's default
-        # implementation.
-        if obj.class.instance_method(:to_s) == HASH_TO_S_METHOD
-          hash_inspect(obj, seen || {})
-        else
-          obj.to_s
-        end
-      when Array
-        array_inspect(obj, seen || {})
-      else
-        obj.to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.inspect(obj, seen = nil)
-      case obj
-      when Hash
-        # If the custom hash implementation overrides `#inspect`, use their
-        # custom implementation. Otherwise we use Liquid's default
-        # implementation.
-        if obj.class.instance_method(:inspect) == HASH_INSPECT_METHOD
-          hash_inspect(obj, seen || {})
-        else
-          obj.inspect
-        end
-      when Array
-        array_inspect(obj, seen || {})
-      else
-        obj.inspect
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.array_inspect(arr, seen = {})
-      if seen[arr.object_id]
-        return "[...]"
-      end
-
-      seen[arr.object_id] = true
-      str = +"["
-      cursor = 0
-      len = arr.length
-
-      while cursor < len
-        if cursor > 0
-          str << ", "
-        end
-
-        item_str = inspect(arr[cursor], seen)
-        str << item_str
-        cursor += 1
-      end
-
-      str << "]"
-      str
-    ensure
-      seen.delete(arr.object_id)
-    end
-
-    def self.hash_inspect(hash, seen = {})
-      if seen[hash.object_id]
-        return "{...}"
-      end
-      seen[hash.object_id] = true
-
-      str = +"{"
-      first = true
-      hash.each do |key, value|
-        if first
-          first = false
-        else
-          str << ", "
-        end
-
-        key_str = inspect(key, seen)
-        str << key_str
-        str << "=>"
-
-        value_str = inspect(value, seen)
-        str << value_str
-      end
-      str << "}"
-      str
-    ensure
-      seen.delete(hash.object_id)
-    end
-
-    HASH_TO_S_METHOD = Hash.instance_method(:to_s)
-    private_constant :HASH_TO_S_METHOD
-
-    HASH_INSPECT_METHOD = Hash.instance_method(:inspect)
-    private_constant :HASH_INSPECT_METHOD
  end
 end
@@ -12,30 +12,10 @@ module Liquid
  #   {{ user | link }}
  #
  class Variable
-    # Checks if markup is a simple "name.lookup.chain" with no filters/brackets/quotes.
-    # Returns the trimmed markup string, or nil if not simple.
-    def self.simple_variable_markup(markup)
-      return if markup.empty?
-      return unless markup.match?(SIMPLE_VARIABLE_RE)
-      # Avoid allocation when there's no surrounding whitespace (the common case)
-      first = markup.getbyte(0)
-      last  = markup.getbyte(markup.bytesize - 1)
-      needs_strip = first == Cursor::SPACE || first == Cursor::TAB || first == Cursor::NL || first == Cursor::CR ||
-        last == Cursor::SPACE || last == Cursor::TAB || last == Cursor::NL || last == Cursor::CR
-      needs_strip ? markup.strip : markup
-    end
-
-    # Cache for [filtername, EMPTY_ARRAY] tuples — avoids repeated array creation
-    NO_ARG_FILTER_CACHE = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [k, Const::EMPTY_ARRAY].freeze }
-
-    # Regex for a simple variable lookup with optional surrounding whitespace.
-    # Shares the identifier grammar with VariableLookup::SIMPLE_LOOKUP_RE.
-    SIMPLE_VARIABLE_RE = /\A\s*[\w-]+\??(?:\.[\w-]+\??)*\s*\z/
-
-    FilterMarkupRegex        = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
-    FilterParser             = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
-    FilterArgsRegex          = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
-    JustTagAttributes        = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
+    FilterMarkupRegex = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
+    FilterParser = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
+    FilterArgsRegex = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
+    JustTagAttributes = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
    MarkupWithQuotedFragment = /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om

    attr_accessor :filters, :name, :line_number
@@ -45,283 +25,12 @@ module Liquid
    include ParserSwitching

    def initialize(markup, parse_context)
-      @markup        = markup
-      @name          = nil
+      @markup  = markup
+      @name    = nil
      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
+      @line_number = parse_context.line_number

-      # Fast path: try to parse without going through Lexer → Parser
-      # Skip for strict2/rigid modes which require different parsing
-      # Fast path only for lax/warn modes — strict modes need full error checking
-      error_mode = parse_context.error_mode
-      if error_mode == :strict2 || error_mode == :rigid || error_mode == :strict || !try_fast_parse(markup, parse_context)
-        strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def try_fast_parse(markup, parse_context)
-      pos = fast_scan_name(markup)
-      return false unless pos
-
-      # fast_resolve_name calls VariableLookup.parse_simple / Expression::LITERALS — the
-      # only sites that can raise SyntaxError on malformed input. The byte scanners return
-      # false instead of raising.
-      begin
-        fast_resolve_name(markup, parse_context)
-      rescue SyntaxError
-        return false
-      end
-
-      # End of markup — no filters
-      if pos >= markup.bytesize
-        @filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-        return true
-      end
-
-      # Must be followed by a pipe filter separator
-      return false unless markup.getbyte(pos) == Cursor::PIPE
-
-      fast_scan_filters(markup, pos, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # Scan the variable name (quoted string or identifier chain) at the start of markup.
-    # Returns the position after the name + trailing whitespace, or false on failure.
-    # Sets @_fast_name_start and @_fast_name_end for fast_resolve_name.
-    private def fast_scan_name(markup)
-      len = markup.bytesize
-      return false if len == 0
-
-      # Skip leading whitespace
-      pos = 0
-      while pos < len
-        b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-        break unless b == Cursor::SPACE || b == Cursor::TAB || b == Cursor::NL || b == Cursor::CR
-        pos += 1
-      end
-      return false if pos >= len
-
-      b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-
-      if b == Cursor::QUOTE_S || b == Cursor::QUOTE_D
-        # Quoted string literal: scan to matching close quote
-        quote = b
-        @_fast_name_start = pos
-        pos += 1
-        pos += 1 while pos < len && markup.getbyte(pos) != quote
-        pos += 1 if pos < len # skip closing quote
-        @_fast_name_end = pos
-      elsif ByteTables::IDENT_START[b]
-        # Identifier chain: [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*(.[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*)*
-        @_fast_name_start = pos
-        pos += 1
-        while pos < len
-          b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-          if ByteTables::IDENT_CONT[b]
-            pos += 1
-          elsif b == Cursor::DOT
-            pos += 1
-            return false if pos >= len
-            b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-            return false unless ByteTables::IDENT_START[b]
-            pos += 1
-          else
-            break
-          end
-        end
-        @_fast_name_end = pos
-      else
-        return false
-      end
-
-      # Skip whitespace after name
-      while pos < len
-        b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-        break unless b == Cursor::SPACE || b == Cursor::TAB || b == Cursor::NL || b == Cursor::CR
-        pos += 1
-      end
-
-      pos
-    end
-
-    # Resolve the scanned name bytes to a Liquid expression object.
-    # Reads @_fast_name_start / @_fast_name_end set by fast_scan_name.
-    # Sets @name.  May raise SyntaxError (rescued in try_fast_parse).
-    private def fast_resolve_name(markup, parse_context)
-      name_start = @_fast_name_start
-      name_end   = @_fast_name_end
-      len        = markup.bytesize
-
-      # Avoid byteslice when the name spans the whole markup (no surrounding whitespace/filters)
-      expr_markup = name_start == 0 && name_end == len ? markup : markup.byteslice(name_start, name_end - name_start)
-
-      cache = parse_context.expression_cache
-      ss    = parse_context.string_scanner
-
-      first_byte = expr_markup.getbyte(0)
-      @name = if first_byte == Cursor::QUOTE_S || first_byte == Cursor::QUOTE_D
-        # String literal — strip enclosing quotes
-        expr_markup.byteslice(1, expr_markup.bytesize - 2)
-      elsif Expression::LITERALS.key?(expr_markup)
-        Expression::LITERALS[expr_markup]
-      elsif cache
-        cache[expr_markup] || (cache[expr_markup] = VariableLookup.parse_simple(expr_markup, ss, cache).freeze)
-      else
-        VariableLookup.parse_simple(expr_markup, ss || StringScanner.new(""), nil).freeze
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Scan the filter chain starting at `pos` (the first '|').
-    # Returns true on success (sets @filters), false to fall back to the Lexer.
-    # Rescues SyntaxError from Expression.parse inside fast_scan_filter_args.
-    private def fast_scan_filters(markup, pos, parse_context)
-      len = markup.bytesize
-      @filters = []
-      filter_pos = pos
-
-      while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::PIPE
-        filter_pos += 1
-        # Skip spaces after pipe (tabs/newlines handled in the between-filters skip below)
-        filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::SPACE
-
-        # Scan filter name: must start with [a-zA-Z_]
-        fname_start = filter_pos
-        b = filter_pos < len ? markup.getbyte(filter_pos) : nil
-        break unless b && ByteTables::IDENT_START[b]
-        filter_pos += 1
-        while filter_pos < len
-          b = markup.getbyte(filter_pos)
-          break unless ByteTables::IDENT_CONT[b]
-          filter_pos += 1
-        end
-        filtername = markup.byteslice(fname_start, filter_pos - fname_start)
-
-        # Skip whitespace after filter name
-        filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::SPACE
-
-        if filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::COLON
-          # Has arguments — fast-scan positional args; fall to Lexer on keyword args
-          filter_pos += 1 # skip ':'
-          filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::SPACE
-
-          result = fast_scan_filter_args(markup, filter_pos, parse_context)
-          return fall_to_lexer_filters(markup, pos, fname_start, len, parse_context) if result == :fall_to_lexer
-
-          filter_args, filter_pos = result
-          @filters << [filtername, filter_args]
-        else
-          # No-arg filter — reuse the cached [name, EMPTY_ARRAY] tuple
-          @filters << NO_ARG_FILTER_CACHE[filtername]
-        end
-
-        # Skip whitespace (including tabs and newlines) between filters
-        filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && (
-          markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::SPACE ||
-          markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::TAB   ||
-          markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::NL    ||
-          markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::CR
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Trailing bytes that aren't a pipe mean something the fast path doesn't handle
-      return false if filter_pos < len
-
-      @filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY if @filters.empty?
-      true
-    rescue SyntaxError
-      # Expression.parse (called inside fast_scan_filter_args for identifier args) can
-      # raise SyntaxError on malformed input.  Fall back to full Lexer parse.
-      @name = nil
-      @filters = nil
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Called when fast_scan_filter_args encounters keyword args or an unrecognised
-    # token. Hands the remaining filter chain (from the pipe before fname_start)
-    # to the full Lexer-based parser, merges results into @filters, and returns true.
-    private def fall_to_lexer_filters(markup, pos, fname_start, len, parse_context)
-      # Walk back from fname_start to find the pipe that opened this filter.
-      # Equivalent to: markup.rindex('|', fname_start), bounded by pos.
-      rest_start = fname_start
-      rest_start -= 1 while rest_start > pos && markup.getbyte(rest_start) != Cursor::PIPE
-      rest_markup = markup.byteslice(rest_start, len - rest_start)
-      p = parse_context.new_parser(rest_markup)
-      while p.consume?(:pipe)
-        fn = p.consume(:id)
-        fa = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-        @filters << lax_parse_filter_expressions(fn, fa)
-      end
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-      @filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY if @filters.empty?
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Scan positional filter arguments starting at `filter_pos`.
-    # Returns [filter_args_array, new_filter_pos] on success, or :fall_to_lexer when
-    # keyword args or unrecognised tokens are encountered.
-    private def fast_scan_filter_args(markup, filter_pos, parse_context)
-      len = markup.bytesize
-      filter_args = []
-
-      loop do
-        arg_start = filter_pos
-        b = filter_pos < len ? markup.getbyte(filter_pos) : nil
-
-        if b == Cursor::QUOTE_S || b == Cursor::QUOTE_D
-          # Quoted string argument
-          quote = b
-          filter_pos += 1
-          filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) != quote
-          filter_pos += 1 if filter_pos < len # skip closing quote
-          filter_args << markup.byteslice(arg_start + 1, filter_pos - arg_start - 2)
-
-        elsif b && (ByteTables::DIGIT[b] ||
-                    (b == Cursor::DASH && filter_pos + 1 < len && ByteTables::DIGIT[markup.getbyte(filter_pos + 1)]))
-          # Numeric argument (integer or float, optionally negative)
-          filter_pos += 1 if b == Cursor::DASH
-          filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && ByteTables::DIGIT[markup.getbyte(filter_pos)]
-          if filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::DOT # float
-            filter_pos += 1
-            filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && ByteTables::DIGIT[markup.getbyte(filter_pos)]
-          end
-          num_str = markup.byteslice(arg_start, filter_pos - arg_start)
-          filter_args << (num_str.include?('.') ? num_str.to_f : num_str.to_i)
-
-        elsif b && ByteTables::IDENT_START[b]
-          # Identifier argument — may be a variable lookup or keyword arg
-          id_start = filter_pos
-          filter_pos += 1
-          while filter_pos < len
-            b2 = markup.getbyte(filter_pos)
-            break unless ByteTables::IDENT_CONT[b2] || b2 == Cursor::DOT
-            filter_pos += 1
-          end
-          filter_pos += 1 if filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::QMARK
-
-          # Peek past whitespace: if followed by ':', this is a keyword arg → fall to Lexer
-          kw_check = filter_pos
-          kw_check += 1 while kw_check < len && markup.getbyte(kw_check) == Cursor::SPACE
-          return :fall_to_lexer if kw_check < len && markup.getbyte(kw_check) == Cursor::COLON
-
-          id_markup = markup.byteslice(id_start, filter_pos - id_start)
-          filter_args << Expression.parse(id_markup, parse_context.string_scanner, parse_context.expression_cache)
-
-        else
-          return :fall_to_lexer
-        end
-
-        # Skip whitespace after argument
-        filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::SPACE
-
-        # Comma: more arguments follow; anything else: done with this filter's args
-        if filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::COMMA
-          filter_pos += 1
-          filter_pos += 1 while filter_pos < len && markup.getbyte(filter_pos) == Cursor::SPACE
-        else
-          break
-        end
-      end
-
-      [filter_args, filter_pos]
+      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
    end

    def raw
@@ -333,50 +42,32 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def lax_parse(markup)
-      @filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
+      @filters = []
      return unless markup =~ MarkupWithQuotedFragment

-      name_markup   = Regexp.last_match(1)
+      name_markup = Regexp.last_match(1)
      filter_markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
-      @name         = parse_context.parse_expression(name_markup)
+      @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
      if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
        filters = Regexp.last_match(1).scan(FilterParser)
        filters.each do |f|
          next unless f =~ /\w+/
          filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
          filterargs = f.scan(FilterArgsRegex).flatten
-          @filters = [] if @filters.frozen?
-          @filters << lax_parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
+          @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
        end
      end
    end

    def strict_parse(markup)
-      @filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
+      @filters = []
+      p = Parser.new(markup)

-      return if p.look(:end_of_string)
-
-      @name = parse_context.safe_parse_expression(p)
+      @name = Expression.parse(p.expression)
      while p.consume?(:pipe)
-        @filters = [] if @filters.frozen?
        filtername = p.consume(:id)
-        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-        @filters << lax_parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
-      end
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
-    def strict2_parse(markup)
-      @filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-      p = @parse_context.new_parser(markup)
-
-      return if p.look(:end_of_string)
-
-      @name = parse_context.safe_parse_expression(p)
-      while p.consume?(:pipe)
-        @filters = [] if @filters.frozen?
-        @filters << strict2_parse_filter_expressions(p)
+        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : []
+        @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
      end
      p.consume(:end_of_string)
    end
@@ -390,68 +81,40 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render(context)
-      obj = context.evaluate(@name)
-
-      @filters.each do |filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs|
-        if filter_args.empty? && !filter_kwargs
-          obj = context.invoke_single(filter_name, obj)
-        elsif !filter_kwargs && filter_args.length == 1
-          # Single positional arg — most common after no-arg
-          obj = context.invoke_two(filter_name, obj, context.evaluate(filter_args[0]))
-        else
-          filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-          obj = context.invoke(filter_name, obj, *filter_args)
-        end
+      obj = @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
+        filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
+        context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
      end

-      context.apply_global_filter(obj)
+      obj = context.apply_global_filter(obj)
+      taint_check(context, obj)
+      obj
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      # Fast path: no filters and no global filter
-      obj = if @filters.empty? && context.global_filter.nil?
-        context.evaluate(@name)
-      else
-        render(context)
-      end
-      render_obj_to_output(obj, output)
-      output
-    end
+      obj = render(context)

-    def render_obj_to_output(obj, output)
-      if obj.instance_of?(String)
-        output << obj
+      if obj.is_a?(Array)
+        output << obj.join
      elsif obj.nil?
-        # Do nothing
-      elsif obj.instance_of?(Array)
-        obj.each do |o|
-          render_obj_to_output(o, output)
-        end
      else
-        output << Liquid::Utils.to_s(obj)
+        output << obj.to_s
      end
-    end

-    def disabled?(_context)
-      false
-    end
-
-    def disabled_tags
-      Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
+      output
    end

    private

-    def lax_parse_filter_expressions(filter_name, unparsed_args)
-      filter_args  = []
+    def parse_filter_expressions(filter_name, unparsed_args)
+      filter_args = []
      keyword_args = nil
      unparsed_args.each do |a|
-        # Fast check: keyword args must contain ':'
-        if a.include?(':') && (matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes))
-          keyword_args           ||= {}
-          keyword_args[matches[1]] = parse_context.parse_expression(matches[2])
+        if (matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes))
+          keyword_args ||= {}
+          keyword_args[matches[1]] = Expression.parse(matches[2])
        else
-          filter_args << parse_context.parse_expression(a)
+          filter_args << Expression.parse(a)
        end
      end
      result = [filter_name, filter_args]
@@ -459,59 +122,34 @@ module Liquid
      result
    end

-    # Surprisingly, positional and keyword arguments can be mixed.
-    #
-    # filter = filtername [":" filterargs?]
-    # filterargs = argument ("," argument)*
-    # argument = (positional_argument | keyword_argument)
-    # positional_argument = expression
-    # keyword_argument = id ":" expression
-    def strict2_parse_filter_expressions(p)
-      filtername = p.consume(:id)
-      filter_args = []
-      keyword_args = {}
-
-      if p.consume?(:colon)
-        # Parse first argument (no leading comma)
-        argument(p, filter_args, keyword_args) unless end_of_arguments?(p)
-
-        # Parse remaining arguments (with leading commas) and optional trailing comma
-        argument(p, filter_args, keyword_args) while p.consume?(:comma) && !end_of_arguments?(p)
-      end
-
-      result = [filtername, filter_args]
-      result << keyword_args unless keyword_args.empty?
-      result
-    end
-
-    def argument(p, positional_arguments, keyword_arguments)
-      if p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
-        key = p.consume(:id)
-        p.consume(:colon)
-        value = parse_context.safe_parse_expression(p)
-        keyword_arguments[key] = value
-      else
-        positional_arguments << parse_context.safe_parse_expression(p)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def end_of_arguments?(p)
-      p.look(:pipe) || p.look(:end_of_string)
-    end
-
    def evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
+      parsed_args = filter_args.map { |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
      if filter_kwargs
-        parsed_args = filter_args.map { |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
        parsed_kwargs = {}
        filter_kwargs.each do |key, expr|
          parsed_kwargs[key] = context.evaluate(expr)
        end
        parsed_args << parsed_kwargs
-        parsed_args
-      elsif filter_args.empty?
-        Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-      else
-        filter_args.map { |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
+      end
+      parsed_args
+    end
+
+    def taint_check(context, obj)
+      return unless obj.tainted?
+      return if Template.taint_mode == :lax
+
+      @markup =~ QuotedFragment
+      name = Regexp.last_match(0)
+
+      error = TaintedError.new("variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped")
+      error.line_number = line_number
+      error.template_name = context.template_name
+
+      case Template.taint_mode
+      when :warn
+        context.warnings << error
+      when :error
+        raise error
      end
    end

@@ -2,182 +2,59 @@

 module Liquid
  class VariableLookup
+    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze

    attr_reader :name, :lookups

-    def self.parse(markup, string_scanner = StringScanner.new(""), cache = nil)
-      new(markup, string_scanner, cache)
+    def self.parse(markup)
+      new(markup)
    end

-    # Fast parse that skips simple_lookup? check — caller guarantees simple identifier chain
-    def self.parse_simple(markup, string_scanner = nil, cache = nil)
-      new(markup, string_scanner, cache, true)
-    end
-
-    # Fast manual scanner replacing markup.scan(VariableParser)
-    # VariableParser = /\[(?>[^\[\]]+|\g<0>)*\]|[\w-]+\??/
-    # Splits "product.variants[0].title" into ["product", "variants", "[0]", "title"]
-    def self.scan_variable(markup)
-      result = []
-      pos = 0
-      len = markup.bytesize
-
-      while pos < len
-        byte = markup.getbyte(pos)
-
-        if byte == 91 # '['
-          # Scan balanced brackets
-          depth = 1
-          start = pos
-          pos += 1
-          while pos < len && depth > 0
-            b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-            depth += 1 if b == 91
-            depth -= 1 if b == 93
-            pos += 1
-          end
-          if depth == 0
-            result << markup.byteslice(start, pos - start)
-          else
-            # Unbalanced bracket - skip '[' and continue
-            pos = start + 1
-          end
-        elsif byte == 46 # '.'
-          pos += 1
-        elsif ByteTables::IDENT_CONT[byte] # [\w-]
-          start = pos
-          pos += 1
-          while pos < len
-            b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-            break unless ByteTables::IDENT_CONT[b]
-            pos += 1
-          end
-          # Check trailing '?'
-          if pos < len && markup.getbyte(pos) == 63
-            pos += 1
-          end
-          result << markup.byteslice(start, pos - start)
-        else
-          pos += 1
-        end
-      end
-
-      result
-    end
-
-    # Check if markup is a simple identifier chain: [\w-]+\??(.[\w-]+\??)*
-    # Uses C-level match? — 8x faster than Ruby byte scanning
-    SIMPLE_LOOKUP_RE = /\A[\w-]+\??(?:\.[\w-]+\??)*\z/
-
-    def self.simple_lookup?(markup)
-      markup.bytesize > 0 && markup.match?(SIMPLE_LOOKUP_RE)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(markup, string_scanner = StringScanner.new(""), cache = nil, simple = false)
-      # Fast path: simple identifier chain without brackets
-      if simple || self.class.simple_lookup?(markup)
-        dot_pos = markup.index('.')
-        if dot_pos.nil?
-          @name = markup
-          @lookups = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
-          @command_flags = 0
-          return
-        end
-        @name = markup.byteslice(0, dot_pos)
-        # Build lookups array from remaining dot-separated segments
-        lookups = []
-        @command_flags = 0
-        pos = dot_pos + 1
-        len = markup.bytesize
-        while pos < len
-          seg_start = pos
-          while pos < len
-            b = markup.getbyte(pos)
-            break if b == 46 # '.'
-            pos += 1
-          end
-          seg = markup.byteslice(seg_start, pos - seg_start)
-          if COMMAND_METHODS.include?(seg)
-            @command_flags |= 1 << lookups.length
-          end
-          lookups << seg
-          pos += 1 # skip dot
-        end
-        @lookups = lookups
-        return
-      end
-
-      lookups = self.class.scan_variable(markup)
+    def initialize(markup)
+      lookups = markup.scan(VariableParser)

      name = lookups.shift
-      if name&.start_with?('[') && name.end_with?(']')
-        name = Expression.parse(
-          name[1..-2],
-          string_scanner,
-          cache,
-        )
+      if name =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
+        name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      end
      @name = name

-      @lookups       = lookups
+      @lookups = lookups
      @command_flags = 0

-      @lookups.each_with_index do |lookup, i|
-        if lookup&.start_with?('[') && lookup.end_with?(']')
-          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(
-            lookup[1..-2],
-            string_scanner,
-            cache,
-          )
+      @lookups.each_index do |i|
+        lookup = lookups[i]
+        if lookup =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
+          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
        elsif COMMAND_METHODS.include?(lookup)
          @command_flags |= 1 << i
        end
      end
    end

-    def lookup_command?(lookup_index)
-      @command_flags & (1 << lookup_index) != 0
-    end
-
    def evaluate(context)
-      name   = context.evaluate(@name)
+      name = context.evaluate(@name)
      object = context.find_variable(name)

      @lookups.each_index do |i|
-        lookup = @lookups[i]
-        key = lookup.instance_of?(String) ? lookup : context.evaluate(lookup)
-
-        # Cast "key" to its liquid value to enable it to act as a primitive value
-        # Fast path: strings and integers (most common key types) don't need conversion
-        unless key.instance_of?(String) || key.instance_of?(Integer)
-          key = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(key)
-        end
+        key = context.evaluate(@lookups[i])

        # If object is a hash- or array-like object we look for the
        # presence of the key and if its available we return it
-        if accessible?(object, key)
+        if object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
+            ((object.respond_to?(:key?) && object.key?(key)) ||
+             (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
+
          # if its a proc we will replace the entry with the proc
-          object = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
-          # Skip to_liquid for common primitive types (they return self)
-          unless object.instance_of?(String) || object.instance_of?(Integer) || object.instance_of?(Float) ||
-              object.instance_of?(Array) || object.instance_of?(Hash) || object.nil?
-            object = liquidize(object, context)
-          end
+          res = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
+          object = res.to_liquid

          # Some special cases. If the part wasn't in square brackets and
          # no key with the same name was found we interpret following calls
          # as commands and call them on the current object
-        elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.respond_to?(key)
-          object = object.send(key)
-          unless object.instance_of?(String) || object.instance_of?(Integer) || object.instance_of?(Array) || object.nil?
-            object = liquidize(object, context)
-          end
-
-        # Handle string first/last like ActiveSupport does (returns first/last character)
-        # ActiveSupport returns "" for empty strings, not nil
-        elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.is_a?(String) && (key == "first" || key == "last")
-          object = key == "first" ? (object[0] || "") : (object[-1] || "")
+        elsif @command_flags & (1 << i) != 0 && object.respond_to?(key)
+          object = object.send(key).to_liquid

          # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported
          # keywords either. The only thing we got left is to return nil or
@@ -186,6 +63,9 @@ module Liquid
          return nil unless context.strict_variables
          raise Liquid::UndefinedVariable, "undefined variable #{key}"
        end
+
+        # If we are dealing with a drop here we have to
+        object.context = context if object.respond_to?(:context=)
      end

      object
@@ -195,27 +75,6 @@ module Liquid
      self.class == other.class && state == other.state
    end

-    private
-
-    # Returns true if +object+ has +key+ accessible via [] lookup.
-    def accessible?(object, key)
-      if object.instance_of?(Hash)
-        object.key?(key)
-      else
-        object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
-          ((object.respond_to?(:key?) && object.key?(key)) ||
-           (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Calls to_liquid on +object+ and wires up the context reference if needed.
-    # Skipped for primitive types that return self from to_liquid.
-    def liquidize(object, context)
-      object = object.to_liquid
-      object.context = context if object.respond_to?(:context=)
-      object
-    end
-
    protected

    def state
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "5.12.0"
+  VERSION = "4.0.3"
 end
@@ -13,24 +13,20 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
  s.summary     = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
  s.authors     = ["Tobias Lütke"]
  s.email       = ["[email protected]"]
-  s.homepage    = "https://shopify.github.io/liquid/"
+  s.homepage    = "http://www.liquidmarkup.org"
  s.license     = "MIT"
  # s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."

-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 3.0.0"
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.4.0"
  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.3.7"

-  s.metadata['allowed_push_host'] = 'https://rubygems.org'
-
-  s.files = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
+  s.test_files  = Dir.glob("{test}/**/*")
+  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)

  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["History.md", "README.md"]

  s.require_path = "lib"

-  s.add_dependency("strscan", ">= 3.1.1")
-  s.add_dependency("bigdecimal")
-
-  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 13.0')
+  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 11.3')
  s.add_development_dependency('minitest')
 end
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-# Quick benchmark for autoresearch: measures parse µs, render µs, and object allocations
-# Outputs machine-readable metrics to stdout
-
-require_relative 'theme_runner'
-
-RubyVM::YJIT.enable if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
-
-runner = ThemeRunner.new
-
-# Warmup — enough iterations for YJIT to fully optimize hot paths
-20.times { runner.compile }
-20.times { runner.render }
-
-GC.start
-GC.compact if GC.respond_to?(:compact)
-
-# Measure parse
-parse_times = []
-10.times do
-  GC.disable
-  t0 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-  runner.compile
-  t1 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-  GC.enable
-  GC.start
-  parse_times << (t1 - t0) * 1_000_000 # µs
-end
-
-# Measure render
-render_times = []
-10.times do
-  GC.disable
-  t0 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-  runner.render
-  t1 = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-  GC.enable
-  GC.start
-  render_times << (t1 - t0) * 1_000_000 # µs
-end
-
-# Measure object allocations for one parse+render cycle
-require 'objspace'
-GC.start
-GC.disable
-before = ObjectSpace.count_objects.values_at(:TOTAL).first - ObjectSpace.count_objects.values_at(:FREE).first
-runner.compile
-runner.render
-after = ObjectSpace.count_objects.values_at(:TOTAL).first - ObjectSpace.count_objects.values_at(:FREE).first
-GC.enable
-allocations = after - before
-
-parse_us = parse_times.min.round(0)
-render_us = render_times.min.round(0)
-combined_us = parse_us + render_us
-
-puts "RESULTS"
-puts "parse_us=#{parse_us}"
-puts "render_us=#{render_us}"
-puts "combined_us=#{combined_us}"
-puts "allocations=#{allocations}"
@@ -3,23 +3,18 @@
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'

-RubyVM::YJIT.enable if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
-
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new

 Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.time   = 20
-  x.warmup = 10
+  x.time = 10
+  x.warmup = 5

  puts
  puts "Running benchmark for #{x.time} seconds (with #{x.warmup} seconds warmup)."
  puts

-  phase = ENV["PHASE"] || "all"
-
-  x.report("tokenize:") { profiler.tokenize } if phase == "all" || phase == "tokenize"
-  x.report("parse:") { profiler.compile } if phase == "all" || phase == "parse"
-  x.report("render:") { profiler.render } if phase == "all" || phase == "render"
-  x.report("parse & render:") { profiler.run } if phase == "all" || phase == "run"
+  x.report("parse:") { profiler.compile }
+  x.report("render:") { profiler.render }
+  x.report("parse & render:") { profiler.run }
 end
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class Profiler
  end

  def profile(phase, &block)
-    print(LOG_LABEL)
-    print("#{phase}.. ".ljust(10))
+    print LOG_LABEL
+    print "#{phase}.. ".ljust(10)
    report = MemoryProfiler.report(&block)
    puts 'Done.'
    @headings  << phase.capitalize
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block

    if markup =~ Syntax
      @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @attributes    = {}
+      @attributes = {}
    else
      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]"
    end
@@ -3,19 +3,11 @@
 require 'yaml'

 module Database
-  DATABASE_FILE_PATH = "#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml"
-
  # Load the standard vision toolkit database and re-arrage it to be simply exportable
  # to liquid as assigns. All this is based on Shopify
  def self.tables
    @tables ||= begin
-      db =
-        if YAML.respond_to?(:unsafe_load_file) # Only Psych 4+ can use unsafe_load_file
-          # unsafe_load_file is needed for YAML references
-          YAML.unsafe_load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
-        else
-          YAML.load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
-        end
+      db = YAML.load_file("#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml")

      # From vision source
      db['products'].each do |product|
@@ -49,3 +41,8 @@ module Database
    end
  end
 end
+
+if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
+  p(Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys)
+  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
+end
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ require_relative 'shop_filter'
 require_relative 'tag_filter'
 require_relative 'weight_filter'

-default_environment = Liquid::Environment.default
-default_environment.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
-default_environment.register_tag('form', CommentForm)
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('form', CommentForm)

-default_environment.register_filter(JsonFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(WeightFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(ShopFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(TagFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(JsonFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(WeightFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(ShopFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(TagFilter)
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block

    if markup =~ Syntax
      @collection_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @page_size       = if Regexp.last_match(2)
+      @page_size = if Regexp.last_match(2)
        Regexp.last_match(3).to_i
      else
        20
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block

      pagination['items']      = collection_size
      pagination['pages']      = page_count - 1
-      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  if 1 < current_page
-      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      if page_count > current_page + 1
+      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  unless 1 >= current_page
+      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      unless page_count <= current_page + 1
      pagination['parts']      = []

      hellip_break = false
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module ShopFilter

  def link_to_vendor(vendor)
    if vendor
-      link_to(vendor, url_for_vendor(vendor), vendor)
+      link_to vendor, url_for_vendor(vendor), vendor
    else
      'Unknown Vendor'
    end
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module ShopFilter

  def link_to_type(type)
    if type
-      link_to(type, url_for_type(type), type)
+      link_to type, url_for_type(type), type
    else
      'Unknown Vendor'
    end
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ShopFilter

    case style
    when 'original'
-      '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
+      return '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
    when 'grande', 'large', 'medium', 'compact', 'small', 'thumb', 'icon'
      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{Regexp.last_match(1)}_#{style}.#{Regexp.last_match(2)}"
    else
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # This profiler run simulates Shopify.
 # We are looking in the tests directory for liquid files and render them within the designated layout file.
 # We will also export a substantial database to liquid which the templates can render values of.
-# All this is to make the benchmark as non synthetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
+# All this is to make the benchmark as non syntetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
 # direct real-world usage and the profiler measures code that looks very similar to the way it looks in
 # Shopify which is likely the biggest user of liquid in the world which something to the tune of several
 # million Template#render calls a day.
@@ -48,19 +48,6 @@ class ThemeRunner
    end
  end

-  # `tokenize` will just test the tokenizen portion of liquid without any templates
-  def tokenize
-    ss = StringScanner.new("")
-    @tests.each do |test_hash|
-      tokenizer = Liquid::Tokenizer.new(
-        source: test_hash[:liquid],
-        string_scanner: ss,
-        line_numbers: true,
-      )
-      while tokenizer.shift; end
-    end
-  end
-
  # `run` is called to benchmark rendering and compiling at the same time
  def run
    each_test do |liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name|
@@ -71,9 +58,9 @@ class ThemeRunner
  # `render` is called to benchmark just the render portion of liquid
  def render
    @compiled_tests.each do |test|
-      tmpl    = test[:tmpl]
+      tmpl = test[:tmpl]
      assigns = test[:assigns]
-      layout  = test[:layout]
+      layout = test[:layout]

      if layout
        assigns['content_for_layout'] = tmpl.render!(assigns)
@@ -86,14 +73,10 @@ class ThemeRunner

  private

-  def render_layout(template, layout, assigns)
-    assigns['content_for_layout'] = template.render!(assigns)
-    layout&.render!(assigns)
-  end
-
  def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
    compiled_test = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    render_layout(compiled_test[:tmpl], compiled_test[:layout], compiled_test[:assigns])
+    assigns['content_for_layout'] = compiled_test[:tmpl].render!(assigns)
+    compiled_test[:layout].render!(assigns) if layout
  end

  def compile_all_tests
@@ -105,7 +88,7 @@ class ThemeRunner
  end

  def compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl            = init_template(page_template, template_file)
+    tmpl = init_template(page_template, template_file)
    parsed_template = tmpl.parse(template).dup

    if layout
@@ -130,9 +113,9 @@ class ThemeRunner

  # set up a new Liquid::Template object for use in `compile_and_render` and `compile_test`
  def init_template(page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl                         = Liquid::Template.new
-    tmpl.assigns['page_title']   = 'Page title'
-    tmpl.assigns['template']     = page_template
+    tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
+    tmpl.assigns['page_title'] = 'Page title'
+    tmpl.assigns['template'] = page_template
    tmpl.registers[:file_system] = ThemeRunner::FileSystem.new(File.dirname(template_file))
    tmpl
  end
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "benchmark/ips"
-
-# benchmark liquid lexing
-
-require 'liquid'
-
-RubyVM::YJIT.enable
-
-STRING_MARKUPS = [
-  "\"foo\"",
-  "\"fooooooooooo\"",
-  "\"foooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo\"",
-  "'foo'",
-  "'fooooooooooo'",
-  "'foooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo'",
-]
-
-VARIABLE_MARKUPS = [
-  "article",
-  "article.title",
-  "article.title.size",
-  "very_long_variable_name_2024_11_05",
-  "very_long_variable_name_2024_11_05.size",
-]
-
-NUMBER_MARKUPS = [
-  "0",
-  "35",
-  "1241891024912849",
-  "3.5",
-  "3.51214128409128",
-  "12381902839.123819283910283",
-  "123.456.789",
-  "-123",
-  "-12.33",
-  "-405.231",
-  "-0",
-  "0",
-  "0.0",
-  "0.0000000000000000000000",
-  "0.00000000001",
-]
-
-RANGE_MARKUPS = [
-  "(1..30)",
-  "(1...30)",
-  "(1..30..5)",
-  "(1.0...30.0)",
-  "(1.........30)",
-  "(1..foo)",
-  "(foo..30)",
-  "(foo..bar)",
-  "(foo...bar...100)",
-  "(foo...bar...100.0)",
-]
-
-LITERAL_MARKUPS = [
-  nil,
-  'nil',
-  'null',
-  '',
-  'true',
-  'false',
-  'blank',
-  'empty',
-]
-
-MARKUPS = {
-  "string" => STRING_MARKUPS,
-  "literal" => LITERAL_MARKUPS,
-  "variable" => VARIABLE_MARKUPS,
-  "number" => NUMBER_MARKUPS,
-  "range" => RANGE_MARKUPS,
-}
-
-Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.config(time: 5, warmup: 5)
-
-  MARKUPS.each do |type, markups|
-    x.report("Liquid::Expression#parse: #{type}") do
-      markups.each do |markup|
-        Liquid::Expression.parse(markup)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  x.report("Liquid::Expression#parse: all") do
-    MARKUPS.values.flatten.each do |markup|
-      Liquid::Expression.parse(markup)
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "benchmark/ips"
-
-# benchmark liquid lexing
-
-require 'liquid'
-
-RubyVM::YJIT.enable
-
-EXPRESSIONS = [
-  "foo[1..2].baz",
-  "12.0",
-  "foo.bar.based",
-  "21 - 62",
-  "foo.bar.baz",
-  "foo > 12",
-  "foo < 12",
-  "foo <= 12",
-  "foo >= 12",
-  "foo <> 12",
-  "foo == 12",
-  "foo != 12",
-  "foo contains 12",
-  "foo contains 'bar'",
-  "foo != 'bar'",
-  "'foo' contains 'bar'",
-  '234089',
-  "foo | default: -1",
-]
-
-Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.config(time: 10, warmup: 5)
-
-  x.report("Liquid::Lexer#tokenize") do
-    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
-      l = Liquid::Lexer.new(expr)
-      l.tokenize
-    end
-  end
-
-  x.compare!
-end
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Mike Angell	331b2a2e96	Remove redunant logic	2019-09-20 19:01:29 +10:00
Mike Angell	3ffae9a6e4	Initial concept	2019-09-20 15:35:12 +10:00