Add osx

Experiment with ruby 2.7
2026-09-13 07:50:43 -07:00 · 2019-12-13 09:47:29 -05:00 · 2019-12-13 09:13:32 -05:00
144 changed files with 4302 additions and 7129 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+enabled:
+  - cla
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-name: Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
-
-on:
-  pull_request_target:
-    types: [opened, synchronize]
-  issue_comment:
-    types: [created]
-
-jobs:
-  cla:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: |
-      (github.event.issue.pull_request 
-        && !github.event.issue.pull_request.merged_at
-        && contains(github.event.comment.body, 'signed')
-      ) 
-      || (github.event.pull_request && !github.event.pull_request.merged)
-    steps:
-      - uses: Shopify/shopify-cla-action@v1
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          cla-token: ${{ secrets.CLA_TOKEN }}
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-name: Liquid
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-env:
-  BUNDLE_JOBS: 4
-  BUNDLE_RETRY: 3
-
-jobs:
-  test:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        entry:
-          - { ruby: 3.0, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
-          - { ruby: 3.2, allowed-failure: false }
-          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false }
-          - { ruby: "3.4.0-rc1", allowed-failure: false } # latest
-          - { ruby: ruby-head, allowed-failure: false }
-    name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
-        with:
-          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
-          bundler-cache: true
-          bundler: latest
-      - run: bundle exec rake
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.entry.allowed-failure }}
-
-  memory_profile:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
-        with:
-          bundler-cache: true
-      - run: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 pkg
 *.rbc
 .rvmrc
+.ruby-version
+Gemfile.lock
 .bundle
 .byebug_history
-Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-inherit_gem:
-  rubocop-shopify: rubocop.yml
-
 inherit_from:
+  - 'https://shopify.github.io/ruby-style-guide/rubocop.yml'
  - .rubocop_todo.yml

 require: rubocop-performance
@@ -10,19 +8,10 @@ Performance:
  Enabled: true

 AllCops:
-  NewCops: disable
-  SuggestExtensions: false
+  TargetRubyVersion: 2.4
  Exclude:
    - 'vendor/bundle/**/*'

 Naming/MethodName:
  Exclude:
    - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
-
-Style/ClassMethodsDefinitions:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# liquid filter calls were being mistaken to be calls on arrays
-Style/ConcatArrayLiterals:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
@@ -1,84 +1,25 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
-# on 2022-05-18 19:25:47 UTC using RuboCop version 1.29.1.
+# on 2019-09-11 06:34:25 +1000 using RuboCop version 0.74.0.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
 # versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.

-# Offense count: 1
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators, ConsiderPunctuation, Include.
-# Include: **/*.gemspec
-Gemspec/OrderedDependencies:
+# Offense count: 2
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+# SupportedStyles: runtime_error, standard_error
+Lint/InheritException:
  Exclude:
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
+    - 'lib/liquid/interrupts.rb'

-# Offense count: 6
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Layout/ClosingHeredocIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 34
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Layout/EmptyLineAfterGuardClause:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/block.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/parser.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/money_filter.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 8
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: AllowAliasSyntax, AllowedMethods.
-# AllowedMethods: alias_method, public, protected, private
-Layout/EmptyLinesAroundAttributeAccessor:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/strainer_template_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 17
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
-# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
-Layout/LineEndStringConcatenationIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/increment_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
-# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
-Layout/MultilineOperationIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 9
-Lint/MissingSuper:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/table_row_test.rb'
+# Offense count: 98
+# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
+# URISchemes: http, https
+Metrics/LineLength:
+  Max: 294

 # Offense count: 44
 Naming/ConstantName:
@@ -91,6 +32,7 @@ Naming/ConstantName:
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
@@ -98,83 +40,9 @@ Naming/ConstantName:
    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'

-# Offense count: 9
-# Configuration parameters: CheckIdentifiers, CheckConstants, CheckVariables, CheckStrings, CheckSymbols, CheckComments, CheckFilepaths, FlaggedTerms.
-Naming/InclusiveLanguage:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/parse_context.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
+# Offense count: 5
 Style/ClassVars:
  Exclude:
    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 3
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Style/ExplicitBlockArgument:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tag/disableable_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2982
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, ConsistentQuotesInMultiline.
-# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
-Style/StringLiterals:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 20
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
-Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 6
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
-# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
-Style/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'example/server/example_servlet.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
-# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
-Style/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 19
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, MinSize, WordRegex.
-# SupportedStyles: percent, brackets
-Style/WordArray:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 117
-# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, AllowedPatterns, IgnoredPatterns.
-# URISchemes: http, https
-Layout/LineLength:
-  Max: 260
+    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-3.3.6
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+language: ruby
+cache: bundler
+os: [osx, linux]
+
+rvm:
+  - 2.4
+  - 2.5
+  - &latest_ruby 2.6
+  - 2.7
+  - 2.7.0-preview1
+  - 2.7.0-preview2
+  - 2.7.0-preview3
+  - ruby-head
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - rvm: *latest_ruby
+      script: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
+      name: Profiling Memory Usage
+  allow_failures:
+    - rvm: ruby-head
+    - rvm: 2.7
+    - rvm: 2.7.0-preview2
+    - rvm: 2.7.0-preview3
+
+branches:
+  only:
+    - master
+    - gh-pages
+    - /.*-stable/
+
+notifications:
+  disable: true
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 * Bugfixes
 * Performance improvements
 * Features that are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
-* Documentation updates that are concise and likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users

 ## Things we won't merge

@@ -15,14 +14,12 @@
 * Features that can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
 * Code that does not include tests
 * Code that breaks existing tests
-* Documentation changes that are verbose, incorrect or not important to most people (we want to keep it simple and easy to understand)

 ## Workflow

-* [Sign the CLA](https://cla.shopify.com/) if you haven't already
 * Fork the Liquid repository
 * Create a new branch in your fork
-  * For updating [Liquid documentation](https://shopify.github.io/liquid/), create it from `gh-pages` branch. (You can skip tests.)
 * If it makes sense, add tests for your code and/or run a performance benchmark
 * Make sure all tests pass (`bundle exec rake`)
 * Create a pull request
+
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ end

 gemspec

-gem "base64"
-
 group :benchmark, :test do
  gem 'benchmark-ips'
  gem 'memory_profiler'
@@ -20,7 +18,10 @@ group :benchmark, :test do
 end

 group :test do
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.61.0'
-  gem 'rubocop-shopify', '~> 2.12.0', require: false
+  gem 'rubocop', '~> 0.74.0', require: false
  gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false
+
+  platform :mri, :truffleruby do
+    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'master'
+  end
 end
@@ -1,108 +1,5 @@
 # Liquid Change Log

-## 5.6.1 2025-01-07
-
-Add `omit_blank_nodes` parse option to skip blank nodes in the AST (#1870) [Michael Go]
-
-## 5.6.0 (unreleased)
-
-### Fixes
-
-* Fix Tokenizer to handle null source value (#1873) [Bahar Pourazar]
-
-## 5.5.0 2024-03-21
-
-Please reference the GitHub release for more information.
-
-## 5.4.0 2022-07-29
-
-### Breaking Changes
-* Drop support for end-of-life Ruby versions (2.5 and 2.6) (#1578) [Andy Waite]
-
-### Features
-* Allow `#` to be used as an inline comment tag (#1498) [CP Clermont]
-
-### Fixes
-* `PartialCache` now shares snippet cache with subcontexts by default (#1553) [Chris AtLee]
-* Hash registers no longer leak into subcontexts as static registers (#1564) [Chris AtLee]
-* Fix `ParseTreeVisitor` for `with` variable expressions in `Render` tag (#1596) [CP Clermont]
-
-### Changed
-* Liquid::Context#registers now always returns a Liquid::Registers object, though supports the most used Hash functions for compatibility (#1553)
-
-## 5.3.0 2022-03-22
-
-### Fixes
-* StandardFilter: Fix missing @context on iterations (#1525) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Fix warning about block and default value in `static_registers.rb` (#1531) [Peter Zhu]
-
-### Deprecation
-* Condition#evaluate to require mandatory context argument in Liquid 6.0.0 (#1527) [Thierry Joyal]
-
-## 5.2.0 2022-03-01
-
-### Features
-* Add `remove_last`, and `replace_last` filters (#1422) [Anders Hagbard]
-* Eagerly cache global filters (#1524) [Jean Boussier]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fix some internal errors in filters from invalid input (#1476) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Allow dash in filter kwarg name for consistency with Liquid::C (#1518) [CP Clermont]
-
-## 5.1.0 / 2021-09-09
-
-### Features
-* Add `base64_encode`, `base64_decode`, `base64_url_safe_encode`, and `base64_url_safe_decode` filters (#1450) [Daniel Insley]
-* Introduce `to_liquid_value` in `Liquid::Drop` (#1441) [Michael Go]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fix support for using a String subclass for the liquid source (#1421) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add `ParseTreeVisitor` to `RangeLookup` (#1470) [CP Clermont]
-* Translate `RangeError` to `Liquid::Error` for `truncatewords` with large int (#1431) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-## 5.0.1 / 2021-03-24
-
-### Fixes
-* Add ParseTreeVisitor to Echo tag (#1414) [CP Clermont]
-* Test with ruby 3.0 as the latest ruby version (#1398) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Handle carriage return in newlines_to_br (#1391) [Unending]
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Use split limit in truncatewords (#1361) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-## 5.0.0 / 2021-01-06
-
-### Features
-* Add new `{% render %}` tag (#1122) [Samuel Doiron]
-* Add support for `as` in `{% render %}` and `{% include %}` (#1181) [Mike Angell]
-* Add `{% liquid %}` and `{% echo %}` tags (#1086) [Justin Li]
-* Add [usage tracking](README.md#usage-tracking) [Mike Angell]
-* Add `Tag.disable_tags` for disabling tags that prepend `Tag::Disableable` at render time (#1162, #1274, #1275) [Mike Angell]
-* Support using a profiler for multiple renders (#1365, #1366) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-### Fixes
-* Fix catastrophic backtracking in `RANGES_REGEX` regular expression (#1357) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Make sure the for tag's limit and offset are integers (#1094) [David Cornu]
-* Invokable methods for enumerable reject include (#1151) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Allow `default` filter to handle `false` as value (#1144) [Mike Angell]
-* Fix render length resource limit so it doesn't multiply nested output (#1285) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Fix duplication of text in raw tags (#1304) [Peter Zhu]
-* Fix strict parsing of find variable with a name expression (#1317) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Use monotonic time to measure durations in Liquid::Profiler (#1362) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-### Breaking Changes
-* Require Ruby >= 2.5 (#1131, #1310) [Mike Angell, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Remove support for taint checking (#1268) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Split Strainer class into StrainerFactory and StrainerTemplate (#1208) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Remove handling of a nil context in the Strainer class (#1218) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Handle `BlockBody#blank?` at parse time (#1287) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Pass the tag markup and tokenizer to `Document#unknown_tag` (#1290) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* And several internal changes
-
-### Performance Improvements
-* Reduce allocations (#1073, #1091, #1115, #1099, #1117, #1141, #1322, #1341) [Richard Monette, Florian Weingarten, Ashwin Maroli]
-* Improve resources limits performance (#1093, #1323) [Florian Weingarten, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
 ## 4.0.3 / 2019-03-12

 ### Fixed
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-[![Build status](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml)
+[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid)
 [![Inline docs](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid)

 # Liquid template engine

 * [Contributing guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 * [Version history](History.md)
-* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](https://shopify.dev/docs/api/liquid)
+* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](http://docs.shopify.com/themes/liquid-basics)
 * [Liquid Wiki at GitHub](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/wiki)
 * [Website](http://liquidmarkup.org/)

@@ -52,66 +52,24 @@ For standard use you can just pass it the content of a file and call render with
@template.render('name' => 'tobi')                # => "hi tobi"
 ```

-### Concept of Environments
-
-In Liquid, a "Environment" is a scoped environment that encapsulates custom tags, filters, and other configurations. This allows you to define and isolate different sets of functionality for different contexts, avoiding global overrides that can lead to conflicts and unexpected behavior.
-
-By using environments, you can:
-
-1. **Encapsulate Logic**: Keep the logic for different parts of your application separate.
-2. **Avoid Conflicts**: Prevent custom tags and filters from clashing with each other.
-3. **Improve Maintainability**: Make it easier to manage and understand the scope of customizations.
-4. **Enhance Security**: Limit the availability of certain tags and filters to specific contexts.
-
-We encourage the use of Environments over globally overriding things because it promotes better software design principles such as modularity, encapsulation, and separation of concerns.
-
-Here's an example of how you can define and use Environments in Liquid:
-
-```ruby
-user_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
-  environment.register_tag("renderobj", RenderObjTag)
-end
-
-Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: user_environment)
-  {% renderobj src: "path/to/model.obj" %}
-LIQUID
-```
-
-In this example, `RenderObjTag` is a custom tag that is only available within the `user_environment`.
-
-Similarly, you can define another environment for a different context, such as email templates:
-
-```ruby
-email_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
-  environment.register_tag("unsubscribe_footer", UnsubscribeFooter)
-end
-
-Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: email_environment)
-  {% unsubscribe_footer %}
-LIQUID
-```
-
-By using Environments, you ensure that custom tags and filters are only available in the contexts where they are needed, making your Liquid templates more robust and easier to manage.
-
 ### Error Modes

 Setting the error mode of Liquid lets you specify how strictly you want your templates to be interpreted.
 Normally the parser is very lax and will accept almost anything without error. Unfortunately this can make
-it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour.
+it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour. 

 Liquid also comes with a stricter parser that can be used when editing templates to give better error messages
 when templates are invalid. You can enable this new parser like this:

 ```ruby
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :warn # Adds strict errors to template.errors but continues as normal
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = :warn # Adds errors to template.errors but continues as normal
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
 ```

 If you want to set the error mode only on specific templates you can pass `:error_mode` as an option to `parse`:
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Template.parse(source, error_mode: :strict)
+Liquid::Template.parse(source, :error_mode => :strict)
 ```
 This is useful for doing things like enabling strict mode only in the theme editor.

@@ -153,4 +111,4 @@ template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })

 To help track usages of a feature or code path in production, we have released opt-in usage tracking. To enable this, we provide an empty `Liquid:: Usage.increment` method which you can customize to your needs. The feature is well suited to https://github.com/Shopify/statsd-instrument. However, the choice of implementation is up to you.

-Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
+Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
@@ -9,17 +9,11 @@ task(default: [:test, :rubocop])

 desc('run test suite with default parser')
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
+  t.libs << '.' << 'lib' << 'test'
  t.test_files = FileList['test/{integration,unit}/**/*_test.rb']
  t.verbose    = false
 end

-Rake::TestTask.new(:integration_test) do |t|
-  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
-  t.test_files = FileList['test/integration/**/*_test.rb']
-  t.verbose    = false
-end
-
 desc('run test suite with warn error mode')
 task :warn_test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'warn'
@@ -43,13 +37,15 @@ task :test do
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke

  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' || RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
+    ENV['LIQUID_C'] = '1'
+
    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke

    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
  end
 end

@@ -79,14 +75,6 @@ namespace :benchmark do
  task :strict do
    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict"
  end
-
-  desc "Run unit benchmarks"
-  task :unit do
-    Dir["./performance/unit/*_benchmark.rb"].each do |file|
-      puts "🧪 Running #{file}"
-      ruby file
-    end
-  end
 end

 namespace :profile do
@@ -30,18 +30,14 @@ class Servlet < LiquidServlet
  private

  def products_list
-    [
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }
-    ]
+    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
+     { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
+     { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }]
  end

  def more_products_list
-    [
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
-      { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }
-    ]
+    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
+     { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }]
  end

  def description
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ module Liquid
  WhitespaceControl           = '-'
  TagStart                    = /\{\%/
  TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
-  TagName                     = /#|\w+/
  VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
  VariableSegment             = /[\w\-]/
  VariableStart               = /\{\{/
@@ -37,27 +36,18 @@ module Liquid
  VariableIncompleteEnd       = /\}\}?/
  QuotedString                = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
  QuotedFragment              = /#{QuotedString}|(?:[^\s,\|'"]|#{QuotedString})+/o
-  TagAttributes               = /(\w[\w-]*)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
+  TagAttributes               = /(\w+)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
  AnyStartingTag              = /#{TagStart}|#{VariableStart}/o
  PartialTemplateParser       = /#{TagStart}.*?#{TagEnd}|#{VariableStart}.*?#{VariableIncompleteEnd}/om
  TemplateParser              = /(#{PartialTemplateParser}|#{AnyStartingTag})/om
-  VariableParser              = /\[(?>[^\[\]]+|\g<0>)*\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
+  VariableParser              = /\[[^\]]+\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o

-  RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA = ->(_e) { raise }
+  singleton_class.send(:attr_accessor, :cache_classes)
+  self.cache_classes = true
 end

 require "liquid/version"
-require "liquid/deprecations"
-require "liquid/const"
-require 'liquid/standardfilters'
-require 'liquid/file_system'
-require 'liquid/parser_switching'
-require 'liquid/tag'
-require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/parse_tree_visitor'
-require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/tags'
-require "liquid/environment"
 require 'liquid/lexer'
 require 'liquid/parser'
 require 'liquid/i18n'
@@ -67,22 +57,31 @@ require 'liquid/forloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/extensions'
 require 'liquid/errors'
 require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/strainer_template'
+require 'liquid/strainer'
 require 'liquid/expression'
 require 'liquid/context'
+require 'liquid/parser_switching'
 require 'liquid/tag'
+require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/block_body'
 require 'liquid/document'
 require 'liquid/variable'
 require 'liquid/variable_lookup'
 require 'liquid/range_lookup'
+require 'liquid/file_system'
 require 'liquid/resource_limits'
 require 'liquid/template'
+require 'liquid/standardfilters'
 require 'liquid/condition'
 require 'liquid/utils'
 require 'liquid/tokenizer'
 require 'liquid/parse_context'
 require 'liquid/partial_cache'
 require 'liquid/usage'
-require 'liquid/registers'
-require 'liquid/template_factory'
+require 'liquid/register'
+require 'liquid/static_registers'
+
+# Load all the tags of the standard library
+#
+Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/tags/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/registers/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      @body = new_body
+      @body = BlockBody.new
      while parse_body(@body, tokens)
      end
-      @body.freeze
    end

    # For backwards compatibility
@@ -29,33 +28,20 @@ module Liquid
      @body.nodelist
    end

-    def unknown_tag(tag_name, _markup, _tokenizer)
-      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag_name, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_unknown_tag(tag, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, _params, _tokens)
      if tag == 'else'
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
-          "errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
-          block_name: block_name,
-        )
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
+          block_name: block_name)
      elsif tag.start_with?('end')
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
-          "errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
          tag: tag,
          block_name: block_name,
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter,
-        )
+          block_delimiter: block_delimiter)
      else
        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
      end
    end

-    def raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
-    end
-
    def block_name
      @tag_name
    end
@@ -64,14 +50,8 @@ module Liquid
      @block_delimiter ||= "end#{block_name}"
    end

-    private
+    protected

-    # @api public
-    def new_body
-      parse_context.new_block_body
-    end
-
-    # @api public
    def parse_body(body, tokens)
      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
@@ -82,7 +62,9 @@ module Liquid
          @blank &&= body.blank?

          return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
-          raise_tag_never_closed(block_name) unless end_tag_name
+          unless end_tag_name
+            raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
+          end

          # this tag is not registered with the system
          # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

-require 'English'
-
 module Liquid
  class BlockBody
-    LiquidTagToken      = /\A\s*(#{TagName})\s*(.*?)\z/o
-    FullToken           = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(#{TagName})(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
-    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    LiquidTagToken      = /\A\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\z/o
+    FullToken           = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(\w+)(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
    ContentOfVariable   = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
    WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
    TAGSTART            = "{%"
@@ -20,8 +17,6 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
-      raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Liquid::BlockBody" if frozen?
-
      parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number

      if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
@@ -31,14 +26,9 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def freeze
-      @nodelist.freeze
-      super
-    end
-
    private def parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context)
      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
-        unless token.empty? || token.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
+        unless token.empty? || token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing
          unless token =~ LiquidTagToken
            # line isn't empty but didn't match tag syntax, yield and let the
            # caller raise a syntax error
@@ -46,21 +36,12 @@ module Liquid
          end
          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
          markup   = Regexp.last_match(2)
-
-          if tag_name == 'liquid'
-            parse_context.line_number -= 1
-            next parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-          end
-
-          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
+          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
            # determine how to proceed
            return yield tag_name, markup
          end
          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-
-          next if parse_context.omit_blank_nodes && blank_node?(new_tag)
-
          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
          @nodelist << new_tag
        end
@@ -70,63 +51,6 @@ module Liquid
      yield nil, nil
    end

-    # @api private
-    def self.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(tag, parse_context)
-      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag, 'liquid', '%}', parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.render_node(context, output, node)
-      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-    rescue => exc
-      blank_tag = !node.instance_of?(Variable) && node.blank?
-      rescue_render_node(context, output, node.line_number, exc, blank_tag)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.rescue_render_node(context, output, line_number, exc, blank_tag)
-      case exc
-      when MemoryError
-        raise
-      when UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter
-        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-      else
-        error_message = context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-        unless blank_tag # conditional for backwards compatibility
-          output << error_message
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-      liquid_tag_tokenizer = parse_context.new_tokenizer(
-        markup, start_line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true
-      )
-      parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_markup|
-        if end_tag_name
-          BlockBody.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context)
-      if token.end_with?('%}')
-        yield token, token
-      else
-        BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      end
-    end
-
    private def parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
        next if token.empty?
@@ -134,7 +58,7 @@ module Liquid
        when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
          unless token =~ FullToken
-            return handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context, &block)
+            raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
          end
          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
          markup   = Regexp.last_match(4)
@@ -146,19 +70,16 @@ module Liquid
          end

          if tag_name == 'liquid'
-            parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-            next
+            liquid_tag_tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true)
+            next parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
          end

-          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
+          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
            # determine how to proceed
            return yield tag_name, markup
          end
          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-
-          next if parse_context.omit_blank_nodes && blank_node?(new_tag)
-
          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
          @nodelist << new_tag
        when token.start_with?(VARSTART)
@@ -171,7 +92,7 @@ module Liquid
          end
          parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
          @nodelist << token
-          @blank &&= token.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
+          @blank &&= !!(token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing)
        end
        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
      end
@@ -183,11 +104,7 @@ module Liquid
      if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
        previous_token = @nodelist.last
        if previous_token.is_a?(String)
-          first_byte = previous_token.getbyte(0)
          previous_token.rstrip!
-          if previous_token.empty? && parse_context[:bug_compatible_whitespace_trimming] && first_byte
-            previous_token << first_byte
-          end
        end
      end
      parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
@@ -197,49 +114,38 @@ module Liquid
      @blank
    end

-    # Remove blank strings in the block body for a control flow tag (e.g. `if`, `for`, `case`, `unless`)
-    # with a blank body.
-    #
-    # For example, in a conditional assignment like the following
-    #
-    # ```
-    # {% if size > max_size %}
-    #   {% assign size = max_size %}
-    # {% endif %}
-    # ```
-    #
-    # we assume the intention wasn't to output the blank spaces in the `if` tag's block body, so this method
-    # will remove them to reduce the render output size.
-    #
-    # Note that it is now preferred to use the `liquid` tag for this use case.
-    def remove_blank_strings
-      raise "remove_blank_strings only support being called on a blank block body" unless @blank
-      @nodelist.reject! { |node| node.instance_of?(String) }
-    end
-
    def render(context)
      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      freeze unless frozen?
-
-      context.resource_limits.increment_render_score(@nodelist.length)
+      context.resource_limits.render_score += @nodelist.length

      idx = 0
      while (node = @nodelist[idx])
-        if node.instance_of?(String)
+        previous_output_size = output.bytesize
+
+        case node
+        when String
          output << node
-        else
+        when Variable
          render_node(context, output, node)
+        when Block
+          render_node(context, node.blank? ? +'' : output, node)
+          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
+        when Continue, Break
          # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
          # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
-          # or {% continue %}. These tags may also occur through Block or Include tags.
-          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
+          # or {% continue %}
+          context.push_interrupt(node.interrupt)
+          break
+        else # Other non-Block tags
+          render_node(context, output, node)
+          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened through an include
        end
        idx += 1

-        context.resource_limits.increment_write_score(output)
+        raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
      end

      output
@@ -248,45 +154,49 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      BlockBody.render_node(context, output, node)
+      if node.disabled?(context)
+        output << node.disabled_error_message
+        return
+      end
+      disable_tags(context, node.disabled_tags) do
+        node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      end
+    rescue UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter => e
+      context.handle_error(e, node.line_number)
+    rescue ::StandardError => e
+      line_number = node.is_a?(String) ? nil : node.line_number
+      output << context.handle_error(e, line_number)
+    end
+
+    def disable_tags(context, tags, &block)
+      return yield if tags.empty?
+      context.registers[:disabled_tags].disable(tags, &block)
+    end
+
+    def raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, length)
+      context.resource_limits.render_length += length
+      return unless context.resource_limits.reached?
+      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
    end

    def create_variable(token, parse_context)
-      if token.end_with?("}}")
-        i = 2
-        i = 3 if token[i] == "-"
-        parse_end = token.length - 3
-        parse_end -= 1 if token[parse_end] == "-"
-        markup_end = parse_end - i + 1
-        markup = markup_end <= 0 ? "" : token.slice(i, markup_end)
-
+      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
+        markup = content.first
        return Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
      end
-
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
    end

-    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_tag_terminator} instead
    def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
    end

-    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_variable_terminator} instead
    def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
    end

-    def blank_node?(node)
-      case node
-      when Comment
-        true
-      when BlockBody
-        true if node.nodelist.empty?
-      when Tag
-        node.nodelist.all? { |n| blank_node?(n) }
-      else
-        false
-      end
+    def registered_tags
+      Template.tags
    end
  end
 end
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Liquid
  #   c = Condition.new(1, '==', 1)
  #   c.evaluate #=> true
  #
-  class Condition # :nodoc:
+  class Condition #:nodoc:
    @@operators = {
      '==' => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
      '!=' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
@@ -24,34 +24,13 @@ module Liquid
        else
          false
        end
-      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
-        # "✅".b.include?("✅") raises Encoding::CompatibilityError despite being materially equal
-        left.b.include?(right.b)
      end,
    }

-    class MethodLiteral
-      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
-
-      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
-        @method_name = method_name
-        @to_s = to_s
-      end
-    end
-
-    @@method_literals = {
-      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
-      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze,
-    }
-
    def self.operators
      @@operators
    end

-    def self.parse_expression(parse_context, markup)
-      @@method_literals[markup] || parse_context.parse_expression(markup)
-    end
-
    attr_reader :attachment, :child_condition
    attr_accessor :left, :operator, :right

@@ -64,7 +43,7 @@ module Liquid
      @child_condition = nil
    end

-    def evaluate(context = deprecated_default_context)
+    def evaluate(context = Context.new)
      condition = self
      result = nil
      loop do
@@ -72,9 +51,9 @@ module Liquid

        case condition.child_relation
        when :or
-          break if Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
+          break if result
        when :and
-          break unless Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
+          break unless result
        else
          break
        end
@@ -112,7 +91,7 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def equal_variables(left, right)
-      if left.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
+      if left.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
        if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
          return right.send(left.method_name)
        else
@@ -120,7 +99,7 @@ module Liquid
        end
      end

-      if right.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
+      if right.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
        if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
          return left.send(right.method_name)
        else
@@ -137,8 +116,8 @@ module Liquid
      # return this as the result.
      return context.evaluate(left) if op.nil?

-      left  = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(left))
-      right = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(right))
+      left  = context.evaluate(left)
+      right = context.evaluate(right)

      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError, "Unknown operator #{op}")

@@ -153,19 +132,11 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def deprecated_default_context
-      warn("DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated" \
-        " and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0.")
-      Context.new
-    end
-
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [
-          @node.left,
-          @node.right,
-          @node.child_condition,
-          @node.attachment
+          @node.left, @node.right,
+          @node.child_condition, @node.attachment
        ].compact
      end
    end
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  module Const
-    EMPTY_HASH = {}.freeze
-    EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
-  end
-end
@@ -15,44 +15,35 @@ module Liquid
  #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
  class Context
    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits, :static_registers, :static_environments
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters, :environment
+    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters

    # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
-    def self.build(environment: Environment.default, environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {}, &block)
-      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments, environment, &block)
+    def self.build(environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {})
+      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments)
    end

-    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {}, environment = Environment.default)
-      @environment = environment
+    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {})
      @environments = [environments]
      @environments.flatten!

-      @static_environments = [static_environments].flatten(1).freeze
-      @scopes              = [outer_scope || {}]
-      @registers           = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers : Registers.new(registers)
+      @static_environments = [static_environments].flat_map(&:freeze).freeze
+      @scopes              = [(outer_scope || {})]
+      @registers           = registers
      @errors              = []
      @partial             = false
      @strict_variables    = false
-      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
+      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
      @base_scope_depth    = 0
-      @interrupts          = []
-      @filters             = []
-      @global_filter       = nil
-      @disabled_tags       = {}
+      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments

-      @registers.static[:cached_partials] ||= {}
-      @registers.static[:file_system] ||= environment.file_system
-      @registers.static[:template_factory] ||= Liquid::TemplateFactory.new
-
-      self.exception_renderer = environment.exception_renderer
+      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
      if rethrow_errors
-        self.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
+        self.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
      end

-      yield self if block_given?
-
-      # Do this last, since it could result in this object being passed to a Proc in the environment
-      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
+      @interrupts    = []
+      @filters       = []
+      @global_filter = nil
    end
    # rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists

@@ -61,7 +52,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def strainer
-      @strainer ||= @environment.create_strainer(self, @filters)
+      @strainer ||= Strainer.create(self, @filters)
    end

    # Adds filters to this context.
@@ -129,7 +120,7 @@ module Liquid
    #      context['var'] = 'hi'
    #   end
    #
-    #   context['var']  #=> nil
+    #   context['var]  #=> nil
    def stack(new_scope = {})
      push(new_scope)
      yield
@@ -142,11 +133,10 @@ module Liquid
    def new_isolated_subcontext
      check_overflow

-      self.class.build(
-        environment: @environment,
+      Context.build(
        resource_limits: resource_limits,
        static_environments: static_environments,
-        registers: Registers.new(registers),
+        registers: StaticRegisters.new(registers)
      ).tap do |subcontext|
        subcontext.base_scope_depth   = base_scope_depth + 1
        subcontext.exception_renderer = exception_renderer
@@ -154,7 +144,6 @@ module Liquid
        subcontext.strainer = nil
        subcontext.errors   = errors
        subcontext.warnings = warnings
-        subcontext.disabled_tags = @disabled_tags
      end
    end

@@ -199,14 +188,10 @@ module Liquid
        try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
      end

-      # update variable's context before invoking #to_liquid
+      variable         = variable.to_liquid
      variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)

-      liquid_variable = variable.to_liquid
-
-      liquid_variable.context = self if variable != liquid_variable && liquid_variable.respond_to?(:context=)
-
-      liquid_variable
+      variable
    end

    def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key, raise_on_not_found: true)
@@ -223,24 +208,9 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def with_disabled_tags(tag_names)
-      tag_names.each do |name|
-        @disabled_tags[name] = @disabled_tags.fetch(name, 0) + 1
-      end
-      yield
-    ensure
-      tag_names.each do |name|
-        @disabled_tags[name] -= 1
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag_disabled?(tag_name)
-      @disabled_tags.fetch(tag_name, 0) > 0
-    end
-
    protected

-    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters, :disabled_tags
+    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters

    private

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "set"
-
-module Liquid
-  class Deprecations
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :warned
-
-      Deprecations.warned = Set.new
-
-      def warn(name, alternative)
-        return if warned.include?(name)
-
-        warned << name
-
-        caller_location = caller_locations(2, 1).first
-        Warning.warn("[DEPRECATION] #{name} is deprecated. Use #{alternative} instead. Called from #{caller_location}\n")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,34 +1,23 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  class Document
+  class Document < BlockBody
    def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      doc = new(parse_context)
+      doc = new
      doc.parse(tokens, parse_context)
      doc
    end

-    attr_reader :parse_context, :body
-
-    def initialize(parse_context)
-      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @body = new_body
-    end
-
-    def nodelist
-      @body.nodelist
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
-      while parse_body(tokenizer)
+    def parse(tokens, parse_context)
+      super do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_params|
+        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context) if end_tag_name
      end
-      @body.freeze
    rescue SyntaxError => e
      e.line_number ||= parse_context.line_number
      raise
    end

-    def unknown_tag(tag, _markup, _tokenizer)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, parse_context)
      case tag
      when 'else', 'end'
        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag", tag: tag)
@@ -36,30 +25,5 @@ module Liquid
        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
      end
    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      @body.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-    end
-
-    def render(context)
-      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def new_body
-      parse_context.new_block_body
-    end
-
-    def parse_body(tokenizer)
-      @body.parse(tokenizer, parse_context) do |unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup|
-        if unknown_tag_name
-          unknown_tag(unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup, tokenizer)
-          true
-        else
-          false
-        end
-      end
-    end
  end
 end
@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@ module Liquid
  class Drop
    attr_writer :context

-    def initialize
-      @context = nil
-    end
-
    # Catch all for the method
    def liquid_method_missing(method)
      return nil unless @context&.strict_variables
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  # The Environment is the container for all configuration options of Liquid, such as
-  # the registered tags, filters, and the default error mode.
-  class Environment
-    # The default error mode for all templates. This can be overridden on a
-    # per-template basis.
-    attr_accessor :error_mode
-
-    # The tags that are available to use in the template.
-    attr_accessor :tags
-
-    # The strainer template which is used to store filters that are available to
-    # use in templates.
-    attr_accessor :strainer_template
-
-    # The exception renderer that is used to render exceptions that are raised
-    # when rendering a template
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer
-
-    # The default file system that is used to load templates from.
-    attr_accessor :file_system
-
-    # The default resource limits that are used to limit the resources that a
-    # template can consume.
-    attr_accessor :default_resource_limits
-
-    class << self
-      # Creates a new environment instance.
-      #
-      # @param tags [Hash] The tags that are available to use in
-      #  the template.
-      # @param file_system The default file system that is used
-      #  to load templates from.
-      # @param error_mode [Symbol] The default error mode for all templates
-      #  (either :strict, :warn, or :lax).
-      # @param exception_renderer [Proc] The exception renderer that is used to
-      #   render exceptions.
-      # @yieldparam environment [Environment] The environment instance that is being built.
-      # @return [Environment] The new environment instance.
-      def build(tags: nil, file_system: nil, error_mode: nil, exception_renderer: nil)
-        ret = new
-        ret.tags = tags if tags
-        ret.file_system = file_system if file_system
-        ret.error_mode = error_mode if error_mode
-        ret.exception_renderer = exception_renderer if exception_renderer
-        yield ret if block_given?
-        ret.freeze
-      end
-
-      # Returns the default environment instance.
-      #
-      # @return [Environment] The default environment instance.
-      def default
-        @default ||= new
-      end
-
-      # Sets the default environment instance for the duration of the block
-      #
-      # @param environment [Environment] The environment instance to use as the default for the
-      #   duration of the block.
-      # @yield
-      # @return [Object] The return value of the block.
-      def dangerously_override(environment)
-        original_default = @default
-        @default = environment
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @default = original_default
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Initializes a new environment instance.
-    # @api private
-    def initialize
-      @tags = Tags::STANDARD_TAGS.dup
-      @error_mode = :lax
-      @strainer_template = Class.new(StrainerTemplate).tap do |klass|
-        klass.add_filter(StandardFilters)
-      end
-      @exception_renderer = ->(exception) { exception }
-      @file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
-      @default_resource_limits = Const::EMPTY_HASH
-      @strainer_template_class_cache = {}
-    end
-
-    # Registers a new tag with the environment.
-    #
-    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
-    # @param klass [Liquid::Tag] The class that implements the tag.
-    # @return [void]
-    def register_tag(name, klass)
-      @tags[name] = klass
-    end
-
-    # Registers a new filter with the environment.
-    #
-    # @param filter [Module] The module that contains the filter methods.
-    # @return [void]
-    def register_filter(filter)
-      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
-      @strainer_template.add_filter(filter)
-    end
-
-    # Registers multiple filters with this environment.
-    #
-    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The modules that contain the filter methods.
-    # @return [self]
-    def register_filters(filters)
-      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
-      filters.each { |f| @strainer_template.add_filter(f) }
-      self
-    end
-
-    # Creates a new strainer instance with the given filters, caching the result
-    # for faster lookup.
-    #
-    # @param context [Liquid::Context] The context that the strainer will be
-    #   used in.
-    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The filters that the strainer will have
-    #   access to.
-    # @return [Liquid::Strainer] The new strainer instance.
-    def create_strainer(context, filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY)
-      return @strainer_template.new(context) if filters.empty?
-
-      strainer_template = @strainer_template_class_cache[filters] ||= begin
-        klass = Class.new(@strainer_template)
-        filters.each { |f| klass.add_filter(f) }
-        klass
-      end
-
-      strainer_template.new(context)
-    end
-
-    # Returns the names of all the filter methods that are available to use in
-    # the strainer template.
-    #
-    # @return [Array<String>] The names of all the filter methods.
-    def filter_method_names
-      @strainer_template.filter_method_names
-    end
-
-    # Returns the tag class for the given tag name.
-    #
-    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
-    # @return [Liquid::Tag] The tag class.
-    def tag_for_name(name)
-      @tags[name]
-    end
-
-    def freeze
-      @tags.freeze
-      # TODO: freeze the tags, currently this is not possible because of liquid-c
-      # @strainer_template.freeze
-      super
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -40,20 +40,19 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  ArgumentError         = Class.new(Error)
-  ContextError          = Class.new(Error)
-  FileSystemError       = Class.new(Error)
-  StandardError         = Class.new(Error)
-  SyntaxError           = Class.new(Error)
-  StackLevelError       = Class.new(Error)
-  MemoryError           = Class.new(Error)
-  ZeroDivisionError     = Class.new(Error)
-  FloatDomainError      = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedVariable     = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedDropMethod   = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedFilter       = Class.new(Error)
-  MethodOverrideError   = Class.new(Error)
-  DisabledError         = Class.new(Error)
-  InternalError         = Class.new(Error)
-  TemplateEncodingError = Class.new(Error)
+  ArgumentError       = Class.new(Error)
+  ContextError        = Class.new(Error)
+  FileSystemError     = Class.new(Error)
+  StandardError       = Class.new(Error)
+  SyntaxError         = Class.new(Error)
+  StackLevelError     = Class.new(Error)
+  TaintedError        = Class.new(Error)
+  MemoryError         = Class.new(Error)
+  ZeroDivisionError   = Class.new(Error)
+  FloatDomainError    = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedVariable   = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedDropMethod = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedFilter     = Class.new(Error)
+  MethodOverrideError = Class.new(Error)
+  InternalError       = Class.new(Error)
 end
@@ -2,43 +2,46 @@

 module Liquid
  class Expression
-    LITERALS = {
-      nil => nil,
-      'nil' => nil,
-      'null' => nil,
-      '' => nil,
-      'true' => true,
-      'false' => false,
-      'blank' => '',
-      'empty' => ''
-    }.freeze
+    class MethodLiteral
+      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s

-    INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
-    FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
-
-    # Use an atomic group (?>...) to avoid pathological backtracing from
-    # malicious input as described in https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/issues/1357
-    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\(\s*(?>(\S+)\s*\.\.)\s*(\S+)\s*\)\z/
-
-    def self.parse(markup)
-      return nil unless markup
-
-      markup = markup.strip
-      if (markup.start_with?('"') && markup.end_with?('"')) ||
-         (markup.start_with?("'") && markup.end_with?("'"))
-        return markup[1..-2]
+      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
+        @method_name = method_name
+        @to_s = to_s
      end

-      case markup
-      when INTEGERS_REGEX
-        Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
-      when RANGES_REGEX
-        RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
-      when FLOATS_REGEX
-        Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
+      def to_liquid
+        to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    LITERALS = {
+      nil => nil, 'nil' => nil, 'null' => nil, '' => nil,
+      'true' => true,
+      'false' => false,
+      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
+    }.freeze
+
+    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
+    DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A"(.*)"\z/m
+    INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
+    FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
+    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/
+
+    def self.parse(markup)
+      if LITERALS.key?(markup)
+        LITERALS[markup]
      else
-        if LITERALS.key?(markup)
-          LITERALS[markup]
+        case markup
+        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
+          Regexp.last_match(1)
+        when INTEGERS_REGEX
+          Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
+        when RANGES_REGEX
+          RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
+        when FLOATS_REGEX
+          Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
        else
          VariableLookup.parse(markup)
        end
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type object
-  # @liquid_name forloop
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Information about a parent [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
  class ForloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
      @name       = name
@@ -14,68 +9,28 @@ module Liquid
      @index      = 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_name length
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :length
+    attr_reader :name, :length, :parentloop

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_name parentloop
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The parent `forloop` object.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   If the current `for` loop isn't nested inside another `for` loop, then `nil` is returned.
-    # @liquid_return [forloop]
-    attr_reader :parentloop
-
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index
      @index + 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index0
      @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex
      @length - @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex0
      @length - @index - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def first
      @index == 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def last
      @index == @length - 1
    end
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 require "strscan"
-
 module Liquid
-  class Lexer1
+  class Lexer
    SPECIALS = {
      '|' => :pipe,
      '.' => :dot,
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ module Liquid
    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
-    STRING_LITERAL        = Regexp.union(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL)
    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
    DOTDOT                = /\.\./
    COMPARISON_OPERATOR   = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
@@ -37,7 +35,9 @@ module Liquid
        break if @ss.eos?
        tok      = if (t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR))
          [:comparison, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(STRING_LITERAL))
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL))
+          [:string, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL))
          [:string, t]
        elsif (t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL))
          [:number, t]
@@ -59,179 +59,4 @@ module Liquid
      @output << [:end_of_string]
    end
  end
-
-  class Lexer2
-    CLOSE_ROUND = [:close_round, ")"].freeze
-    CLOSE_SQUARE = [:close_square, "]"].freeze
-    COLON = [:colon, ":"].freeze
-    COMMA = [:comma, ","].freeze
-    COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL = [:comparison, "!="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_CONTAINS = [:comparison, "contains"].freeze
-    COMPARISON_EQUAL = [:comparison, "=="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN = [:comparison, ">"].freeze
-    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, ">="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN = [:comparison, "<"].freeze
-    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, "<="].freeze
-    COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT = [:comparison, "<>"].freeze
-    DASH = [:dash, "-"].freeze
-    DOT = [:dot, "."].freeze
-    DOTDOT = [:dotdot, ".."].freeze
-    DOT_ORD = ".".ord
-    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
-    EOS = [:end_of_string].freeze
-    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
-    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
-    OPEN_ROUND = [:open_round, "("].freeze
-    OPEN_SQUARE = [:open_square, "["].freeze
-    PIPE = [:pipe, "|"].freeze
-    QUESTION = [:question, "?"].freeze
-    RUBY_WHITESPACE = [" ", "\t", "\r", "\n", "\f"].freeze
-    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
-    WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
-
-    SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS = [].tap do |table|
-      table["<".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN
-      table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN
-    end
-
-    TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      table["=".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_EQUAL
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table["!".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-    end
-
-    COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      table["<".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL
-        sub_table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT
-        RUBY_WHITESPACE.each { |c| sub_table[c.ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN }
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table[">".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
-        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL
-        RUBY_WHITESPACE.each { |c| sub_table[c.ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN }
-        sub_table.freeze
-      end
-      table.freeze
-    end
-
-    NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      "a".upto("z") do |c|
-        table[c.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
-        table[c.upcase.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
-      end
-      table["_".ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
-
-      "0".upto("9") do |c|
-        table[c.ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
-      end
-      table["-".ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
-
-      table["'".ord] = [:string, SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
-      table["\"".ord] = [:string, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
-      table.freeze
-    end
-
-    SPECIAL_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      table["|".ord] = PIPE
-      table[".".ord] = DOT
-      table[":".ord] = COLON
-      table[",".ord] = COMMA
-      table["[".ord] = OPEN_SQUARE
-      table["]".ord] = CLOSE_SQUARE
-      table["(".ord] = OPEN_ROUND
-      table[")".ord] = CLOSE_ROUND
-      table["?".ord] = QUESTION
-      table["-".ord] = DASH
-    end
-
-    NUMBER_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
-      "0".upto("9") do |c|
-        table[c.ord] = true
-      end
-      table.freeze
-    end
-
-    def initialize(input)
-      @ss = StringScanner.new(input)
-    end
-
-    # rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockNesting
-    def tokenize
-      @output = []
-
-      until @ss.eos?
-        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
-
-        break if @ss.eos?
-
-        start_pos = @ss.pos
-        peeked = @ss.peek_byte
-
-        if (special = SPECIAL_TABLE[peeked])
-          @ss.scan_byte
-          # Special case for ".."
-          if special == DOT && @ss.peek_byte == DOT_ORD
-            @ss.scan_byte
-            @output << DOTDOT
-          elsif special == DASH
-            # Special case for negative numbers
-            if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && NUMBER_TABLE[peeked_byte]
-              @ss.pos -= 1
-              @output << [:number, @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL)]
-            else
-              @output << special
-            end
-          else
-            @output << special
-          end
-        elsif (sub_table = TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
-          @ss.scan_byte
-          if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
-            @output << found
-            @ss.scan_byte
-          else
-            raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
-          end
-        elsif (sub_table = COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
-          @ss.scan_byte
-          if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
-            @output << found
-            @ss.scan_byte
-          else
-            @output << SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS[peeked]
-          end
-        else
-          type, pattern = NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE[peeked]
-
-          if type && (t = @ss.scan(pattern))
-            # Special case for "contains"
-            @output << if type == :id && t == "contains" && @output.last&.first != :dot
-              COMPARISON_CONTAINS
-            else
-              [type, t]
-            end
-          else
-            raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      # rubocop:enable Metrics/BlockNesting
-
-      @output << EOS
-    end
-
-    def raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
-      @ss.pos = start_pos
-      # the character could be a UTF-8 character, use getch to get all the bytes
-      raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{@ss.getch}"
-    end
-  end
-
-  Lexer = StringScanner.instance_methods.include?(:scan_byte) ? Lexer2 : Lexer1
 end
@@ -13,17 +13,16 @@
      for_invalid_attribute: "Invalid attribute in for loop. Valid attributes are limit and offset"
      if: "Syntax Error in tag 'if' - Valid syntax: if [expression]"
      include: "Error in tag 'include' - Valid syntax: include '[template]' (with|for) [object|collection]"
-      inline_comment_invalid: "Syntax error in tag '#' - Each line of comments must be prefixed by the '#' character"
+      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
      invalid_delimiter: "'%{tag}' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
-      invalid_template_encoding: "Invalid template encoding"
-      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
-      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
-      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
-      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
      unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect 'else' tag"
      unexpected_outer_tag: "Unexpected outer '%{tag}' tag"
-      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
+      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
      variable_termination: "Variable '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
+      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
+      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
+      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
+      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
    argument:
      include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
    disabled:
@@ -3,19 +3,14 @@
 module Liquid
  class ParseContext
    attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
-    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode, :environment, :omit_blank_nodes
+    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode

-    def initialize(options = Const::EMPTY_HASH)
-      @environment = options.fetch(:environment, Environment.default)
+    def initialize(options = {})
      @template_options = options ? options.dup : {}

      @locale   = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
      @warnings = []

-      # remove blank nodes such as
-      # comment tags, empty if tags, etc from the AST
-      @omit_blank_nodes = options.fetch(:omit_blank_nodes, false)
-
      self.depth   = 0
      self.partial = false
    end
@@ -24,23 +19,11 @@ module Liquid
      @options[option_key]
    end

-    def new_block_body
-      Liquid::BlockBody.new
-    end
-
-    def new_tokenizer(markup, start_line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
-      Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: start_line_number, for_liquid_tag: for_liquid_tag)
-    end
-
-    def parse_expression(markup)
-      Expression.parse(markup)
-    end
-
    def partial=(value)
      @partial = value
      @options = value ? partial_options : @template_options

-      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || @environment.error_mode
+      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
    end

    def partial_options
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module Liquid
    protected

    def children
-      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
+      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : []
    end
  end
 end
@@ -46,20 +46,16 @@ module Liquid
      tok[0] == type
    end

+    SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES = [:string, :number].freeze
+    private_constant :SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES
+
    def expression
      token = @tokens[@p]
-      case token[0]
-      when :id
-        str = consume
-        str << variable_lookups
-      when :open_square
-        str = consume.dup
-        str << expression
-        str << consume(:close_square)
-        str << variable_lookups
-      when :string, :number
+      if token[0] == :id
+        variable_signature
+      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include?(token[0])
        consume
-      when :open_round
+      elsif token.first == :open_round
        consume
        first = expression
        consume(:dotdot)
@@ -82,19 +78,16 @@ module Liquid
      str
    end

-    def variable_lookups
-      str = +""
-      loop do
-        if look(:open_square)
-          str << consume
-          str << expression
-          str << consume(:close_square)
-        elsif look(:dot)
-          str << consume
-          str << consume(:id)
-        else
-          break
-        end
+    def variable_signature
+      str = consume(:id)
+      while look(:open_square)
+        str << consume
+        str << expression
+        str << consume(:close_square)
+      end
+      if look(:dot)
+        str << consume
+        str << variable_signature
      end
      str
    end
@@ -2,28 +2,16 @@

 module Liquid
  module ParserSwitching
-    def strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
-      strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
-    rescue SyntaxError => e
-      case parse_context.error_mode
-      when :strict
-        raise
-      when :warn
-        parse_context.warnings << e
-      end
-      lax_parse(markup)
-    end
-
    def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
      case parse_context.error_mode
      when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
      when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
      when :warn
        begin
-          strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+          return strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
        rescue SyntaxError => e
          parse_context.warnings << e
-          lax_parse(markup)
+          return lax_parse(markup)
        end
      end
    end
@@ -3,29 +3,17 @@
 module Liquid
  class PartialCache
    def self.load(template_name, context:, parse_context:)
-      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials]
-      cache_key = "#{template_name}:#{parse_context.error_mode}"
-      cached = cached_partials[cache_key]
+      cached_partials = (context.registers[:cached_partials] ||= {})
+      cached = cached_partials[template_name]
      return cached if cached

-      file_system = context.registers[:file_system]
+      file_system = (context.registers[:file_system] ||= Liquid::Template.file_system)
      source      = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)

      parse_context.partial = true

-      template_factory = context.registers[:template_factory]
-      template = template_factory.for(template_name)
-
-      begin
-        partial = template.parse(source, parse_context)
-      rescue Liquid::Error => e
-        e.template_name = template&.name || template_name
-        raise e
-      end
-
-      partial.name ||= template_name
-
-      cached_partials[cache_key] = partial
+      partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
+      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
    ensure
      parse_context.partial = false
    end
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module Liquid
  #     node.code
  #
  #     # Which template and line number of this node.
-  #     # The top-level template name is `nil` by default, but can be set in the Liquid::Context before rendering.
+  #     # If top level, this will be "<root>".
  #     node.partial
  #     node.line_number
  #
@@ -46,94 +46,126 @@ module Liquid
    include Enumerable

    class Timing
-      attr_reader :code, :template_name, :line_number, :children
-      attr_accessor :total_time
-      alias_method :render_time, :total_time
-      alias_method :partial, :template_name
+      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children, :total_time, :self_time

-      def initialize(code: nil, template_name: nil, line_number: nil)
-        @code = code
-        @template_name = template_name
-        @line_number = line_number
-        @children = []
+      def initialize(node, partial)
+        @code        = node.respond_to?(:raw) ? node.raw : node
+        @partial     = partial
+        @line_number = node.respond_to?(:line_number) ? node.line_number : nil
+        @children    = []
      end

-      def self_time
-        @self_time ||= begin
-          total_children_time = 0.0
+      def self.start(node, partial)
+        new(node, partial).tap(&:start)
+      end
+
+      def start
+        @start_time = Time.now
+      end
+
+      def finish
+        @end_time   = Time.now
+        @total_time = @end_time - @start_time
+
+        if @children.empty?
+          @self_time = @total_time
+        else
+          total_children_time = 0
          @children.each do |child|
            total_children_time += child.total_time
          end
-          @total_time - total_children_time
+          @self_time = @total_time - total_children_time
        end
      end
+
+      def render_time
+        @end_time - @start_time
+      end
    end

-    attr_reader :total_time
-    alias_method :total_render_time, :total_time
-
-    def initialize
-      @root_children = []
-      @current_children = nil
-      @total_time = 0.0
-    end
-
-    def profile(template_name, &block)
-      # nested renders are done from a tag that already has a timing node
-      return yield if @current_children
-
-      root_children = @root_children
-      render_idx = root_children.length
-      begin
-        @current_children = root_children
-        profile_node(template_name, &block)
-      ensure
-        @current_children = nil
-        if (timing = root_children[render_idx])
-          @total_time += timing.total_time
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def children
-      children = @root_children
-      if children.length == 1
-        children.first.children
+    def self.profile_node_render(node)
+      if Profiler.current_profile && node.respond_to?(:render)
+        Profiler.current_profile.start_node(node)
+        output = yield
+        Profiler.current_profile.end_node(node)
+        output
      else
-        children
+        yield
      end
    end

+    def self.profile_children(template_name)
+      if Profiler.current_profile
+        Profiler.current_profile.push_partial(template_name)
+        output = yield
+        Profiler.current_profile.pop_partial
+        output
+      else
+        yield
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.current_profile
+      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler]
+    end
+
+    def initialize(partial_name = "<root>")
+      @partial_stack = [partial_name]
+
+      @root_timing  = Timing.new("", current_partial)
+      @timing_stack = [@root_timing]
+
+      @render_start_at = Time.now
+      @render_end_at   = @render_start_at
+    end
+
+    def start
+      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = self
+      @render_start_at = Time.now
+    end
+
+    def stop
+      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = nil
+      @render_end_at = Time.now
+    end
+
+    def total_render_time
+      @render_end_at - @render_start_at
+    end
+
    def each(&block)
-      children.each(&block)
+      @root_timing.children.each(&block)
    end

    def [](idx)
-      children[idx]
+      @root_timing.children[idx]
    end

    def length
-      children.length
+      @root_timing.children.length
    end

-    def profile_node(template_name, code: nil, line_number: nil)
-      timing = Timing.new(code: code, template_name: template_name, line_number: line_number)
-      parent_children = @current_children
-      start_time = monotonic_time
-      begin
-        @current_children = timing.children
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @current_children = parent_children
-        timing.total_time = monotonic_time - start_time
-        parent_children << timing
-      end
+    def start_node(node)
+      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(node, current_partial))
    end

-    private
+    def end_node(_node)
+      timing = @timing_stack.pop
+      timing.finish

-    def monotonic_time
-      Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+      @timing_stack.last.children << timing
+    end
+
+    def current_partial
+      @partial_stack.last
+    end
+
+    def push_partial(partial_name)
+      @partial_stack.push(partial_name)
+    end
+
+    def pop_partial
+      @partial_stack.pop
    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,35 +1,25 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  module BlockBodyProfilingHook
-    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      if (profiler = context.profiler)
-        profiler.profile_node(context.template_name, code: node.raw, line_number: node.line_number) do
-          super
-        end
-      else
-        super
+  class BlockBody
+    def render_node_with_profiling(context, output, node)
+      Profiler.profile_node_render(node) do
+        render_node_without_profiling(context, output, node)
      end
    end
-  end
-  BlockBody.prepend(BlockBodyProfilingHook)

-  module DocumentProfilingHook
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      return super unless context.profiler
-      context.profiler.profile(context.template_name) { super }
+    alias_method :render_node_without_profiling, :render_node
+    alias_method :render_node, :render_node_with_profiling
+  end
+
+  class Include < Tag
+    def render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling(context, output)
+      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr).to_s) do
+        render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling(context, output)
+      end
    end
-  end
-  Document.prepend(DocumentProfilingHook)

-  module ContextProfilingHook
-    attr_accessor :profiler
-
-    def new_isolated_subcontext
-      new_context = super
-      new_context.profiler = profiler
-      new_context
-    end
+    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling, :render_to_output_buffer
+    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer, :render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling
  end
-  Context.prepend(ContextProfilingHook)
 end
@@ -8,22 +8,10 @@ module Liquid
      if start_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate) || end_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate)
        new(start_obj, end_obj)
      else
-        begin
-          start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          invalid_expr = start_markup unless start_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
-          invalid_expr ||= end_markup unless end_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
-          if invalid_expr
-            raise Liquid::SyntaxError, "Invalid expression type '#{invalid_expr}' in range expression"
-          end
-
-          raise
-        end
+        start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
      end
    end

-    attr_reader :start_obj, :end_obj
-
    def initialize(start_obj, end_obj)
      @start_obj = start_obj
      @end_obj   = end_obj
@@ -47,11 +35,5 @@ module Liquid
        Utils.to_integer(input)
      end
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.start_obj, @node.end_obj]
-      end
-    end
  end
 end
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Register
+  end
+end
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Registers
-    attr_reader :static
-
-    def initialize(registers = {})
-      @static = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers.static : registers
-      @changes = {}
-    end
-
-    def []=(key, value)
-      @changes[key] = value
-    end
-
-    def [](key)
-      if @changes.key?(key)
-        @changes[key]
-      else
-        @static[key]
-      end
-    end
-
-    def delete(key)
-      @changes.delete(key)
-    end
-
-    UNDEFINED = Object.new
-
-    def fetch(key, default = UNDEFINED, &block)
-      if @changes.key?(key)
-        @changes.fetch(key)
-      elsif default != UNDEFINED
-        if block_given?
-          @static.fetch(key, &block)
-        else
-          @static.fetch(key, default)
-        end
-      else
-        @static.fetch(key, &block)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def key?(key)
-      @changes.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Alias for backwards compatibility
-  StaticRegisters = Registers
-end
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+module Liquid
+  class DisabledTags < Register
+    def initialize
+      @disabled_tags = {}
+    end
+
+    def disabled?(tag)
+      @disabled_tags.key?(tag) && @disabled_tags[tag] > 0
+    end
+
+    def disable(tags)
+      tags.each(&method(:increment))
+      yield
+    ensure
+      tags.each(&method(:decrement))
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def increment(tag)
+      @disabled_tags[tag] ||= 0
+      @disabled_tags[tag]  += 1
+    end
+
+    def decrement(tag)
+      @disabled_tags[tag] -= 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  Template.add_register(:disabled_tags, DisabledTags.new)
+end
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@

 module Liquid
  class ResourceLimits
-    attr_accessor :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
-    attr_reader :render_score, :assign_score
+    attr_accessor :render_length, :render_score, :assign_score,
+      :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit

    def initialize(limits)
      @render_length_limit = limits[:render_length_limit]
@@ -12,51 +12,14 @@ module Liquid
      reset
    end

-    def increment_render_score(amount)
-      @render_score += amount
-      raise_limits_reached if @render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit
-    end
-
-    def increment_assign_score(amount)
-      @assign_score += amount
-      raise_limits_reached if @assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit
-    end
-
-    # update either render_length or assign_score based on whether or not the writes are captured
-    def increment_write_score(output)
-      if (last_captured = @last_capture_length)
-        captured = output.bytesize
-        increment = captured - last_captured
-        @last_capture_length = captured
-        increment_assign_score(increment)
-      elsif @render_length_limit && output.bytesize > @render_length_limit
-        raise_limits_reached
-      end
-    end
-
-    def raise_limits_reached
-      @reached_limit = true
-      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
-    end
-
    def reached?
-      @reached_limit
+      (@render_length_limit && @render_length > @render_length_limit) ||
+        (@render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit) ||
+        (@assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit)
    end

    def reset
-      @reached_limit = false
-      @last_capture_length = nil
-      @render_score = @assign_score = 0
-    end
-
-    def with_capture
-      old_capture_length = @last_capture_length
-      begin
-        @last_capture_length = 0
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @last_capture_length = old_capture_length
-      end
+      @render_length = @render_score = @assign_score = 0
    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,19 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 require 'cgi'
-require 'base64'
 require 'bigdecimal'

 module Liquid
  module StandardFilters
-    MAX_I32 = (1 << 31) - 1
-    private_constant :MAX_I32
-
-    MIN_I64 = -(1 << 63)
-    MAX_I64 = (1 << 63) - 1
-    I64_RANGE = MIN_I64..MAX_I64
-    private_constant :MIN_I64, :MAX_I64, :I64_RANGE
-
    HTML_ESCAPE = {
      '&' => '&amp;',
      '>' => '&gt;',
@@ -25,116 +16,43 @@ module Liquid
    STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS       = Regexp.union(
      %r{<script.*?</script>}m,
      /<!--.*?-->/m,
-      %r{<style.*?</style>}m,
+      %r{<style.*?</style>}m
    )
    STRIP_HTML_TAGS = /<.*?>/m

-    class << self
-      def try_coerce_encoding(input, encoding:)
-        original_encoding = input.encoding
-        if input.encoding != encoding
-          input.force_encoding(encoding)
-          unless input.valid_encoding?
-            input.force_encoding(original_encoding)
-          end
-        end
-        input
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns the size of a string or array.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   The size of a string is the number of characters that the string includes. The size of an array is the number of items
-    #   in the array.
-    # @liquid_syntax variable | size
-    # @liquid_return [number]
+    # Return the size of an array or of an string
    def size(input)
      input.respond_to?(:size) ? input.size : 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Converts a string to all lowercase characters.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | downcase
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # convert an input string to DOWNCASE
    def downcase(input)
      input.to_s.downcase
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Converts a string to all uppercase characters.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | upcase
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # convert an input string to UPCASE
    def upcase(input)
      input.to_s.upcase
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Capitalizes the first word in a string and downcases the remaining characters.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | capitalize
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # capitalize words in the input centence
    def capitalize(input)
      input.to_s.capitalize
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Escapes special characters in HTML, such as `<>`, `'`, and `&`, and converts characters into escape sequences. The filter doesn't effect characters within the string that don’t have a corresponding escape sequence.".
-    # @liquid_syntax string | escape
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def escape(input)
-      CGI.escapeHTML(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escapeHTML(input.to_s).untaint unless input.nil?
    end
    alias_method :h, :escape

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Escapes a string without changing characters that have already been escaped.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | escape_once
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def escape_once(input)
      input.to_s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Converts any URL-unsafe characters in a string to the
-    #   [percent-encoded](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/percent-encoding) equivalent.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   > Note:
-    #   > Spaces are converted to a `+` character, instead of a percent-encoded character.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | url_encode
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def url_encode(input)
      CGI.escape(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Decodes any [percent-encoded](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/percent-encoding) characters
-    #   in a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | url_decode
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def url_decode(input)
      return if input.nil?

@@ -144,96 +62,18 @@ module Liquid
      result
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Encodes a string to [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
-    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_encode
-    # @liquid_return [string]
-    def base64_encode(input)
-      Base64.strict_encode64(input.to_s)
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Decodes a string in [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
-    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_decode
-    # @liquid_return [string]
-    def base64_decode(input)
-      input = input.to_s
-      StandardFilters.try_coerce_encoding(Base64.strict_decode64(input), encoding: input.encoding)
-    rescue ::ArgumentError
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid base64 provided to base64_decode"
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Encodes a string to URL-safe [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
-    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_url_safe_encode
-    # @liquid_return [string]
-    def base64_url_safe_encode(input)
-      Base64.urlsafe_encode64(input.to_s)
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Decodes a string in URL-safe [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
-    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_url_safe_decode
-    # @liquid_return [string]
-    def base64_url_safe_decode(input)
-      input = input.to_s
-      StandardFilters.try_coerce_encoding(Base64.urlsafe_decode64(input), encoding: input.encoding)
-    rescue ::ArgumentError
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid base64 provided to base64_url_safe_decode"
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns a substring or series of array items, starting at a given 0-based index.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   By default, the substring has a length of one character, and the array series has one array item. However, you can
-    #   provide a second parameter to specify the number of characters or array items.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | slice
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def slice(input, offset, length = nil)
      offset = Utils.to_integer(offset)
      length = length ? Utils.to_integer(length) : 1

-      begin
-        if input.is_a?(Array)
-          input.slice(offset, length) || []
-        else
-          input.to_s.slice(offset, length) || ''
-        end
-      rescue RangeError
-        if I64_RANGE.cover?(length) && I64_RANGE.cover?(offset)
-          raise # unexpected error
-        end
-        offset = offset.clamp(I64_RANGE)
-        length = length.clamp(I64_RANGE)
-        retry
+      if input.is_a?(Array)
+        input.slice(offset, length) || []
+      else
+        input.to_s.slice(offset, length) || ''
      end
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Truncates a string down to a given number of characters.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   If the specified number of characters is less than the length of the string, then an ellipsis (`...`) is appended to
-    #   the truncated string. The ellipsis is included in the character count of the truncated string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | truncate: number
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # Truncate a string down to x characters
    def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...")
      return if input.nil?
      input_str = input.to_s
@@ -247,90 +87,38 @@ module Liquid
      input_str.length > length ? input_str[0...l].concat(truncate_string_str) : input_str
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Truncates a string down to a given number of words.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   If the specified number of words is less than the number of words in the string, then an ellipsis (`...`) is appended to
-    #   the truncated string.
-    #
-    #   > Caution:
-    #   > HTML tags are treated as words, so you should strip any HTML from truncated content. If you don't strip HTML, then
-    #   > closing HTML tags can be removed, which can result in unexpected behavior.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | truncatewords: number
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...")
      return if input.nil?
-      input = input.to_s
-      words = Utils.to_integer(words)
-      words = 1 if words <= 0
+      wordlist = input.to_s.split
+      words    = Utils.to_integer(words)

-      wordlist = begin
-        input.split(" ", words + 1)
-      rescue RangeError
-        # integer too big for String#split, but we can semantically assume no truncation is needed
-        return input if words + 1 > MAX_I32
-        raise # unexpected error
-      end
-      return input if wordlist.length <= words
+      l = words - 1
+      l = 0 if l < 0

-      wordlist.pop
-      wordlist.join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s)
+      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s) : input
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Splits a string into an array of substrings based on a given separator.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | split: string
-    # @liquid_return [array[string]]
+    # Split input string into an array of substrings separated by given pattern.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #   <div class="summary">{{ post | split '//' | first }}</div>
+    #
    def split(input, pattern)
      input.to_s.split(pattern.to_s)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Strips all whitespace from the left and right of a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | strip
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def strip(input)
      input.to_s.strip
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Strips all whitespace from the left of a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | lstrip
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def lstrip(input)
      input.to_s.lstrip
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Strips all whitespace from the right of a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | rstrip
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def rstrip(input)
      input.to_s.rstrip
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Strips all HTML tags from a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | strip_html
-    # @liquid_return [string]
    def strip_html(input)
      empty  = ''
      result = input.to_s.gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
@@ -338,35 +126,18 @@ module Liquid
      result
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Strips all newline characters (line breaks) from a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | strip_newlines
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # Remove all newlines from the string
    def strip_newlines(input)
      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, '')
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Combines all of the items in an array into a single string, separated by a space.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | join
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # Join elements of the array with certain character between them
    def join(input, glue = ' ')
      InputIterator.new(input, context).join(glue)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Sorts the items in an array in case-sensitive alphabetical, or numerical, order.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | sort
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # Sort elements of the array
+    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
    def sort(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)

@@ -385,17 +156,8 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Sorts the items in an array in case-insensitive alphabetical order.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   > Caution:
-    #   > You shouldn't use the `sort_natural` filter to sort numerical values. When comparing items an array, each item is converted to a
-    #   > string, so sorting on numerical values can lead to unexpected results.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | sort_natural
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # Sort elements of an array ignoring case if strings
+    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
    def sort_natural(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)

@@ -414,48 +176,30 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Filters an array to include only items with a specific property value.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   This requires you to provide both the property name and the associated value.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | where: string, string
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # Filter the elements of an array to those with a certain property value.
+    # By default the target is any truthy value.
    def where(input, property, target_value = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)

      if ary.empty?
        []
-      elsif target_value.nil?
-        ary.select do |item|
-          item[property]
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && target_value.nil?
+        begin
+          ary.select { |item| item[property] }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
-          raise
        end
-      else
-        ary.select do |item|
-          item[property] == target_value
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
+        begin
+          ary.select { |item| item[property] == target_value }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
-          raise
        end
      end
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Removes any duplicate items in an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | uniq
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # Remove duplicate elements from an array
+    # provide optional property with which to determine uniqueness
    def uniq(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)

@@ -463,37 +207,22 @@ module Liquid
        ary.uniq
      elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
        []
-      else
-        ary.uniq do |item|
-          item[property]
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
+        begin
+          ary.uniq { |a| a[property] }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
-          raise
        end
      end
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Reverses the order of the items in an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | reverse
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # Reverse the elements of an array
    def reverse(input)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
      ary.reverse
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Creates an array of values from a specific property of the items in an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | map: string
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # map/collect on a given property
    def map(input, property)
      InputIterator.new(input, context).map do |e|
        e = e.call if e.is_a?(Proc)
@@ -509,13 +238,8 @@ module Liquid
      raise_property_error(property)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Removes any `nil` items from an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | compact
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
+    # Remove nils within an array
+    # provide optional property with which to check for nil
    def compact(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)

@@ -523,116 +247,40 @@ module Liquid
        ary.compact
      elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
        []
-      else
-        ary.reject do |item|
-          item[property].nil?
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
+        begin
+          ary.reject { |a| a[property].nil? }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
-        rescue NoMethodError
-          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
-          raise
        end
      end
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Replaces any instance of a substring inside a string with a given string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | replace: string, string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # Replace occurrences of a string with another
    def replace(input, string, replacement = '')
      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Replaces the first instance of a substring inside a string with a given string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | replace_first: string, string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # Replace the first occurrences of a string with another
    def replace_first(input, string, replacement = '')
      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Replaces the last instance of a substring inside a string with a given string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | replace_last: string, string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
-    def replace_last(input, string, replacement)
-      input = input.to_s
-      string = string.to_s
-      replacement = replacement.to_s
-
-      start_index = input.rindex(string)
-
-      return input unless start_index
-
-      output = input.dup
-      output[start_index, string.length] = replacement
-      output
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Removes any instance of a substring inside a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | remove: string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # remove a substring
    def remove(input, string)
-      replace(input, string, '')
+      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, '')
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Removes the first instance of a substring inside a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | remove_first: string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # remove the first occurrences of a substring
    def remove_first(input, string)
-      replace_first(input, string, '')
+      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, '')
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Removes the last instance of a substring inside a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | remove_last: string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
-    def remove_last(input, string)
-      replace_last(input, string, '')
-    end
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Adds a given string to the end of a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | append: string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # add one string to another
    def append(input, string)
      input.to_s + string.to_s
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Concatenates (combines) two arrays.
-    # @liquid_description
-    #   > Note:
-    #   > The `concat` filter won't filter out duplicates. If you want to remove duplicates, then you need to use the
-    #   > [`uniq` filter](/docs/api/liquid/filters/uniq).
-    # @liquid_syntax array | concat: array
-    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
    def concat(input, array)
      unless array.respond_to?(:to_ary)
        raise ArgumentError, "concat filter requires an array argument"
@@ -640,26 +288,14 @@ module Liquid
      InputIterator.new(input, context).concat(array)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Adds a given string to the beginning of a string.
-    # @liquid_syntax string | prepend: string
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # prepend a string to another
    def prepend(input, string)
      string.to_s + input.to_s
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category string
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Converts newlines (`\n`) in a string to HTML line breaks (`<br>`).
-    # @liquid_syntax string | newline_to_br
-    # @liquid_return [string]
+    # Add <br /> tags in front of all newlines in input string
    def newline_to_br(input)
-      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, "<br />\n")
+      input.to_s.gsub(/\n/, "<br />\n")
    end

    # Reformat a date using Ruby's core Time#strftime( string ) -> string
@@ -701,106 +337,58 @@ module Liquid
      date.strftime(format.to_s)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns the first item in an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | first
-    # @liquid_return [untyped]
+    # Get the first element of the passed in array
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #    {{ product.images | first | to_img }}
+    #
    def first(array)
      array.first if array.respond_to?(:first)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns the last item in an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | last
-    # @liquid_return [untyped]
+    # Get the last element of the passed in array
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #    {{ product.images | last | to_img }}
+    #
    def last(array)
      array.last if array.respond_to?(:last)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns the absolute value of a number.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | abs
-    # @liquid_return [number]
+    # absolute value
    def abs(input)
      result = Utils.to_number(input).abs
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Adds two numbers.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | plus: number
-    # @liquid_return [number]
+    # addition
    def plus(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :+)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Subtracts a given number from another number.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | minus: number
-    # @liquid_return [number]
+    # subtraction
    def minus(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :-)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Multiplies a number by a given number.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | times: number
-    # @liquid_return [number]
+    # multiplication
    def times(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :*)
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Divides a number by a given number. The `divided_by` filter produces a result of the same type as the divisor. This means if you divide by an integer, the result will be an integer, and if you divide by a float, the result will be a float.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | divided_by: number
-    # @liquid_return [number]
+    # division
    def divided_by(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :/)
    rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
      raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns the remainder of dividing a number by a given number.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | modulo: number
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def modulo(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :%)
    rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
      raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Rounds a number to the nearest integer.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | round
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def round(input, n = 0)
      result = Utils.to_number(input).round(Utils.to_number(n))
      result = result.to_f if result.is_a?(BigDecimal)
@@ -810,39 +398,18 @@ module Liquid
      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | ceil
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def ceil(input)
      Utils.to_number(input).ceil.to_i
    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | floor
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def floor(input)
      Utils.to_number(input).floor.to_i
    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Limits a number to a minimum value.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | at_least
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def at_least(input, n)
      min_value = Utils.to_number(n)

@@ -851,13 +418,6 @@ module Liquid
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category math
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Limits a number to a maximum value.
-    # @liquid_syntax number | at_most
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def at_most(input, n)
      max_value = Utils.to_number(n)

@@ -866,54 +426,22 @@ module Liquid
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category default
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Sets a default value for any variable whose value is one of the following:
+    # Set a default value when the input is nil, false or empty
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #    {{ product.title | default: "No Title" }}
+    #
+    # Use `allow_false` when an input should only be tested against nil or empty and not false.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #    {{ product.title | default: "No Title", allow_false: true }}
    #
-    #   - [`empty`](/docs/api/liquid/basics#empty)
-    #   - [`false`](/docs/api/liquid/basics#truthy-and-falsy)
-    #   - [`nil`](/docs/api/liquid/basics#nil)
-    # @liquid_syntax variable | default: variable
-    # @liquid_return [untyped]
-    # @liquid_optional_param allow_false: [boolean] Whether to use false values instead of the default.
    def default(input, default_value = '', options = {})
      options = {} unless options.is_a?(Hash)
-      false_check = options['allow_false'] ? input.nil? : !Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(input)
+      false_check = options['allow_false'] ? input.nil? : !input
      false_check || (input.respond_to?(:empty?) && input.empty?) ? default_value : input
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_type filter
-    # @liquid_category array
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns the sum of all elements in an array.
-    # @liquid_syntax array | sum
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    def sum(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
-      return 0 if ary.empty?
-
-      values_for_sum = ary.map do |item|
-        if property.nil?
-          item
-        elsif item.respond_to?(:[])
-          item[property]
-        else
-          0
-        end
-      rescue TypeError
-        raise_property_error(property)
-      end
-
-      result = InputIterator.new(values_for_sum, context).sum do |item|
-        Utils.to_number(item)
-      end
-
-      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
-    end
-
    private

    attr_reader :context
@@ -928,24 +456,16 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def nil_safe_compare(a, b)
-      result = a <=> b
-
-      if result
-        result
-      elsif a.nil?
-        1
-      elsif b.nil?
-        -1
+      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
+        a <=> b
      else
-        raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "cannot sort values of incompatible types"
+        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
      end
    end

    def nil_safe_casecmp(a, b)
      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
        a.to_s.casecmp(b.to_s)
-      elsif a.nil? && b.nil?
-        0
      else
        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
      end
@@ -994,11 +514,12 @@ module Liquid

      def each
        @input.each do |e|
-          e = e.respond_to?(:to_liquid) ? e.to_liquid : e
          e.context = @context if e.respond_to?(:context=)
-          yield(e)
+          yield(e.respond_to?(:to_liquid) ? e.to_liquid : e)
        end
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_filter(StandardFilters)
 end
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class StaticRegisters
+    attr_reader :static, :registers
+
+    def initialize(registers = {})
+      @static    = registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? registers.static : registers
+      @registers = {}
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @registers[key] = value
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      if @registers.key?(key)
+        @registers[key]
+      else
+        @static[key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def delete(key)
+      @registers.delete(key)
+    end
+
+    def fetch(key, default = nil)
+      key?(key) ? self[key] : default
+    end
+
+    def key?(key)
+      @registers.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
+    end
+  end
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'set'
+
+module Liquid
+  # Strainer is the parent class for the filters system.
+  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
+  #
+  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via Strainer.global_filter,
+  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
+  class Strainer #:nodoc:
+    @@global_strainer = Class.new(Strainer) do
+      @filter_methods = Set.new
+    end
+    @@strainer_class_cache = Hash.new do |hash, filters|
+      hash[filters] = Class.new(@@global_strainer) do
+        @filter_methods = @@global_strainer.filter_methods.dup
+        filters.each { |f| add_filter(f) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(context)
+      @context = context
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      attr_reader :filter_methods
+    end
+
+    def self.add_filter(filter)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{filter.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
+      unless include?(filter)
+        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
+        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
+          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
+        else
+          send(:include, filter)
+          @filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.global_filter(filter)
+      @@strainer_class_cache.clear
+      @@global_strainer.add_filter(filter)
+    end
+
+    def self.invokable?(method)
+      @filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
+    end
+
+    def self.create(context, filters = [])
+      @@strainer_class_cache[filters].new(context)
+    end
+
+    def invoke(method, *args)
+      if self.class.invokable?(method)
+        send(method, *args)
+      elsif @context&.strict_filters
+        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
+      else
+        args.first
+      end
+    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+end
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'set'
-
-module Liquid
-  # StrainerTemplate is the computed class for the filters system.
-  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
-  #
-  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via StrainerFactory.add_global_filter,
-  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
-  class StrainerTemplate
-    def initialize(context)
-      @context = context
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      def add_filter(filter)
-        return if include?(filter)
-
-        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
-        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
-          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
-        end
-
-        include(filter)
-
-        filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
-      end
-
-      def invokable?(method)
-        filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
-      end
-
-      def inherited(subclass)
-        super
-        subclass.instance_variable_set(:@filter_methods, @filter_methods.dup)
-      end
-
-      def filter_method_names
-        filter_methods.map(&:to_s).to_a
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def filter_methods
-        @filter_methods ||= Set.new
-      end
-    end
-
-    def invoke(method, *args)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method)
-        send(method, *args)
-      elsif @context.strict_filters
-        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
-      else
-        args.first
-      end
-    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type object
-  # @liquid_name tablerowloop
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Information about a parent [`tablerow` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/tablerow).
  class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(length, cols)
      @length = length
@@ -15,92 +10,40 @@ module Liquid
      @index  = 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :length
+    attr_reader :length, :col, :row

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current column.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :col
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of current row.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
-    attr_reader :row
-
-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index
      @index + 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def index0
      @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current column.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def col0
      @col - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex
      @length - @index
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
-    # @liquid_return [number]
    def rindex0
      @length - @index - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def first
      @index == 0
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def last
      @index == @length - 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the first in the row. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def col_first
      @col == 1
    end

-    # @liquid_public_docs
-    # @liquid_summary
-    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the last in the row. Returns `false` if not.
-    # @liquid_return [boolean]
    def col_last
      @col == @cols
    end
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

-require 'liquid/tag/disabler'
-require 'liquid/tag/disableable'
-
 module Liquid
  class Tag
    attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
@@ -16,18 +13,14 @@ module Liquid
        tag
      end

-      def disable_tags(*tag_names)
-        tag_names += disabled_tags
-        define_singleton_method(:disabled_tags) { tag_names }
-        prepend(Disabler)
+      def disable_tags(*tags)
+        disabled_tags.push(*tags)
      end

      private :new

-      protected
-
      def disabled_tags
-        []
+        @disabled_tags ||= []
      end
    end

@@ -53,12 +46,19 @@ module Liquid
      ''
    end

+    def disabled?(context)
+      context.registers[:disabled_tags].disabled?(tag_name)
+    end
+
+    def disabled_error_message
+      "#{tag_name} #{options[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
+    end
+
    # For backwards compatibility with custom tags. In a future release, the semantics
    # of the `render_to_output_buffer` method will become the default and the `render`
    # method will be removed.
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      render_result = render(context)
-      output << render_result if render_result
+      output << render(context)
      output
    end

@@ -66,10 +66,8 @@ module Liquid
      false
    end

-    private
-
-    def parse_expression(markup)
-      parse_context.parse_expression(markup)
+    def disabled_tags
+      self.class.disabled_tags
    end
  end
 end
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tag
-    module Disableable
-      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        if context.tag_disabled?(tag_name)
-          output << disabled_error(context)
-          return
-        end
-        super
-      end
-
-      def disabled_error(context)
-        # raise then rescue the exception so that the Context#exception_renderer can re-raise it
-        raise DisabledError, "#{tag_name} #{parse_context[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
-      rescue DisabledError => exc
-        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tag
-    module Disabler
-      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        context.with_disabled_tags(self.class.disabled_tags) do
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative "tags/table_row"
-require_relative "tags/echo"
-require_relative "tags/if"
-require_relative "tags/break"
-require_relative "tags/inline_comment"
-require_relative "tags/for"
-require_relative "tags/assign"
-require_relative "tags/ifchanged"
-require_relative "tags/case"
-require_relative "tags/include"
-require_relative "tags/continue"
-require_relative "tags/capture"
-require_relative "tags/decrement"
-require_relative "tags/unless"
-require_relative "tags/increment"
-require_relative "tags/comment"
-require_relative "tags/raw"
-require_relative "tags/render"
-require_relative "tags/cycle"
-
-module Liquid
-  module Tags
-    STANDARD_TAGS = {
-      'cycle' => Cycle,
-      'render' => Render,
-      'raw' => Raw,
-      'comment' => Comment,
-      'increment' => Increment,
-      'unless' => Unless,
-      'decrement' => Decrement,
-      'capture' => Capture,
-      'continue' => Continue,
-      'include' => Include,
-      'case' => Case,
-      'ifchanged' => Ifchanged,
-      'assign' => Assign,
-      'for' => For,
-      '#' => InlineComment,
-      'break' => Break,
-      'if' => If,
-      'echo' => Echo,
-      'tablerow' => TableRow,
-    }.freeze
-  end
-end
@@ -1,42 +1,37 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name assign
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   You can create variables of any [basic type](/docs/api/liquid/basics#types), [object](/docs/api/liquid/objects), or object property.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% assign variable_name = value %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being created.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
+  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
+  #
+  #   {% assign foo = 'monkey' %}
+  #
+  # You can then use the variable later in the page.
+  #
+  #  {{ foo }}
+  #
  class Assign < Tag
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om

-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
-      raise Liquid::SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t('errors.syntax.assign')
+    def self.syntax_error_translation_key
+      "errors.syntax.assign"
    end

    attr_reader :to, :from

-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
        @to   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), parse_context)
+        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), options)
      else
-        self.class.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t(self.class.syntax_error_translation_key)
      end
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      val = @from.render(context)
      context.scopes.last[@to] = val
-      context.resource_limits.increment_assign_score(assign_score_of(val))
+      context.resource_limits.assign_score += assign_score_of(val)
      output
    end

@@ -49,18 +44,11 @@ module Liquid
    def assign_score_of(val)
      if val.instance_of?(String)
        val.bytesize
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Array)
+      elsif val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash)
        sum = 1
        # Uses #each to avoid extra allocations.
        val.each { |child| sum += assign_score_of(child) }
        sum
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Hash)
-        sum = 1
-        val.each do |key, entry_value|
-          sum += assign_score_of(key)
-          sum += assign_score_of(entry_value)
-        end
-        sum
      else
        1
      end
@@ -72,4 +60,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('assign', Assign)
 end
@@ -10,20 +10,11 @@ module Liquid
  #      {% endif %}
  #    {% endfor %}
  #
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name break
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Stops a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) from iterating.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% break %}
  class Break < Tag
-    INTERRUPT = BreakInterrupt.new.freeze
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
-      output
+    def interrupt
+      BreakInterrupt.new
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('break', Break)
 end
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name capture
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable with a string value.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   You can create complex strings with Liquid logic and variables.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% capture variable %}
-  #     value
+  # Capture stores the result of a block into a variable without rendering it inplace.
+  #
+  #   {% capture heading %}
+  #     Monkeys!
  #   {% endcapture %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable being created.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
+  #   ...
+  #   <h1>{{ heading }}</h1>
+  #
+  # Capture is useful for saving content for use later in your template, such as
+  # in a sidebar or footer.
+  #
  class Capture < Block
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)/o

@@ -28,10 +25,10 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.resource_limits.with_capture do
-        capture_output = render(context)
-        context.scopes.last[@to] = capture_output
-      end
+      previous_output_size = output.bytesize
+      super
+      context.scopes.last[@to] = output
+      context.resource_limits.assign_score += (output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
      output
    end

@@ -39,4 +36,6 @@ module Liquid
      true
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('capture', Capture)
 end
@@ -1,27 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category conditional
-  # @liquid_name case
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders a specific expression depending on the value of a specific variable.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% case variable %}
-  #     {% when first_value %}
-  #       first_expression
-  #     {% when second_value %}
-  #       second_expression
-  #     {% else %}
-  #       third_expression
-  #   {% endcase %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable you want to base your case statement on.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_value A specific value to check for.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_value A specific value to check for.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `first_value`.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `second_value`.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword third_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value has no match.
  class Case < Block
    Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
    WhenSyntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})(?:(?:\s+or\s+|\s*\,\s*)(#{QuotedFragment}.*))?/om
@@ -33,23 +12,15 @@ module Liquid
      @blocks = []

      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @left = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @left = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      else
        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
      end
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      body = case_body = new_body
+      body = BlockBody.new
      body = @blocks.last.attachment while parse_body(body, tokens)
-      @blocks.reverse_each do |condition|
-        body = condition.attachment
-        unless body.frozen?
-          body.remove_blank_strings if blank?
-          body.freeze
-        end
-      end
-      case_body.freeze
    end

    def nodelist
@@ -73,14 +44,7 @@ module Liquid
      @blocks.each do |block|
        if block.else?
          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
-          next
-        end
-
-        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          block.evaluate(context),
-        )
-
-        if result
+        elsif block.evaluate(context)
          execute_else_block = false
          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
@@ -92,7 +56,7 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def record_when_condition(markup)
-      body = new_body
+      body = BlockBody.new

      while markup
        unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
@@ -101,7 +65,7 @@ module Liquid

        markup = Regexp.last_match(2)

-        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, Regexp.last_match(1)))
+        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)))
        block.attach(body)
        @blocks << block
      end
@@ -113,7 +77,7 @@ module Liquid
      end

      block = ElseCondition.new
-      block.attach(new_body)
+      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
      @blocks << block
    end

@@ -123,4 +87,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('case', Case)
 end
@@ -1,19 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name comment
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Prevents an expression from being rendered or output.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Any text inside `comment` tags won't be output, and any Liquid code will be parsed, but not executed.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% comment %}
-  #     content
-  #   {% endcomment %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword content The content of the comment.
  class Comment < Block
    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
      output
@@ -25,64 +12,7 @@ module Liquid
    def blank?
      true
    end
-
-    private
-
-    def parse_body(body, tokenizer)
-      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
-        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
-      end
-
-      parse_context.depth += 1
-      comment_tag_depth = 1
-
-      begin
-        # Consume tokens without creating child nodes.
-        # The children tag doesn't require to be a valid Liquid except the comment and raw tag.
-        # The child comment and raw tag must be closed.
-        while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
-          tag_name = if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
-            next if token.empty? || token.match?(BlockBody::WhitespaceOrNothing)
-
-            tag_name_match = BlockBody::LiquidTagToken.match(token)
-
-            next if tag_name_match.nil?
-
-            tag_name_match[1]
-          else
-            token =~ BlockBody::FullToken
-            Regexp.last_match(2)
-          end
-
-          case tag_name
-          when "raw"
-            parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
-          when "comment"
-            comment_tag_depth += 1
-          when "endcomment"
-            comment_tag_depth -= 1
-          end
-
-          if comment_tag_depth.zero?
-            parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl) unless tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
-            return false
-          end
-        end
-
-        raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
-      ensure
-        parse_context.depth -= 1
-      end
-
-      false
-    end
-
-    def parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
-      while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
-        return if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && "endraw" == Regexp.last_match(2)
-      end
-
-      raise_tag_never_closed("raw")
-    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('comment', Comment)
 end
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name continue
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Causes a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) to skip to the next iteration.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% continue %}
+  # Continue tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
+  #
+  # == Basic Usage:
+  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  #      {% if item.condition %}
+  #        {% continue %}
+  #      {% endif %}
+  #    {% endfor %}
+  #
  class Continue < Tag
-    INTERRUPT = ContinueInterrupt.new.freeze
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
-      output
+    def interrupt
+      ContinueInterrupt.new
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('continue', Continue)
 end
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name cycle
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Loops through a group of strings and outputs them one at a time for each iteration of a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   The `cycle` tag must be used inside a `for` loop.
+  # Cycle is usually used within a loop to alternate between values, like colors or DOM classes.
+  #
+  #   {% for item in items %}
+  #     <div class="{% cycle 'red', 'green', 'blue' %}"> {{ item }} </div>
+  #   {% end %}
+  #
+  #    <div class="red"> Item one </div>
+  #    <div class="green"> Item two </div>
+  #    <div class="blue"> Item three </div>
+  #    <div class="red"> Item four </div>
+  #    <div class="green"> Item five</div>
  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Use the `cycle` tag to output text in a predictable pattern. For example, to apply odd/even classes to rows in a table.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% cycle string, string, ... %}
  class Cycle < Tag
    SimpleSyntax = /\A#{QuotedFragment}+/o
    NamedSyntax  = /\A(#{QuotedFragment})\s*\:\s*(.*)/om
@@ -25,21 +24,15 @@ module Liquid
      case markup
      when NamedSyntax
        @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @name      = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
-        @is_named = true
+        @name      = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      when SimpleSyntax
        @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
        @name      = @variables.to_s
-        @is_named = !@name.match?(/\w+:0x\h{8}/)
      else
        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
      end
    end

-    def named?
-      @is_named
-    end
-
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}

@@ -68,7 +61,7 @@ module Liquid
    def variables_from_string(markup)
      markup.split(',').collect do |var|
        var =~ /\s*(#{QuotedFragment})\s*/o
-        Regexp.last_match(1) ? parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
+        Regexp.last_match(1) ? Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
      end.compact
    end

@@ -78,4 +71,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('cycle', Cycle)
 end
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name decrement
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of -1, that's decreased by 1 with each subsequent call.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Variables that are declared with `decrement` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
-  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
-  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture#snippets) included in the file.
+  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
+  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
+  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
+  #     NOTE: decrement is a pre-decrement, --i,
+  #           while increment is post:      i++.
  #
-  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `decrement` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
-  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `decrement` and [`increment`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/increment) share
-  #   variables.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% decrement variable_name %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being decremented.
-  class Decrement < Tag
-    attr_reader :variable_name
+  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
+  #
+  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.

+  #   Hello: {% decrement variable %}
+  #
+  # gives you:
+  #
+  #    Hello: -1
+  #    Hello: -2
+  #    Hello: -3
+  #
+  class Decrement < Tag
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      @variable_name = markup.strip
+      @variable = markup.strip
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      counter_environment = context.environments.first
-      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
+      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
      value -= 1
-      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value
+      context.environments.first[@variable] = value
      output << value.to_s
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('decrement', Decrement)
 end
@@ -1,26 +1,17 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name echo
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Outputs an expression.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Using the `echo` tag is the same as wrapping an expression in curly brackets (`{{` and `}}`). However, unlike the curly
-  #   bracket method, you can use the `echo` tag inside [`liquid` tags](/docs/api/liquid/tags/liquid).
+  # Echo outputs an expression
+  #
+  #   {% echo monkey %}
+  #   {% echo user.name %}
+  #
+  # This is identical to variable output syntax, like {{ foo }}, but works
+  # inside {% liquid %} tags. The full syntax is supported, including filters:
+  #
+  #   {% echo user | link %}
  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > You can use [filters](/docs/api/liquid/filters) on expressions inside `echo` tags.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% liquid
-  #     echo expression
-  #   %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output.
  class Echo < Tag
-    attr_reader :variable
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      super
      @variable = Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
@@ -29,11 +20,7 @@ module Liquid
    def render(context)
      @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.variable]
-      end
-    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('echo', Echo)
 end
@@ -1,29 +1,50 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name for
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders an expression for every item in an array.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   You can do a maximum of 50 iterations with a `for` loop. If you need to iterate over more than 50 items, then use the
-  #   [`paginate` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/paginate) to split the items over multiple pages.
+  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
+  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
+  #
+  # == Basic usage:
+  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  #      {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
+  #    {% endfor %}
+  #
+  # == Advanced usage:
+  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  #      <div {% if forloop.first %}class="first"{% endif %}>
+  #        Item {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
+  #      </div>
+  #    {% else %}
+  #      There is nothing in the collection.
+  #    {% endfor %}
+  #
+  # You can also define a limit and offset much like SQL.  Remember
+  # that offset starts at 0 for the first item.
+  #
+  #    {% for item in collection limit:5 offset:10 %}
+  #      {{ item.name }}
+  #    {% end %}
+  #
+  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %} (note that the flag's spelling is different to the filter `reverse`)
+  #
+  # == Available variables:
+  #
+  # forloop.name:: 'item-collection'
+  # forloop.length:: Length of the loop
+  # forloop.index:: The current item's position in the collection;
+  #                 forloop.index starts at 1.
+  #                 This is helpful for non-programmers who start believe
+  #                 the first item in an array is 1, not 0.
+  # forloop.index0:: The current item's position in the collection
+  #                  where the first item is 0
+  # forloop.rindex:: Number of items remaining in the loop
+  #                  (length - index) where 1 is the last item.
+  # forloop.rindex0:: Number of items remaining in the loop
+  #                   where 0 is the last item.
+  # forloop.first:: Returns true if the item is the first item.
+  # forloop.last:: Returns true if the item is the last item.
+  # forloop.parentloop:: Provides access to the parent loop, if present.
  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Every `for` loop has an associated [`forloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/forloop) with information about the loop.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% for variable in array %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endfor %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render for each iteration.
-  # @liquid_optional_param limit [number] The number of iterations to perform.
-  # @liquid_optional_param offset [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
-  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
-  # @liquid_optional_param reversed [untyped] Iterate in reverse order.
  class For < Block
    Syntax = /\A(#{VariableSegment}+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)\s*(reversed)?/o

@@ -33,20 +54,13 @@ module Liquid
      super
      @from = @limit = nil
      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      @for_block = new_body
+      @for_block = BlockBody.new
      @else_block = nil
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      if parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
-        parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
-      end
-      if blank?
-        @else_block&.remove_blank_strings
-        @for_block.remove_blank_strings
-      end
-      @else_block&.freeze
-      @for_block.freeze
+      return unless parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
+      parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
    end

    def nodelist
@@ -55,7 +69,7 @@ module Liquid

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
      return super unless tag == 'else'
-      @else_block = new_body
+      @else_block = BlockBody.new
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
@@ -78,7 +92,7 @@ module Liquid
        collection_name  = Regexp.last_match(2)
        @reversed        = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
        @name            = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-        @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
+        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          set_attribute(key, value)
        end
@@ -93,17 +107,16 @@ module Liquid
      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in") unless p.id?('in')

      collection_name  = p.expression
-      @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
+      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)

      @name     = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
      @reversed = p.id?('reversed')

-      while p.look(:comma) || p.look(:id)
-        p.consume?(:comma)
+      while p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
        unless (attribute = p.id?('limit') || p.id?('offset'))
          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute")
        end
-        p.consume(:colon)
+        p.consume
        set_attribute(attribute, p.expression)
      end
      p.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -180,10 +193,10 @@ module Liquid
        @from = if expr == 'continue'
          :continue
        else
-          parse_expression(expr)
+          Expression.parse(expr)
        end
      when 'limit'
-        @limit = parse_expression(expr)
+        @limit = Expression.parse(expr)
      end
    end

@@ -201,4 +214,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('for', For)
 end
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category conditional
-  # @liquid_name if
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders an expression if a specific condition is `true`.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% if condition %}
-  #     expression
+  # If is the conditional block
+  #
+  #   {% if user.admin %}
+  #     Admin user!
+  #   {% else %}
+  #     Not admin user
  #   {% endif %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render if the condition is met.
+  #
+  #    There are {% if count < 5 %} less {% else %} more {% endif %} items than you need.
+  #
  class If < Block
    Syntax                  = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
    ExpressionsAndOperators = /(?:\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b|(?:\s*(?!\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b)(?:#{QuotedFragment}|\S+)\s*)+)/o
@@ -33,17 +31,10 @@ module Liquid
    def parse(tokens)
      while parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
      end
-      @blocks.reverse_each do |block|
-        block.attachment.remove_blank_strings if blank?
-        block.attachment.freeze
-      end
    end

-    ELSE_TAG_NAMES = ['elsif', 'else'].freeze
-    private_constant :ELSE_TAG_NAMES
-
    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      if ELSE_TAG_NAMES.include?(tag)
+      if ['elsif', 'else'].include?(tag)
        push_block(tag, markup)
      else
        super
@@ -52,11 +43,7 @@ module Liquid

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      @blocks.each do |block|
-        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          block.evaluate(context),
-        )
-
-        if result
+        if block.evaluate(context)
          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
      end
@@ -74,25 +61,21 @@ module Liquid
      end

      @blocks.push(block)
-      block.attach(new_body)
-    end
-
-    def parse_expression(markup)
-      Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, markup)
+      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
    end

    def lax_parse(markup)
      expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax

-      condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))

      until expressions.empty?
        operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip

        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax

-        new_condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
        new_condition.send(operator, condition)
        condition = new_condition
@@ -111,7 +94,7 @@ module Liquid
    def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
      condition = parse_comparison(p)
      first_condition = condition
-      while (op = p.id?('and') || p.id?('or'))
+      while (op = (p.id?('and') || p.id?('or')))
        child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
        condition.send(op, child_condition)
        condition = child_condition
@@ -120,9 +103,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse_comparison(p)
-      a = parse_expression(p.expression)
+      a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
      if (op = p.consume?(:comparison))
-        b = parse_expression(p.expression)
+        b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
        Condition.new(a, op, b)
      else
        Condition.new(a)
@@ -135,4 +118,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('if', If)
 end
@@ -14,4 +14,6 @@ module Liquid
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('ifchanged', Ifchanged)
 end
@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category theme
-  # @liquid_name include
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture#snippets).
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Inside the snippet, you can access and alter variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside of the
-  #   snippet.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% include 'filename' %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
-  # @liquid_deprecated
-  #   Deprecated because the way that variables are handled reduces performance and makes code harder to both read and maintain.
+  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
+  #
+  # Simply include another template:
+  #
+  #   {% include 'product' %}
+  #
+  # Include a template with a local variable:
+  #
+  #   {% include 'product' with products[0] %}
+  #
+  # Include a template for a collection:
+  #
+  #   {% include 'product' for products %}
  #
-  #   The `include` tag has been replaced by [`render`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render).
  class Include < Tag
-    prepend Tag::Disableable
-
    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
    Syntax = SYNTAX

@@ -34,12 +30,12 @@ module Liquid
        variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)

        @alias_name         = Regexp.last_match(5)
-        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
-        @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
+        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
+        @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
        @attributes         = {}

        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
+          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
        end

      else
@@ -52,12 +48,12 @@ module Liquid

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name.is_a?(String)
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name

      partial = PartialCache.load(
        template_name,
        context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context,
+        parse_context: parse_context
      )

      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
@@ -70,11 +66,9 @@ module Liquid

      old_template_name = context.template_name
      old_partial       = context.partial
-
      begin
-        context.template_name = partial.name
-        context.partial = true
-
+        context.template_name = template_name
+        context.partial       = true
        context.stack do
          @attributes.each do |key, value|
            context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
@@ -110,4 +104,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('include', Include)
 end
@@ -1,38 +1,35 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category variable
-  # @liquid_name increment
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of 0, that's increased by 1 with each subsequent call.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Variables that are declared with `increment` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
-  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
-  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture#snippets) included in the file.
+  # increment is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
+  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
+  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
+  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
+  #
+  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.
+  #
+  #   Hello: {% increment variable %}
+  #
+  # gives you:
+  #
+  #    Hello: 0
+  #    Hello: 1
+  #    Hello: 2
  #
-  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `increment` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
-  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `increment` and [`decrement`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/decrement) share
-  #   variables.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% increment variable_name %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being incremented.
  class Increment < Tag
-    attr_reader :variable_name
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      @variable_name = markup.strip
+      @variable = markup.strip
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      counter_environment = context.environments.first
-      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
-      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value + 1
+      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
+      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1

      output << value.to_s
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('increment', Increment)
 end
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class InlineComment < Tag
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
-      super
-
-      # Semantically, a comment should only ignore everything after it on the line.
-      # Currently, this implementation doesn't support mixing a comment with another tag
-      # but we need to reserve future support for this and prevent the introduction
-      # of inline comments from being backward incompatible change.
-      #
-      # As such, we're forcing users to put a # symbol on every line otherwise this
-      # tag will throw an error.
-      if markup.match?(/\n\s*[^#\s]/)
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.inline_comment_invalid")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      output
-    end
-
-    def blank?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -1,19 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category syntax
-  # @liquid_name raw
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Outputs any Liquid code as text instead of rendering it.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% raw %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endraw %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output without being rendered.
  class Raw < Block
    Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
+    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      super
@@ -24,15 +14,14 @@ module Liquid
    def parse(tokens)
      @body = +''
      while (token = tokens.shift)
-        if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
-          parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
+        if token =~ FullTokenPossiblyInvalid
          @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
-          return
+          return if block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
        end
        @body << token unless token.empty?
      end

-      raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
@@ -56,4 +45,6 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('raw', Raw)
 end
@@ -1,37 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category theme
-  # @liquid_name render
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture#snippets) or [app block](/themes/architecture/sections/section-schema#render-app-blocks).
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   Inside snippets and app blocks, you can't directly access variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside
-  #   of the snippet or app block. However, you can [specify variables as parameters](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render#render-passing-variables-to-a-snippet)
-  #   to pass outside variables to snippets.
-  #
-  #   While you can't directly access created variables, you can access global objects, as well as any objects that are
-  #   directly accessible outside the snippet or app block. For example, a snippet or app block inside the [product template](/themes/architecture/templates/product)
-  #   can access the [`product` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/product), and a snippet or app block inside a [section](/themes/architecture/sections)
-  #   can access the [`section` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/section).
-  #
-  #   Outside a snippet or app block, you can't access variables created inside the snippet or app block.
-  #
-  #   > Note:
-  #   > When you render a snippet using the `render` tag, you can't use the [`include` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/include)
-  #   > inside the snippet.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% render 'filename' %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
  class Render < Tag
    FOR = 'for'
    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString}+)(\s+(with|#{FOR})\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o

    disable_tags "include"

-    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes, :alias_name
+    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :attributes

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
@@ -43,40 +19,36 @@ module Liquid
      variable_name = Regexp.last_match(4)

      @alias_name = Regexp.last_match(6)
-      @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
-      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
-      @is_for_loop = (with_or_for == FOR)
+      @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
+      @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
+      @for = (with_or_for == FOR)

      @attributes = {}
      markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-        @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
+        @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
      end
    end

-    def for_loop?
-      @is_for_loop
-    end
-
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      render_tag(context, output)
    end

    def render_tag(context, output)
-      # The expression should be a String literal, which parses to a String object
-      template_name = @template_name_expr
-      raise ::ArgumentError unless template_name.is_a?(String)
+      # Though we evaluate this here we will only ever parse it as a string literal.
+      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name

      partial = PartialCache.load(
        template_name,
        context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context,
+        parse_context: parse_context
      )

      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last

      render_partial_func = ->(var, forloop) {
        inner_context               = context.new_isolated_subcontext
-        inner_context.template_name = partial.name
+        inner_context.template_name = template_name
        inner_context.partial       = true
        inner_context['forloop']    = forloop if forloop

@@ -89,7 +61,7 @@ module Liquid
      }

      variable = @variable_name_expr ? context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr) : nil
-      if @is_for_loop && variable.respond_to?(:each) && variable.respond_to?(:count)
+      if @for && variable.respond_to?(:each) && variable.respond_to?(:count)
        forloop = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(template_name, variable.count, nil)
        variable.each { |var| render_partial_func.call(var, forloop) }
      else
@@ -103,9 +75,10 @@ module Liquid
      def children
        [
          @node.template_name_expr,
-          @node.variable_name_expr,
        ] + @node.attributes.values
      end
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('render', Render)
 end
@@ -1,28 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # @liquid_name tablerow
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Generates HTML table rows for every item in an array.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   The `tablerow` tag must be wrapped in HTML `<table>` and `</table>` tags.
-  #
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Every `tablerow` loop has an associated [`tablerowloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/tablerowloop) with information about the loop.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% tablerow variable in array %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endtablerow %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render.
-  # @liquid_optional_param cols [number] The number of columns that the table should have.
-  # @liquid_optional_param limit [number] The number of iterations to perform.
-  # @liquid_optional_param offset [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
-  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
  class TableRow < Block
    Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o

@@ -32,10 +10,10 @@ module Liquid
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @collection_name = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(2))
+        @collection_name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(2))
        @attributes      = {}
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
+          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
        end
      else
        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row")
@@ -45,13 +23,13 @@ module Liquid
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      (collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)) || (return '')

-      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'])) : 0
-      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'])) : nil
+      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset']).to_i : 0
+      to   = @attributes.key?('limit')  ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit']).to_i : nil

      collection = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
      length     = collection.length

-      cols = @attributes.key?('cols') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'])) : length
+      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols']).to_i

      output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
      context.stack do
@@ -65,12 +43,6 @@ module Liquid
          super
          output << '</td>'

-          # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
-          if context.interrupt?
-            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
-            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
-          end
-
          if tablerowloop.col_last && !tablerowloop.last
            output << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
          end
@@ -88,13 +60,7 @@ module Liquid
        super + @node.attributes.values + [@node.collection_name]
      end
    end
-
-    private
-
-    def to_integer(value)
-      value.to_i
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid integer"
-    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('tablerow', TableRow)
 end
@@ -3,40 +3,21 @@
 require_relative 'if'

 module Liquid
-  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # @liquid_type tag
-  # @liquid_category conditional
-  # @liquid_name unless
-  # @liquid_summary
-  #   Renders an expression unless a specific condition is `true`.
-  # @liquid_description
-  #   > Tip:
-  #   > Similar to the [`if` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/if), you can use `elsif` to add more conditions to an `unless` tag.
-  # @liquid_syntax
-  #   {% unless condition %}
-  #     expression
-  #   {% endunless %}
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
-  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render unless the condition is met.
+  # Unless is a conditional just like 'if' but works on the inverse logic.
+  #
+  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% endunless %}
+  #
  class Unless < If
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
      first_block = @blocks.first
-      result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-        first_block.evaluate(context),
-      )
-
-      unless result
+      unless first_block.evaluate(context)
        return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      end

      # After the first condition unless works just like if
      @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
-        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          block.evaluate(context),
-        )
-
-        if result
+        if block.evaluate(context)
          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
      end
@@ -44,4 +25,6 @@ module Liquid
      output
    end
  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('unless', Unless)
 end
@@ -15,9 +15,47 @@ module Liquid
  #   template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
  #
  class Template
-    attr_accessor :root, :name
+    attr_accessor :root
    attr_reader :resource_limits, :warnings

+    @@file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
+
+    class TagRegistry
+      include Enumerable
+
+      def initialize
+        @tags  = {}
+        @cache = {}
+      end
+
+      def [](tag_name)
+        return nil unless @tags.key?(tag_name)
+        return @cache[tag_name] if Liquid.cache_classes
+
+        lookup_class(@tags[tag_name]).tap { |o| @cache[tag_name] = o }
+      end
+
+      def []=(tag_name, klass)
+        @tags[tag_name]  = klass.name
+        @cache[tag_name] = klass
+      end
+
+      def delete(tag_name)
+        @tags.delete(tag_name)
+        @cache.delete(tag_name)
+      end
+
+      def each(&block)
+        @tags.each(&block)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def lookup_class(name)
+        Object.const_get(name)
+      end
+    end
+
    attr_reader :profiler

    class << self
@@ -25,85 +63,84 @@ module Liquid
      # :lax acts like liquid 2.5 and silently ignores malformed tags in most cases.
      # :warn is the default and will give deprecation warnings when invalid syntax is used.
      # :strict will enforce correct syntax.
-      def error_mode=(mode)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.error_mode=", "Environment#error_mode=")
-        Environment.default.error_mode = mode
-      end
+      attr_writer :error_mode

-      def error_mode
-        Environment.default.error_mode
-      end
+      # Sets how strict the taint checker should be.
+      # :lax is the default, and ignores the taint flag completely
+      # :warn adds a warning, but does not interrupt the rendering
+      # :error raises an error when tainted output is used
+      attr_writer :taint_mode

-      def default_exception_renderer=(renderer)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_exception_renderer=", "Environment#exception_renderer=")
-        Environment.default.exception_renderer = renderer
-      end
-
-      def default_exception_renderer
-        Environment.default.exception_renderer
-      end
-
-      def file_system=(file_system)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.file_system=", "Environment#file_system=")
-        Environment.default.file_system = file_system
+      attr_accessor :default_exception_renderer
+      Template.default_exception_renderer = lambda do |exception|
+        exception
      end

      def file_system
-        Environment.default.file_system
+        @@file_system
      end

-      def tags
-        Environment.default.tags
+      def file_system=(obj)
+        @@file_system = obj
      end

      def register_tag(name, klass)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_tag", "Environment#register_tag")
-        Environment.default.register_tag(name, klass)
+        tags[name.to_s] = klass
+      end
+
+      def tags
+        @tags ||= TagRegistry.new
+      end
+
+      def add_register(name, klass)
+        registers[name.to_sym] = klass
+      end
+
+      def registers
+        @registers ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def error_mode
+        @error_mode ||= :lax
+      end
+
+      def taint_mode
+        @taint_mode ||= :lax
      end

      # Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
      # to all liquid views. Good for registering the standard library
      def register_filter(mod)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_filter", "Environment#register_filter")
-        Environment.default.register_filter(mod)
-      end
-
-      private def default_resource_limits=(limits)
-        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_resource_limits=", "Environment#default_resource_limits=")
-        Environment.default.default_resource_limits = limits
+        Strainer.global_filter(mod)
      end

      def default_resource_limits
-        Environment.default.default_resource_limits
+        @default_resource_limits ||= {}
      end

      # creates a new <tt>Template</tt> object from liquid source code
      # To enable profiling, pass in <tt>profile: true</tt> as an option.
      # See Liquid::Profiler for more information
      def parse(source, options = {})
-        environment = options[:environment] || Environment.default
-        new(environment: environment).parse(source, options)
+        template = Template.new
+        template.parse(source, options)
      end
    end

-    def initialize(environment: Environment.default)
-      @environment = environment
+    def initialize
      @rethrow_errors  = false
-      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
+      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(self.class.default_resource_limits)
    end

    # Parse source code.
    # Returns self for easy chaining
    def parse(source, options = {})
-      parse_context = configure_options(options)
-      source = source.to_s.to_str
-
-      unless source.valid_encoding?
-        raise TemplateEncodingError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_template_encoding")
-      end
-
-      tokenizer     = parse_context.new_tokenizer(source, start_line_number: @line_numbers && 1)
-      @root         = Document.parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
+      @options      = options
+      @profiling    = options[:profile]
+      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
+      parse_context = options.is_a?(ParseContext) ? options : ParseContext.new(options)
+      @root         = Document.parse(tokenize(source), parse_context)
+      @warnings     = parse_context.warnings
      self
    end

@@ -145,31 +182,32 @@ module Liquid
        c = args.shift

        if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
+          c.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
        end

        c
      when Liquid::Drop
        drop         = args.shift
-        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
+        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      when Hash
-        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
+        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      when nil
-        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
+        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      else
        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Hash or Liquid::Context as parameter"
      end

      output = nil

+      context_register = context.registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? context.registers.static : context.registers
+
      case args.last
      when Hash
        options = args.pop
        output  = options[:output] if options[:output]
-        static_registers = context.registers.static

        options[:registers]&.each do |key, register|
-          static_registers[key] = register
+          context_register[key] = register
        end

        apply_options_to_context(context, options)
@@ -177,18 +215,19 @@ module Liquid
        context.add_filters(args.pop)
      end

+      Template.registers.each do |key, register|
+        context_register[key] = register
+      end
+
      # Retrying a render resets resource usage
      context.resource_limits.reset

-      if @profiling && context.profiler.nil?
-        @profiler = context.profiler = Liquid::Profiler.new
-      end
-
-      context.template_name ||= name
-
      begin
        # render the nodelist.
-        @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
+        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
+        with_profiling(context) do
+          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
+        end
      rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
        context.handle_error(e)
      ensure
@@ -207,23 +246,25 @@ module Liquid

    private

-    def configure_options(options)
-      if (profiling = options[:profile])
+    def tokenize(source)
+      Tokenizer.new(source, @line_numbers)
+    end
+
+    def with_profiling(context)
+      if @profiling && !context.partial
        raise "Profiler not loaded, require 'liquid/profiler' first" unless defined?(Liquid::Profiler)
-      end

-      @options      = options
-      @profiling    = profiling
-      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
-      parse_context = if options.is_a?(ParseContext)
-        options
+        @profiler = Profiler.new(context.template_name)
+        @profiler.start
+
+        begin
+          yield
+        ensure
+          @profiler.stop
+        end
      else
-        opts = options.key?(:environment) ? options : options.merge(environment: @environment)
-        ParseContext.new(opts)
+        yield
      end
-
-      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
-      parse_context
    end

    def apply_options_to_context(context, options)
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class TemplateFactory
-    def for(_template_name)
-      Liquid::Template.new
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -5,18 +5,14 @@ module Liquid
    attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag

    def initialize(source, line_numbers = false, line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
-      @source         = source.to_s.to_str
+      @source         = source
      @line_number    = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
      @for_liquid_tag = for_liquid_tag
-      @offset         = 0
      @tokens         = tokenize
    end

    def shift
-      token = @tokens[@offset]
-      return nil unless token
-
-      @offset += 1
+      (token = @tokens.shift) || return

      if @line_number
        @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
@@ -28,16 +24,14 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def tokenize
-      return [] if @source.empty?
+      return [] if @source.to_s.empty?

      return @source.split("\n") if @for_liquid_tag

      tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)

      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
-      if tokens[0]&.empty?
-        @offset += 1
-      end
+      tokens.shift if tokens[0]&.empty?

      tokens
    end
@@ -81,13 +81,5 @@ module Liquid
    rescue ::ArgumentError
      nil
    end
-
-    def self.to_liquid_value(obj)
-      # Enable "obj" to represent itself as a primitive value like integer, string, or boolean
-      return obj.to_liquid_value if obj.respond_to?(:to_liquid_value)
-
-      # Otherwise return the object itself
-      obj
-    end
  end
 end
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module Liquid
      @parse_context = parse_context
      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number

-      strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
+      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
    end

    def raw
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module Liquid

      name_markup   = Regexp.last_match(1)
      filter_markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
-      @name         = parse_context.parse_expression(name_markup)
+      @name         = Expression.parse(name_markup)
      if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
        filters = Regexp.last_match(1).scan(FilterParser)
        filters.each do |f|
@@ -63,12 +63,10 @@ module Liquid
      @filters = []
      p = Parser.new(markup)

-      return if p.look(:end_of_string)
-
-      @name = parse_context.parse_expression(p.expression)
+      @name = Expression.parse(p.expression)
      while p.consume?(:pipe)
        filtername = p.consume(:id)
-        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
+        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : []
        @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
      end
      p.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -83,33 +81,27 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render(context)
-      obj = context.evaluate(@name)
-
-      @filters.each do |filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs|
+      obj = @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
        filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-        obj = context.invoke(filter_name, obj, *filter_args)
+        context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
      end

-      context.apply_global_filter(obj)
+      obj = context.apply_global_filter(obj)
+      taint_check(context, obj)
+      obj
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      obj = render(context)
-      render_obj_to_output(obj, output)
-      output
-    end

-    def render_obj_to_output(obj, output)
-      case obj
-      when NilClass
-        # Do nothing
-      when Array
-        obj.each do |o|
-          render_obj_to_output(o, output)
-        end
-      when
+      if obj.is_a?(Array)
+        output << obj.join
+      elsif obj.nil?
+      else
        output << obj.to_s
      end
+
+      output
    end

    def disabled?(_context)
@@ -128,9 +120,9 @@ module Liquid
      unparsed_args.each do |a|
        if (matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes))
          keyword_args           ||= {}
-          keyword_args[matches[1]] = parse_context.parse_expression(matches[2])
+          keyword_args[matches[1]] = Expression.parse(matches[2])
        else
-          filter_args << parse_context.parse_expression(a)
+          filter_args << Expression.parse(a)
        end
      end
      result = [filter_name, filter_args]
@@ -150,6 +142,25 @@ module Liquid
      parsed_args
    end

+    def taint_check(context, obj)
+      return unless obj.tainted?
+      return if Template.taint_mode == :lax
+
+      @markup =~ QuotedFragment
+      name = Regexp.last_match(0)
+
+      error               = TaintedError.new("variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped")
+      error.line_number   = line_number
+      error.template_name = context.template_name
+
+      case Template.taint_mode
+      when :warn
+        context.warnings << error
+      when :error
+        raise error
+      end
+    end
+
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [@node.name] + @node.filters.flatten
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@

 module Liquid
  class VariableLookup
-    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze
+    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
+    COMMAND_METHODS  = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze

    attr_reader :name, :lookups

@@ -14,8 +15,8 @@ module Liquid
      lookups = markup.scan(VariableParser)

      name = lookups.shift
-      if name&.start_with?('[') && name&.end_with?(']')
-        name = Expression.parse(name[1..-2])
+      if name =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
+        name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      end
      @name = name

@@ -24,18 +25,14 @@ module Liquid

      @lookups.each_index do |i|
        lookup = lookups[i]
-        if lookup&.start_with?('[') && lookup&.end_with?(']')
-          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(lookup[1..-2])
+        if lookup =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
+          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
        elsif COMMAND_METHODS.include?(lookup)
          @command_flags |= 1 << i
        end
      end
    end

-    def lookup_command?(lookup_index)
-      @command_flags & (1 << lookup_index) != 0
-    end
-
    def evaluate(context)
      name   = context.evaluate(@name)
      object = context.find_variable(name)
@@ -43,9 +40,6 @@ module Liquid
      @lookups.each_index do |i|
        key = context.evaluate(@lookups[i])

-        # Cast "key" to its liquid value to enable it to act as a primitive value
-        key = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(key)
-
        # If object is a hash- or array-like object we look for the
        # presence of the key and if its available we return it
        if object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
@@ -59,7 +53,7 @@ module Liquid
          # Some special cases. If the part wasn't in square brackets and
          # no key with the same name was found we interpret following calls
          # as commands and call them on the current object
-        elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.respond_to?(key)
+        elsif @command_flags & (1 << i) != 0 && object.respond_to?(key)
          object = object.send(key).to_liquid

          # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "5.6.1"
+  VERSION = "4.0.3"
 end
@@ -13,24 +13,20 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
  s.summary     = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
  s.authors     = ["Tobias Lütke"]
  s.email       = ["[email protected]"]
-  s.homepage    = "https://shopify.github.io/liquid/"
+  s.homepage    = "http://www.liquidmarkup.org"
  s.license     = "MIT"
  # s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."

-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 3.0.0"
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.4.0"
  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.3.7"

-  s.metadata['allowed_push_host'] = 'https://rubygems.org'
-
-  s.files = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
+  s.test_files  = Dir.glob("{test}/**/*")
+  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)

  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["History.md", "README.md"]

  s.require_path = "lib"

-  s.add_dependency("strscan")
-  s.add_dependency("bigdecimal")
-
-  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 13.0')
+  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 11.3')
  s.add_development_dependency('minitest')
 end
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'

-RubyVM::YJIT.enable if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
-Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
-
+Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new

 Benchmark.ips do |x|
@@ -3,19 +3,11 @@
 require 'yaml'

 module Database
-  DATABASE_FILE_PATH = "#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml"
-
  # Load the standard vision toolkit database and re-arrage it to be simply exportable
  # to liquid as assigns. All this is based on Shopify
  def self.tables
    @tables ||= begin
-      db =
-        if YAML.respond_to?(:unsafe_load_file) # Only Psych 4+ can use unsafe_load_file
-          # unsafe_load_file is needed for YAML references
-          YAML.unsafe_load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
-        else
-          YAML.load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
-        end
+      db = YAML.load_file("#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml")

      # From vision source
      db['products'].each do |product|
@@ -49,3 +41,8 @@ module Database
    end
  end
 end
+
+if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
+  p(Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys)
+  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
+end
@@ -11,12 +11,11 @@ require_relative 'shop_filter'
 require_relative 'tag_filter'
 require_relative 'weight_filter'

-default_environment = Liquid::Environment.default
-default_environment.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
-default_environment.register_tag('form', CommentForm)
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('form', CommentForm)

-default_environment.register_filter(JsonFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(WeightFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(ShopFilter)
-default_environment.register_filter(TagFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(JsonFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(WeightFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(ShopFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(TagFilter)
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block

      pagination['items']      = collection_size
      pagination['pages']      = page_count - 1
-      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  if 1 < current_page
-      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      if page_count > current_page + 1
+      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  unless 1 >= current_page
+      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      unless page_count <= current_page + 1
      pagination['parts']      = []

      hellip_break = false
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ShopFilter

    case style
    when 'original'
-      '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
+      return '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
    when 'grande', 'large', 'medium', 'compact', 'small', 'thumb', 'icon'
      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{Regexp.last_match(1)}_#{style}.#{Regexp.last_match(2)}"
    else
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+  <div id="page" class="innerpage clearfix">

    <div id="text-page">
      <div class="entry">
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # This profiler run simulates Shopify.
 # We are looking in the tests directory for liquid files and render them within the designated layout file.
 # We will also export a substantial database to liquid which the templates can render values of.
-# All this is to make the benchmark as non synthetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
+# All this is to make the benchmark as non syntetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
 # direct real-world usage and the profiler measures code that looks very similar to the way it looks in
 # Shopify which is likely the biggest user of liquid in the world which something to the tune of several
 # million Template#render calls a day.
@@ -73,14 +73,10 @@ class ThemeRunner

  private

-  def render_layout(template, layout, assigns)
-    assigns['content_for_layout'] = template.render!(assigns)
-    layout&.render!(assigns)
-  end
-
  def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    compiled_test = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    render_layout(compiled_test[:tmpl], compiled_test[:layout], compiled_test[:assigns])
+    compiled_test                 = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
+    assigns['content_for_layout'] = compiled_test[:tmpl].render!(assigns)
+    compiled_test[:layout].render!(assigns) if layout
  end

  def compile_all_tests
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "benchmark/ips"
-
-# benchmark liquid lexing
-
-require 'liquid'
-
-RubyVM::YJIT.enable
-
-EXPRESSIONS = [
-  "foo[1..2].baz",
-  "12.0",
-  "foo.bar.based",
-  "21 - 62",
-  "foo.bar.baz",
-  "foo > 12",
-  "foo < 12",
-  "foo <= 12",
-  "foo >= 12",
-  "foo <> 12",
-  "foo == 12",
-  "foo != 12",
-  "foo contains 12",
-  "foo contains 'bar'",
-  "foo != 'bar'",
-  "'foo' contains 'bar'",
-  '234089',
-  "foo | default: -1",
-]
-
-EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
-  lexer_1_result = Liquid::Lexer1.new(expr).tokenize
-  lexer_2_result = Liquid::Lexer2.new(expr).tokenize
-
-  next if lexer_1_result == lexer_2_result
-
-  warn "Lexer1 and Lexer2 results are different for expression: #{expr}"
-  warn "expected: #{lexer_1_result}"
-  warn "got: #{lexer_2_result}"
-  abort
-end
-
-Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.config(time: 10, warmup: 5)
-
-  x.report("Liquid::Lexer1#tokenize") do
-    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
-      l = Liquid::Lexer1.new(expr)
-      l.tokenize
-    end
-  end
-
-  x.report("Liquid::Lexer2#tokenize") do
-    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
-      l = Liquid::Lexer2.new(expr)
-      l.tokenize
-    end
-  end
-
-  x.compare!
-end
@@ -6,112 +6,45 @@ class AssignTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

  def test_assign_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-      {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' -%}
-      {{ this-thing -}}
+    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' %}
+    {{ this-thing }}
    END_TEMPLATE
-    assert_template_result("Print this-thing", template_source)
+    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
+    rendered        = template.render!
+    assert_equal("Print this-thing", rendered.strip)
  end

  def test_assigned_variable
-    assert_template_result(
-      '.foo.',
+    assert_template_result('.foo.',
      '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
-      { 'values' => %w(foo bar baz) },
-    )
+      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))

-    assert_template_result(
-      '.bar.',
+    assert_template_result('.bar.',
      '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      { 'values' => %w(foo bar baz) },
-    )
+      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
  end

  def test_assign_with_filter
-    assert_template_result(
-      '.bar.',
+    assert_template_result('.bar.',
      '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      { 'values' => "foo,bar,baz" },
-    )
+      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
  end

  def test_assign_syntax_error
-    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/, '{% assign foo not values %}.')
+    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/,
+      '{% assign foo not values %}.',
+      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
  end

  def test_assign_uses_error_mode
-    assert_match_syntax_error(
-      "Expected dotdot but found pipe in ",
-      "{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}",
-      error_mode: :strict,
-    )
-    assert_template_result("", "{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}", error_mode: :lax)
-  end
-
-  def test_expression_with_whitespace_in_square_brackets
-    source = "{% assign r = a[ 'b' ] %}{{ r }}"
-    assert_template_result('result', source, { 'a' => { 'b' => 'result' } })
-  end
-
-  def test_assign_score_exceeding_resource_limit
-    t = Template.parse("{% assign foo = 42 %}{% assign bar = 23 %}")
-    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 1
-    assert_equal("Liquid error: Memory limits exceeded", t.render)
-    assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
-
-    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 2
-    assert_equal("", t.render!)
-    refute_nil(t.resource_limits.assign_score)
-  end
-
-  def test_assign_score_exceeding_limit_from_composite_object
-    t = Template.parse("{% assign foo = 'aaaa' | reverse %}")
-
-    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 3
-    assert_equal("Liquid error: Memory limits exceeded", t.render)
-    assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
-
-    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 5
-    assert_equal("", t.render!)
-  end
-
-  def test_assign_score_of_int
-    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of(123))
-  end
-
-  def test_assign_score_of_string_counts_bytes
-    assert_equal(3, assign_score_of('123'))
-    assert_equal(5, assign_score_of('12345'))
-    assert_equal(9, assign_score_of('すごい'))
-  end
-
-  def test_assign_score_of_array
-    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of([]))
-    assert_equal(2, assign_score_of([123]))
-    assert_equal(6, assign_score_of([123, 'abcd']))
-  end
-
-  def test_assign_score_of_hash
-    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of({}))
-    assert_equal(5, assign_score_of('int' => 123))
-    assert_equal(12, assign_score_of('int' => 123, 'str' => 'abcd'))
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  class ObjectWrapperDrop < Liquid::Drop
-    def initialize(obj)
-      @obj = obj
+    with_error_mode(:strict) do
+      assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+        Template.parse("{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}")
+      end
    end
-
-    def value
-      @obj
+    with_error_mode(:lax) do
+      assert Template.parse("{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}")
    end
  end
-
-  def assign_score_of(obj)
-    context = Liquid::Context.new('drop' => ObjectWrapperDrop.new(obj))
-    Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign obj = drop.value %}').render!(context)
-    context.resource_limits.assign_score
-  end
-end
+end # AssignTest
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ class FoobarTag < Liquid::Tag
  end
 end

+class BlankTestFileSystem
+  def read_template_file(template_path)
+    template_path
+  end
+end
+
 class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  N = 10
@@ -27,7 +33,7 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_new_tags_are_not_blank_by_default
    with_custom_tag('foobar', FoobarTag) do
-      assert_equal(" " * N, Liquid::Template.parse(wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}")).render!)
+      assert_template_result(" " * N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
    end
  end

@@ -57,11 +63,9 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_nested_blocks_are_blank_but_only_if_all_children_are
    assert_template_result("", wrap(wrap(" ")))
-    assert_template_result(
-      "\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
+    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
      wrap('{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
-      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'),
-    )
+      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'))
  end

  def test_assigns_are_blank
@@ -91,21 +95,10 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_include_is_blank
-    assert_template_result(
-      "foobar" * (N + 1),
-      wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}"),
-      partials: { 'foobar' => 'foobar' },
-    )
-    assert_template_result(
-      " foobar " * (N + 1),
-      wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}"),
-      partials: { ' foobar ' => ' foobar ' },
-    )
-    assert_template_result(
-      "   " * (N + 1),
-      wrap(" {% include ' ' %} "),
-      partials: { ' ' => ' ' },
-    )
+    Liquid::Template.file_system = BlankTestFileSystem.new
+    assert_template_result("foobar" * (N + 1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}"))
+    assert_template_result(" foobar " * (N + 1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}"))
+    assert_template_result("   " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} "))
  end

  def test_case_is_blank
@@ -6,51 +6,9 @@ class BlockTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

  def test_unexpected_end_tag
-    source = '{% if true %}{% endunless %}'
-    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif", source)
-  end
-
-  def test_with_custom_tag
-    with_custom_tag('testtag', Block) do
-      assert(Liquid::Template.parse("{% testtag %} {% endtesttag %}"))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_custom_block_tags_have_a_default_render_to_output_buffer_method_for_backwards_compatibility
-    klass1 = Class.new(Block) do
-      def render(*)
-        'hello'
-      end
-    end
-
-    with_custom_tag('blabla', klass1) do
-      template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% blabla %} bla {% endblabla %}")
-
-      assert_equal('hello', template.render)
-
-      buf    = +''
-      output = template.render({}, output: buf)
-      assert_equal('hello', output)
-      assert_equal('hello', buf)
-      assert_equal(buf.object_id, output.object_id)
-    end
-
-    klass2 = Class.new(klass1) do
-      def render(*)
-        'foo' + super + 'bar'
-      end
-    end
-
-    with_custom_tag('blabla', klass2) do
-      template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% blabla %} foo {% endblabla %}")
-
-      assert_equal('foohellobar', template.render)
-
-      buf    = +''
-      output = template.render({}, output: buf)
-      assert_equal('foohellobar', output)
-      assert_equal('foohellobar', buf)
-      assert_equal(buf.object_id, output.object_id)
+    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      Template.parse("{% if true %}{% endunless %}")
    end
+    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif")
  end
 end
@@ -10,43 +10,43 @@ class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_capture_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-      {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture -%}
-      {{ this-thing -}}
+    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture %}
+    {{ this-thing }}
    END_TEMPLATE
-    assert_template_result("Print this-thing", template_source)
+    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
+    rendered        = template.render!
+    assert_equal("Print this-thing", rendered.strip)
  end

  def test_capture_to_variable_from_outer_scope_if_existing
-    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-      {% assign var = '' -%}
-      {% if true -%}
-        {% capture var %}first-block-string{% endcapture -%}
-      {% endif -%}
-      {% if true -%}
-        {% capture var %}test-string{% endcapture -%}
-      {% endif -%}
-      {{var-}}
+    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    {% assign var = '' %}
+    {% if true %}
+    {% capture var %}first-block-string{% endcapture %}
+    {% endif %}
+    {% if true %}
+    {% capture var %}test-string{% endcapture %}
+    {% endif %}
+    {{var}}
    END_TEMPLATE
-    assert_template_result("test-string", template_source)
+    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
+    rendered        = template.render!
+    assert_equal("test-string", rendered.gsub(/\s/, ''))
  end

  def test_assigning_from_capture
-    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-      {% assign first = '' -%}
-      {% assign second = '' -%}
-      {% for number in (1..3) -%}
-        {% capture first %}{{number}}{% endcapture -%}
-        {% assign second = first -%}
-      {% endfor -%}
-      {{ first }}-{{ second -}}
+    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    {% assign first = '' %}
+    {% assign second = '' %}
+    {% for number in (1..3) %}
+    {% capture first %}{{number}}{% endcapture %}
+    {% assign second = first %}
+    {% endfor %}
+    {{ first }}-{{ second }}
    END_TEMPLATE
-    assert_template_result("3-3", template_source)
+    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
+    rendered        = template.render!
+    assert_equal("3-3", rendered.gsub(/\s/, ''))
  end
-
-  def test_increment_assign_score_by_bytes_not_characters
-    t = Template.parse("{% capture foo %}すごい{% endcapture %}")
-    t.render!
-    assert_equal(9, t.resource_limits.assign_score)
-  end
-end
+end # CaptureTest
@@ -2,616 +2,9 @@

 require 'test_helper'

-class HundredCentes
-  def to_liquid
-    100
-  end
-end
-
-class CentsDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  def amount
-    HundredCentes.new
-  end
-
-  def non_zero?
-    true
-  end
-end
-
-class ContextSensitiveDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  def test
-    @context['test']
-  end
-end
-
-class Category
-  attr_accessor :name
-
-  def initialize(name)
-    @name = name
-  end
-
-  def to_liquid
-    CategoryDrop.new(self)
-  end
-end
-
-class ProductsDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  def initialize(products)
-    @products = products
-  end
-
-  def size
-    @products.size
-  end
-
-  def to_liquid
-    if @context["forloop"]
-      @products.first(@context["forloop"].length)
-    else
-      @products
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class CategoryDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  attr_accessor :category, :context
-
-  def initialize(category)
-    @category = category
-  end
-end
-
-class CounterDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  def count
-    @count ||= 0
-    @count  += 1
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayLike
-  def fetch(index)
-  end
-
-  def [](index)
-    @counts        ||= []
-    @counts[index] ||= 0
-    @counts[index]  += 1
-  end
-
-  def to_liquid
-    self
-  end
-end
-
 class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

-  def setup
-    @context = Liquid::Context.new
-  end
-
-  def test_variables
-    @context['string'] = 'string'
-    assert_equal('string', @context['string'])
-
-    @context['num'] = 5
-    assert_equal(5, @context['num'])
-
-    @context['time'] = Time.parse('2006-06-06 12:00:00')
-    assert_equal(Time.parse('2006-06-06 12:00:00'), @context['time'])
-
-    @context['date'] = Date.today
-    assert_equal(Date.today, @context['date'])
-
-    now = Time.now
-    @context['datetime'] = now
-    assert_equal(now, @context['datetime'])
-
-    @context['bool'] = true
-    assert_equal(true, @context['bool'])
-
-    @context['bool'] = false
-    assert_equal(false, @context['bool'])
-
-    @context['nil'] = nil
-    assert_nil(@context['nil'])
-    assert_nil(@context['nil'])
-  end
-
-  def test_variables_not_existing
-    assert_template_result("true", "{% if does_not_exist == nil %}true{% endif %}")
-  end
-
-  def test_scoping
-    @context.push
-    @context.pop
-
-    assert_raises(Liquid::ContextError) do
-      @context.pop
-    end
-
-    assert_raises(Liquid::ContextError) do
-      @context.push
-      @context.pop
-      @context.pop
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_length_query
-    assert_template_result(
-      "true",
-      "{% if numbers.size == 4 %}true{% endif %}",
-      { "numbers" => [1, 2, 3, 4] },
-    )
-
-    assert_template_result(
-      "true",
-      "{% if numbers.size == 4 %}true{% endif %}",
-      { "numbers" => { 1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4 } },
-    )
-
-    assert_template_result(
-      "true",
-      "{% if numbers.size == 1000 %}true{% endif %}",
-      { "numbers" => { 1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4, 'size' => 1000 } },
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_hyphenated_variable
-    assert_template_result("godz", "{{ oh-my }}", { "oh-my" => 'godz' })
-  end
-
-  def test_add_filter
-    filter = Module.new do
-      def hi(output)
-        output + ' hi!'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context = Context.new
-    context.add_filters(filter)
-    assert_equal('hi? hi!', context.invoke(:hi, 'hi?'))
-
-    context = Context.new
-    assert_equal('hi?', context.invoke(:hi, 'hi?'))
-
-    context.add_filters(filter)
-    assert_equal('hi? hi!', context.invoke(:hi, 'hi?'))
-  end
-
-  def test_only_intended_filters_make_it_there
-    filter = Module.new do
-      def hi(output)
-        output + ' hi!'
-      end
-    end
-
-    context = Context.new
-    assert_equal("Wookie", context.invoke("hi", "Wookie"))
-
-    context.add_filters(filter)
-    assert_equal("Wookie hi!", context.invoke("hi", "Wookie"))
-  end
-
-  def test_add_item_in_outer_scope
-    @context['test'] = 'test'
-    @context.push
-    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
-    @context.pop
-    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
-  end
-
-  def test_add_item_in_inner_scope
-    @context.push
-    @context['test'] = 'test'
-    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
-    @context.pop
-    assert_nil(@context['test'])
-  end
-
-  def test_hierachical_data
-    assigns = { 'hash' => { "name" => 'tobi' } }
-    assert_template_result("tobi", "{{ hash.name }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("tobi", '{{ hash["name"] }}', assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_keywords
-    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if true == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => true })
-    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if false == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => false })
-  end
-
-  def test_digits
-    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if 100 == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => 100 })
-    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if 100.00 == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => 100.00 })
-  end
-
-  def test_strings
-    assert_template_result("hello!", '{{ "hello!" }}')
-    assert_template_result("hello!", "{{ 'hello!' }}")
-  end
-
-  def test_merge
-    @context.merge("test" => "test")
-    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
-    @context.merge("test" => "newvalue", "foo" => "bar")
-    assert_equal('newvalue', @context['test'])
-    assert_equal('bar', @context['foo'])
-  end
-
-  def test_array_notation
-    assigns = { "test" => ["a", "b"] }
-    assert_template_result("a", "{{ test[0] }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("b", "{{ test[1] }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if test[2] == nil %}pass{% endif %}", assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_recoursive_array_notation
-    assigns = { "test" => { 'test' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
-    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.test[0] }}", assigns)
-
-    assigns = { "test" => [{ 'test' => 'worked' }] }
-    assert_template_result("worked", "{{ test[0].test }}", assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_to_array_transition
-    assigns = {
-      'colors' => {
-        'Blue' => ['003366', '336699', '6699CC', '99CCFF'],
-        'Green' => ['003300', '336633', '669966', '99CC99'],
-        'Yellow' => ['CC9900', 'FFCC00', 'FFFF99', 'FFFFCC'],
-        'Red' => ['660000', '993333', 'CC6666', 'FF9999'],
-      },
-    }
-
-    assert_template_result("003366", "{{ colors.Blue[0] }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("FF9999", "{{ colors.Red[3] }}", assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_try_first
-    assigns = { 'test' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
-    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.first }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if test.last == 5 %}pass{% endif %}", assigns)
-
-    assigns = { "test" => { "test" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
-    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.test.first }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("5", "{{ test.test.last }}", assigns)
-
-    assigns = { "test" => [1] }
-    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.first }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.last }}", assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_access_hashes_with_hash_notation
-    assigns = { 'products' => { 'count' => 5, 'tags' => ['deepsnow', 'freestyle'] } }
-    assert_template_result("5", '{{ products["count"] }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result("deepsnow", '{{ products["tags"][0] }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result("deepsnow", '{{ products["tags"].first }}', assigns)
-
-    assigns = { 'product' => { 'variants' => [{ 'title' => 'draft151cm' }, { 'title' => 'element151cm' }] } }
-    assert_template_result("draft151cm", '{{ product["variants"][0]["title"] }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result("element151cm", '{{ product["variants"][1]["title"] }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result("draft151cm", '{{ product["variants"].first["title"] }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result("element151cm", '{{ product["variants"].last["title"] }}', assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_access_variable_with_hash_notation
-    assert_template_result('baz', '{{ ["foo"] }}', { "foo" => "baz" })
-    assert_template_result('baz', '{{ [bar] }}', { 'foo' => 'baz', 'bar' => 'foo' })
-  end
-
-  def test_access_hashes_with_hash_access_variables
-    assigns = {
-      'var' => 'tags',
-      'nested' => { 'var' => 'tags' },
-      'products' => { 'count' => 5, 'tags' => ['deepsnow', 'freestyle'] },
-    }
-
-    assert_template_result('deepsnow', '{{ products[var].first }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result('freestyle', '{{ products[nested.var].last }}', assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_hash_notation_only_for_hash_access
-    assigns = { "array" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
-    assert_template_result("1", "{{ array.first }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("pass", '{% if array["first"] == nil %}pass{% endif %}', assigns)
-
-    assert_template_result("Hello", '{{ hash["first"] }}', { "hash" => { "first" => "Hello" } })
-  end
-
-  def test_first_can_appear_in_middle_of_callchain
-    assigns = { "product" => { 'variants' => [{ 'title' => 'draft151cm' }, { 'title' => 'element151cm' }] } }
-
-    assert_template_result('draft151cm', '{{ product.variants[0].title }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result('element151cm', '{{ product.variants[1].title }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result('draft151cm', '{{ product.variants.first.title }}', assigns)
-    assert_template_result('element151cm', '{{ product.variants.last.title }}', assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_cents
-    @context.merge("cents" => HundredCentes.new)
-    assert_equal(100, @context['cents'])
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_cents
-    @context.merge("cents" => { 'amount' => HundredCentes.new })
-    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.amount'])
-
-    @context.merge("cents" => { 'cents' => { 'amount' => HundredCentes.new } })
-    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.cents.amount'])
-  end
-
-  def test_cents_through_drop
-    @context.merge("cents" => CentsDrop.new)
-    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.amount'])
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_cents_through_drop
-    @context.merge("vars" => { "cents" => CentsDrop.new })
-    assert_equal(100, @context['vars.cents.amount'])
-  end
-
-  def test_drop_methods_with_question_marks
-    @context.merge("cents" => CentsDrop.new)
-    assert(@context['cents.non_zero?'])
-  end
-
-  def test_context_from_within_drop
-    @context.merge("test" => '123', "vars" => ContextSensitiveDrop.new)
-    assert_equal('123', @context['vars.test'])
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_context_from_within_drop
-    @context.merge("test" => '123', "vars" => { "local" => ContextSensitiveDrop.new })
-    assert_equal('123', @context['vars.local.test'])
-  end
-
-  def test_ranges
-    assert_template_result("1..5", '{{ (1..5) }}')
-    assert_template_result("pass", '{% if (1..5) == expect %}pass{% endif %}', { "expect" => (1..5) })
-
-    assigns = { "test" => '5' }
-    assert_template_result("1..5", "{{ (1..test) }}", assigns)
-    assert_template_result("5..5", "{{ (test..test) }}", assigns)
-  end
-
-  def test_cents_through_drop_nestedly
-    @context.merge("cents" => { "cents" => CentsDrop.new })
-    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.cents.amount'])
-
-    @context.merge("cents" => { "cents" => { "cents" => CentsDrop.new } })
-    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.cents.cents.amount'])
-  end
-
-  def test_drop_with_variable_called_only_once
-    @context['counter'] = CounterDrop.new
-
-    assert_equal(1, @context['counter.count'])
-    assert_equal(2, @context['counter.count'])
-    assert_equal(3, @context['counter.count'])
-  end
-
-  def test_drop_with_key_called_only_once
-    @context['counter'] = CounterDrop.new
-
-    assert_equal(1, @context['counter["count"]'])
-    assert_equal(2, @context['counter["count"]'])
-    assert_equal(3, @context['counter["count"]'])
-  end
-
-  def test_proc_as_variable
-    @context['dynamic'] = proc { 'Hello' }
-
-    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic'])
-  end
-
-  def test_lambda_as_variable
-    @context['dynamic'] = proc { 'Hello' }
-
-    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic'])
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_lambda_as_variable
-    @context['dynamic'] = { "lambda" => proc { 'Hello' } }
-
-    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic.lambda'])
-  end
-
-  def test_array_containing_lambda_as_variable
-    @context['dynamic'] = [1, 2, proc { 'Hello' }, 4, 5]
-
-    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic[2]'])
-  end
-
-  def test_lambda_is_called_once
-    @global = 0
-
-    @context['callcount'] = proc {
-      @global += 1
-      @global.to_s
-    }
-
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount'])
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount'])
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount'])
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_lambda_is_called_once
-    @global = 0
-
-    @context['callcount'] = {
-      "lambda" => proc {
-                    @global += 1
-                    @global.to_s
-                  },
-    }
-
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount.lambda'])
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount.lambda'])
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount.lambda'])
-  end
-
-  def test_lambda_in_array_is_called_once
-    @global = 0
-
-    p = proc {
-      @global += 1
-      @global.to_s
-    }
-    @context['callcount'] = [1, 2, p, 4, 5]
-
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount[2]'])
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount[2]'])
-    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount[2]'])
-  end
-
-  def test_access_to_context_from_proc
-    @context.registers[:magic] = 345392
-
-    @context['magic'] = proc { @context.registers[:magic] }
-
-    assert_equal(345392, @context['magic'])
-  end
-
-  def test_to_liquid_and_context_at_first_level
-    @context['category'] = Category.new("foobar")
-    assert_kind_of(CategoryDrop, @context['category'])
-    assert_equal(@context, @context['category'].context)
-  end
-
-  def test_interrupt_avoids_object_allocations
-    @context.interrupt? # ruby 3.0.0 allocates on the first call
-    assert_no_object_allocations do
-      @context.interrupt?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_context_initialization_with_a_proc_in_environment
-    contx = Context.new([test: ->(c) { c['poutine'] }], test: :foo)
-
-    assert(contx)
-    assert_nil(contx['poutine'])
-  end
-
-  def test_apply_global_filter
-    global_filter_proc = ->(output) { "#{output} filtered" }
-
-    context = Context.new
-    context.global_filter = global_filter_proc
-
-    assert_equal('hi filtered', context.apply_global_filter('hi'))
-  end
-
-  def test_static_environments_are_read_with_lower_priority_than_environments
-    context = Context.build(
-      static_environments: { 'shadowed' => 'static', 'unshadowed' => 'static' },
-      environments: { 'shadowed' => 'dynamic' },
-    )
-
-    assert_equal('dynamic', context['shadowed'])
-    assert_equal('static', context['unshadowed'])
-  end
-
-  def test_apply_global_filter_when_no_global_filter_exist
-    context = Context.new
-    assert_equal('hi', context.apply_global_filter('hi'))
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_does_not_inherit_variables
-    super_context = Context.new
-    super_context['my_variable'] = 'some value'
-    subcontext = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-
-    assert_nil(subcontext['my_variable'])
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_static_environment
-    super_context = Context.build(static_environments: { 'my_environment_value' => 'my value' })
-    subcontext    = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-
-    assert_equal('my value', subcontext['my_environment_value'])
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_resource_limits
-    resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new({})
-    super_context   = Context.new({}, {}, {}, false, resource_limits)
-    subcontext      = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    assert_equal(resource_limits, subcontext.resource_limits)
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_exception_renderer
-    super_context = Context.new
-    super_context.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { 'my exception message' }
-    subcontext = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    assert_equal('my exception message', subcontext.handle_error(Liquid::Error.new))
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_does_not_inherit_non_static_registers
-    registers = {
-      my_register: :my_value,
-    }
-    super_context = Context.new({}, {}, Registers.new(registers))
-    super_context.registers[:my_register] = :my_alt_value
-    subcontext                            = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    assert_equal(:my_value, subcontext.registers[:my_register])
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_static_registers
-    super_context = Context.build(registers: { my_register: :my_value })
-    subcontext    = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    assert_equal(:my_value, subcontext.registers[:my_register])
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_registers_do_not_pollute_context
-    super_context                      = Context.build(registers: { my_register: :my_value })
-    subcontext                         = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    subcontext.registers[:my_register] = :my_alt_value
-    assert_equal(:my_value, super_context.registers[:my_register])
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_filters
-    my_filter = Module.new do
-      def my_filter(*)
-        'my filter result'
-      end
-    end
-
-    super_context = Context.new
-    super_context.add_filters([my_filter])
-    subcontext    = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    template      = Template.parse('{{ 123 | my_filter }}')
-    assert_equal('my filter result', template.render(subcontext))
-  end
-
-  def test_disables_tag_specified
-    context = Context.new
-    context.with_disabled_tags(%w(foo bar)) do
-      assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
-      assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
-      assert_equal(false, context.tag_disabled?("unknown"))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_disables_nested_tags
-    context = Context.new
-    context.with_disabled_tags(["foo"]) do
-      context.with_disabled_tags(["foo"]) do
-        assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
-        assert_equal(false, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
-      end
-      context.with_disabled_tags(["bar"]) do
-        assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
-        assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
-        context.with_disabled_tags(["foo"]) do
-          assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
-          assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
-        end
-      end
-      assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
-      assert_equal(false, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
-    end
-  end
-
  def test_override_global_filter
    global = Module.new do
      def notice(output)
@@ -626,78 +19,16 @@ class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
    end

    with_global_filter(global) do
-      assert_equal('Global test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!)
-      assert_equal('Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, filters: [local]))
+      assert_equal 'Global test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!
+      assert_equal 'Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, filters: [local])
    end
  end

  def test_has_key_will_not_add_an_error_for_missing_keys
-    with_error_mode(:strict) do
+    with_error_mode :strict do
      context = Context.new
      context.key?('unknown')
-      assert_empty(context.errors)
+      assert_empty context.errors
    end
  end
-
-  def test_context_always_uses_static_registers
-    registers = {
-      my_register: :my_value,
-    }
-    c = Context.new({}, {}, registers)
-    assert_instance_of(Registers, c.registers)
-    assert_equal(:my_value, c.registers[:my_register])
-
-    r = Registers.new(registers)
-    c = Context.new({}, {}, r)
-    assert_instance_of(Registers, c.registers)
-    assert_equal(:my_value, c.registers[:my_register])
-  end
-
-  def test_variable_to_liquid_returns_contextual_drop
-    context = {
-      "products" => ProductsDrop.new(["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]),
-    }
-
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID)
-      {%- for i in (1..3) -%}
-        for_loop_products_count: {{ products | size }}
-      {% endfor %}
-
-      unscoped_products_count: {{ products | size }}
-    LIQUID
-
-    result = template.render(context)
-
-    assert_includes(result, "for_loop_products_count: 3")
-    assert_includes(result, "unscoped_products_count: 5")
-  end
-
-  def test_new_isolated_context_inherits_parent_environment
-    global_environment = Liquid::Environment.build(tags: {})
-    context = Context.build(environment: global_environment)
-
-    subcontext = context.new_isolated_subcontext
-    assert_equal(global_environment, subcontext.environment)
-  end
-
-  def test_newly_built_context_inherits_parent_environment
-    global_environment = Liquid::Environment.build(tags: {})
-    context = Context.build(environment: global_environment)
-    assert_equal(global_environment, context.environment)
-    assert(context.environment.tags.each.to_a.empty?)
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def assert_no_object_allocations
-    unless RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
-      skip("stackprof needed to count object allocations")
-    end
-    require 'stackprof'
-
-    profile = StackProf.run(mode: :object) do
-      yield
-    end
-    assert_equal(0, profile[:samples])
-  end
-end # ContextTest
+end
@@ -6,12 +6,16 @@ class DocumentTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

  def test_unexpected_outer_tag
-    source = "{% else %}"
-    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): Unexpected outer 'else' tag", source)
+    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      Template.parse("{% else %}")
+    end
+    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: Unexpected outer 'else' tag")
  end

  def test_unknown_tag
-    source = "{% foo %}"
-    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): Unknown tag 'foo'", source)
+    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      Template.parse("{% foo %}")
+    end
+    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: Unknown tag 'foo'")
  end
 end
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
    ContextDrop.new
  end

+  def user_input
+    (+"foo").taint
+  end
+
  protected

  def callmenot
@@ -110,6 +114,32 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal('  ', tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
  end

+  def test_rendering_raises_on_tainted_attr
+    with_taint_mode(:error) do
+      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
+      assert_raises TaintedError do
+        tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_warns_on_tainted_attr
+    with_taint_mode(:warn) do
+      tpl     = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
+      context = Context.new('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+      tpl.render!(context)
+      assert_equal [Liquid::TaintedError], context.warnings.map(&:class)
+      assert_equal "variable 'product.user_input' is tainted and was not escaped", context.warnings.first.to_s(false)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_doesnt_raise_on_escaped_tainted_attr
+    with_taint_mode(:error) do
+      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input | escape }}')
+      tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    end
+  end
+
  def test_drop_does_only_respond_to_whitelisted_methods
    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.pretty_inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
@@ -167,7 +197,7 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_object_methods_not_allowed
    [:dup, :clone, :singleton_class, :eval, :class_eval, :inspect].each do |method|
      output = Liquid::Template.parse(" {{ product.#{method} }} ").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-      assert_equal('  ', output)
+      assert_equal '  ', output
    end
  end

@@ -210,28 +240,28 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_enumerable_drop_will_invoke_liquid_method_missing_for_clashing_method_names
    ["select", "each", "map", "cycle"].each do |method|
-      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
    end
  end

  def test_some_enumerable_methods_still_get_invoked
    [:count, :max].each do |method|
-      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
    end

    assert_equal("yes", Liquid::Template.parse("{% if collection contains 3 %}yes{% endif %}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))

    [:min, :first].each do |method|
-      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
-      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
    end
  end

@@ -249,7 +279,7 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_invokable_methods
-    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid catchall context texts).to_set, ProductDrop.invokable_methods)
+    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid catchall user_input context texts).to_set, ProductDrop.invokable_methods)
    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid scopes_as_array loop_pos scopes).to_set, ContextDrop.invokable_methods)
    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid size max min first count).to_set, EnumerableDrop.invokable_methods)
    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid max min sort count first).to_set, RealEnumerableDrop.invokable_methods)
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_missing_endtag_parse_time_error
-    assert_match_syntax_error(/: 'for' tag was never closed\z/, ' {% for a in b %} ... ')
+    assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) do
+      Liquid::Template.parse(' {% for a in b %} ... ')
+    end
  end

  def test_unrecognized_operator
@@ -82,31 +84,37 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors
-    source = <<~LIQUID
-      foobar
+    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      Liquid::Template.parse('
+          foobar

-      {% "cat" | foobar %}
+          {% "cat" | foobar %}

-      bla
-    LIQUID
-    assert_match_syntax_error(/Liquid syntax error \(line 3\)/, source)
+          bla
+        ',
+        line_numbers: true)
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
  end

  def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors_with_whitespace_trim
-    source = <<~LIQUID
-      foobar
+    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      Liquid::Template.parse('
+          foobar

-      {%- "cat" | foobar -%}
+          {%- "cat" | foobar -%}

-      bla
-    LIQUID
+          bla
+        ',
+        line_numbers: true)
+    end

-    assert_match_syntax_error(/Liquid syntax error \(line 3\)/, source)
+    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
  end

  def test_parsing_warn_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_lexer_errors
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse(
-      '
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse('
        foobar

        {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %}
@@ -114,19 +122,15 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
        bla
            ',
      error_mode: :warn,
-      line_numbers: true,
-    )
+      line_numbers: true)

-    assert_equal(
-      ['Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"'],
-      template.warnings.map(&:message),
-    )
+    assert_equal(['Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"'],
+      template.warnings.map(&:message))
  end

  def test_parsing_strict_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_lexer_errors
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse(
-        '
+      Liquid::Template.parse('
          foobar

          {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %}
@@ -134,25 +138,27 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
          bla
                ',
        error_mode: :strict,
-        line_numbers: true,
-      )
+        line_numbers: true)
    end

    assert_equal('Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"', err.message)
  end

  def test_syntax_errors_in_nested_blocks_have_correct_line_number
-    source = <<~LIQUID
-      foobar
+    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      Liquid::Template.parse('
+          foobar

-      {% if 1 != 2 %}
-        {% foo %}
-      {% endif %}
+          {% if 1 != 2 %}
+            {% foo %}
+          {% endif %}

-      bla
-    LIQUID
+          bla
+                ',
+        line_numbers: true)
+    end

-    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unknown tag 'foo'", source)
+    assert_equal("Liquid syntax error (line 5): Unknown tag 'foo'", err.message)
  end

  def test_strict_error_messages
@@ -187,7 +193,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test

  # Liquid should not catch Exceptions that are not subclasses of StandardError, like Interrupt and NoMemoryError
  def test_exceptions_propagate
-    assert_raises(Exception) do
+    assert_raises Exception do
      template = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ errors.exception }}')
      template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
    end
@@ -203,34 +209,20 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_setting_default_exception_renderer
+    old_exception_renderer = Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer
    exceptions = []
-    default_exception_renderer = ->(e) {
+    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = ->(e) {
      exceptions << e
      ''
    }
-
-    env = Liquid::Environment.build(exception_renderer: default_exception_renderer)
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}', environment: env)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}')

    output = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)

    assert_equal('This is a runtime error: ', output)
    assert_equal([Liquid::ArgumentError], template.errors.map(&:class))
-  end
-
-  def test_setting_exception_renderer_on_environment
-    exceptions = []
-    exception_renderer = ->(e) do
-      exceptions << e
-      ''
-    end
-
-    environment = Liquid::Environment.build(exception_renderer: exception_renderer)
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}', environment: environment)
-    output = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
-
-    assert_equal('This is a runtime error: ', output)
-    assert_equal([Liquid::ArgumentError], template.errors.map(&:class))
+  ensure
+    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = old_exception_renderer if old_exception_renderer
  end

  def test_exception_renderer_exposing_non_liquid_error
@@ -256,96 +248,17 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_included_template_name_with_line_numbers
-    environment = Liquid::Environment.build(file_system: TestFileSystem.new)
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse("Argument error:\n{% include 'product' %}", line_numbers: true, environment: environment)
-    page     = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
+    old_file_system = Liquid::Template.file_system

+    begin
+      Liquid::Template.file_system = TestFileSystem.new
+
+      template = Liquid::Template.parse("Argument error:\n{% include 'product' %}", line_numbers: true)
+      page     = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
+    ensure
+      Liquid::Template.file_system = old_file_system
+    end
    assert_equal("Argument error:\nLiquid error (product line 1): argument error", page)
    assert_equal("product", template.errors.first.template_name)
  end
-
-  def test_bug_compatible_silencing_of_errors_in_blank_nodes
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse("{% assign x = 0 %}{% if 1 < '2' %}not blank{% assign x = 3 %}{% endif %}{{ x }}").render
-    assert_equal("Liquid error: comparison of Integer with String failed0", output)
-
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse("{% assign x = 0 %}{% if 1 < '2' %}{% assign x = 3 %}{% endif %}{{ x }}").render
-    assert_equal("0", output)
-  end
-
-  def test_syntax_error_is_raised_with_template_name
-    file_system = StubFileSystem.new("snippet" => "1\n2\n{{ 1")
-
-    context = Liquid::Context.build(
-      registers: { file_system: file_system },
-    )
-
-    template = Template.parse(
-      '{% render "snippet" %}',
-      line_numbers: true,
-    )
-    template.name = "template/index"
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "Liquid syntax error (snippet line 3): Variable '{{' was not properly terminated with regexp: /\\}\\}/",
-      template.render(context),
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_syntax_error_is_raised_with_template_name_from_template_factory
-    file_system = StubFileSystem.new("snippet" => "1\n2\n{{ 1")
-
-    context = Liquid::Context.build(
-      registers: {
-        file_system: file_system,
-        template_factory: StubTemplateFactory.new,
-      },
-    )
-
-    template = Template.parse(
-      '{% render "snippet" %}',
-      line_numbers: true,
-    )
-    template.name = "template/index"
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "Liquid syntax error (some/path/snippet line 3): Variable '{{' was not properly terminated with regexp: /\\}\\}/",
-      template.render(context),
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_error_is_raised_during_parse_with_template_name
-    depth = Liquid::Block::MAX_DEPTH + 1
-    code = "{% if true %}" * depth + "rendered" + "{% endif %}" * depth
-
-    template = Template.parse("{% render 'snippet' %}", line_numbers: true)
-
-    context = Liquid::Context.build(
-      registers: {
-        file_system: StubFileSystem.new("snippet" => code),
-        template_factory: StubTemplateFactory.new,
-      },
-    )
-
-    assert_equal("Liquid error (some/path/snippet line 1): Nesting too deep", template.render(context))
-  end
-
-  def test_internal_error_is_raised_with_template_name
-    template = Template.new
-    template.parse(
-      "{% render 'snippet' %}",
-      line_numbers: true,
-    )
-    template.name = "template/index"
-
-    context = Liquid::Context.build(
-      registers: {
-        file_system: StubFileSystem.new({}),
-      },
-    )
-
-    assert_equal(
-      "Liquid error (template/index line 1): internal",
-      template.render(context),
-    )
-  end
 end
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class ExpressionTest < Minitest::Test
-  def test_keyword_literals
-    assert_template_result("true", "{{ true }}")
-    assert_expression_result(true, "true")
-  end
-
-  def test_string
-    assert_template_result("single quoted", "{{'single quoted'}}")
-    assert_template_result("double quoted", '{{"double quoted"}}')
-    assert_template_result("spaced", "{{ 'spaced' }}")
-    assert_template_result("spaced2", "{{ 'spaced2' }}")
-  end
-
-  def test_int
-    assert_template_result("456", "{{ 456 }}")
-    assert_expression_result(123, "123")
-    assert_expression_result(12, "012")
-  end
-
-  def test_float
-    assert_template_result("2.5", "{{ 2.5 }}")
-    assert_expression_result(1.5, "1.5")
-  end
-
-  def test_range
-    assert_template_result("3..4", "{{ ( 3 .. 4 ) }}")
-    assert_expression_result(1..2, "(1..2)")
-
-    assert_match_syntax_error(
-      "Liquid syntax error (line 1): Invalid expression type 'false' in range expression",
-      "{{ (false..true) }}",
-    )
-    assert_match_syntax_error(
-      "Liquid syntax error (line 1): Invalid expression type '(1..2)' in range expression",
-      "{{ ((1..2)..3) }}",
-    )
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def assert_expression_result(expect, markup, **assigns)
-    liquid = "{% if expect == #{markup} %}pass{% else %}got {{ #{markup} }}{% endif %}"
-    assert_template_result("pass", liquid, { "expect" => expect, **assigns })
-  end
-end
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class FilterKwargTest < Minitest::Test
-  module KwargFilter
-    def html_tag(_tag, attributes)
-      attributes
-        .map { |key, value| "#{key}='#{value}'" }
-        .join(' ')
-    end
-  end
-
-  include Liquid
-
-  def test_can_parse_data_kwargs
-    with_global_filter(KwargFilter) do
-      assert_equal(
-        "data-src='src' data-widths='100, 200'",
-        Template.parse("{{ 'img' | html_tag: data-src: 'src', data-widths: '100, 200' }}").render(nil, nil),
-      )
-    end
-  end
-end
@@ -59,87 +59,84 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_size
-    assert_template_result("4", "{{var | size}}", { "var" => 'abcd' })
+    @context['var'] = 'abcd'
+    @context.add_filters(MoneyFilter)
+
+    assert_equal('4', Template.parse("{{var | size}}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_join
-    assert_template_result("1 2 3 4", "{{var | join}}", { "var" => [1, 2, 3, 4] })
+    @context['var'] = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+    assert_equal("1 2 3 4", Template.parse("{{var | join}}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_sort
-    assert_template_result("1 2 3 4", "{{numbers | sort | join}}", { "numbers" => [2, 1, 4, 3] })
-    assert_template_result(
-      "alphabetic as expected",
-      "{{words | sort | join}}",
-      { "words" => ['expected', 'as', 'alphabetic'] },
-    )
-    assert_template_result("3", "{{value | sort}}", { "value" => 3 })
-    assert_template_result('are flower', "{{arrays | sort | join}}", { 'arrays' => ['flower', 'are'] })
-    assert_template_result(
-      "Expected case sensitive",
-      "{{case_sensitive | sort | join}}",
-      { "case_sensitive" => ["sensitive", "Expected", "case"] },
-    )
+    @context['value']   = 3
+    @context['numbers'] = [2, 1, 4, 3]
+    @context['words']   = ['expected', 'as', 'alphabetic']
+    @context['arrays']  = ['flower', 'are']
+    @context['case_sensitive'] = ['sensitive', 'Expected', 'case']
+
+    assert_equal('1 2 3 4', Template.parse("{{numbers | sort | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_equal('alphabetic as expected', Template.parse("{{words | sort | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_equal('3', Template.parse("{{value | sort}}").render(@context))
+    assert_equal('are flower', Template.parse("{{arrays | sort | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_equal('Expected case sensitive', Template.parse("{{case_sensitive | sort | join}}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_sort_natural
+    @context['words']   = ['case', 'Assert', 'Insensitive']
+    @context['hashes']  = [{ 'a' => 'A' }, { 'a' => 'b' }, { 'a' => 'C' }]
+    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new('b'), TestObject.new('C')]
+
    # Test strings
-    assert_template_result(
-      "Assert case Insensitive",
-      "{{words | sort_natural | join}}",
-      { "words" => ["case", "Assert", "Insensitive"] },
-    )
+    assert_equal('Assert case Insensitive', Template.parse("{{words | sort_natural | join}}").render(@context))

    # Test hashes
-    assert_template_result(
-      "A b C",
-      "{{hashes | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}",
-      { "hashes" => [{ "a" => "A" }, { "a" => "b" }, { "a" => "C" }] },
-    )
+    assert_equal('A b C', Template.parse("{{hashes | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))

    # Test objects
-    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new('b'), TestObject.new('C')]
    assert_equal('A b C', Template.parse("{{objects | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_compact
+    @context['words']   = ['a', nil, 'b', nil, 'c']
+    @context['hashes']  = [{ 'a' => 'A' }, { 'a' => nil }, { 'a' => 'C' }]
+    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new(nil), TestObject.new('C')]
+
    # Test strings
-    assert_template_result(
-      "a b c",
-      "{{words | compact | join}}",
-      { "words" => ['a', nil, 'b', nil, 'c'] },
-    )
+    assert_equal('a b c', Template.parse("{{words | compact | join}}").render(@context))

    # Test hashes
-    assert_template_result(
-      "A C",
-      "{{hashes | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}",
-      { "hashes" => [{ "a" => "A" }, { "a" => nil }, { "a" => "C" }] },
-    )
+    assert_equal('A C', Template.parse("{{hashes | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))

    # Test objects
-    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new(nil), TestObject.new('C')]
    assert_equal('A C', Template.parse("{{objects | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_strip_html
-    assert_template_result("bla blub", "{{ var | strip_html }}", { "var" => "<b>bla blub</a>" })
+    @context['var'] = "<b>bla blub</a>"
+
+    assert_equal("bla blub", Template.parse("{{ var | strip_html }}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_strip_html_ignore_comments_with_html
-    assert_template_result(
-      "bla blub",
-      "{{ var | strip_html }}",
-      { "var" => "<!-- split and some <ul> tag --><b>bla blub</a>" },
-    )
+    @context['var'] = "<!-- split and some <ul> tag --><b>bla blub</a>"
+
+    assert_equal("bla blub", Template.parse("{{ var | strip_html }}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_capitalize
-    assert_template_result("Blub", "{{ var | capitalize }}", { "var" => "blub" })
+    @context['var'] = "blub"
+
+    assert_equal("Blub", Template.parse("{{ var | capitalize }}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_nonexistent_filter_is_ignored
-    assert_template_result("1000", "{{ var | xyzzy }}", { "var" => 1000 })
+    @context['var'] = 1000
+
+    assert_equal('1000', Template.parse("{{ var | xyzzy }}").render(@context))
  end

  def test_filter_with_keyword_arguments
@@ -156,15 +153,6 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    # tap still treated as a non-existent filter
    assert_equal("1000", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!('var' => 1000))
  end
-
-  def test_liquid_argument_error
-    source = "{{ '' | size: 'too many args' }}"
-    exc = assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
-      Template.parse(source).render!
-    end
-    assert_match(/\ALiquid error: wrong number of arguments /, exc.message)
-    assert_equal(exc.message, Template.parse(source).render)
-  end
 end

 class FiltersInTemplate < Minitest::Test
@@ -172,9 +160,9 @@ class FiltersInTemplate < Minitest::Test

  def test_local_global
    with_global_filter(MoneyFilter) do
-      assert_equal(" 1000$ ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, nil))
-      assert_equal(" 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: CanadianMoneyFilter))
-      assert_equal(" 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: [CanadianMoneyFilter]))
+      assert_equal " 1000$ ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, nil)
+      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: CanadianMoneyFilter)
+      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: [CanadianMoneyFilter])
    end
  end

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class HashOrderingTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_global_register_order
    with_global_filter(MoneyFilter, CanadianMoneyFilter) do
-      assert_equal(" 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render(nil, nil))
+      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render(nil, nil)
    end
  end
 end
@@ -33,25 +33,31 @@ class OutputTest < Minitest::Test

  def setup
    @assigns = {
+      'best_cars' => 'bmw',
      'car' => { 'bmw' => 'good', 'gm' => 'bad' },
    }
  end

  def test_variable
-    assert_template_result(" bmw ", " {{best_cars}} ", { "best_cars" => "bmw" })
+    text = %( {{best_cars}} )
+
+    expected = %( bmw )
+    assert_equal(expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns))
  end

  def test_variable_traversing_with_two_brackets
-    source = "{{ site.data.menu[include.menu][include.locale] }}"
-    assert_template_result("it works!", source, {
+    text = %({{ site.data.menu[include.menu][include.locale] }})
+    assert_equal("it works!", Template.parse(text).render!(
      "site" => { "data" => { "menu" => { "foo" => { "bar" => "it works!" } } } },
-      "include" => { "menu" => "foo", "locale" => "bar" },
-    })
+      "include" => { "menu" => "foo", "locale" => "bar" }
+    ))
  end

  def test_variable_traversing
-    source = " {{car.bmw}} {{car.gm}} {{car.bmw}} "
-    assert_template_result(" good bad good ", source, @assigns)
+    text = %( {{car.bmw}} {{car.gm}} {{car.bmw}} )
+
+    expected = %( good bad good )
+    assert_equal(expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns))
  end

  def test_variable_piping
@@ -104,11 +110,10 @@ class OutputTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_multiple_pipings
-    assigns = { 'best_cars' => 'bmw' }
    text     = %( {{ best_cars | cite_funny | paragraph }} )
    expected = %( <p>LOL: bmw</p> )

-    assert_equal(expected, Template.parse(text).render!(assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter]))
+    assert_equal(expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter]))
  end

  def test_link_to
@@ -8,245 +8,217 @@ class ParseTreeVisitorTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_variable
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({{ test }})),
+      visit(%({{ test }}))
    )
  end

  def test_varible_with_filter
    assert_equal(
      ["test", "infilter"],
-      visit(%({{ test | split: infilter }})),
+      visit(%({{ test | split: infilter }}))
    )
  end

  def test_dynamic_variable
    assert_equal(
      ["test", "inlookup"],
-      visit(%({{ test[inlookup] }})),
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_echo
-    assert_equal(
-      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% echo test %})),
+      visit(%({{ test[inlookup] }}))
    )
  end

  def test_if_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if test %}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_complex_if_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_if_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{{ test }}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{{ test }}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_unless_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% unless test %}{% endunless %})),
+      visit(%({% unless test %}{% endunless %}))
    )
  end

  def test_complex_unless_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% unless 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endunless %})),
+      visit(%({% unless 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endunless %}))
    )
  end

  def test_unless_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% unless 1 == 1 %}{{ test }}{% endunless %})),
+      visit(%({% unless 1 == 1 %}{{ test }}{% endunless %}))
    )
  end

  def test_elsif_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif test %}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_complex_elsif_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_elsif_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif 2 == 2 %}{{ test }}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif 2 == 2 %}{{ test }}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_else_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% else %}{{ test }}{% endif %})),
+      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% else %}{{ test }}{% endif %}))
    )
  end

  def test_case_left
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% case test %}{% endcase %})),
+      visit(%({% case test %}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end

  def test_case_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% when test %}{% endcase %})),
+      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% when test %}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end

  def test_case_when_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% when 2 %}{{ test }}{% endcase %})),
+      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% when 2 %}{{ test }}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end

  def test_case_else_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% else %}{{ test }}{% endcase %})),
+      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% else %}{{ test }}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end

  def test_for_in
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% for x in test %}{% endfor %})),
+      visit(%({% for x in test %}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end

  def test_for_limit
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) limit: test %}{% endfor %})),
+      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) limit: test %}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end

  def test_for_offset
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) offset: test %}{% endfor %})),
+      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) offset: test %}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end

  def test_for_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) %}{{ test }}{% endfor %})),
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_for_range
-    assert_equal(
-      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% for x in (1..test) %}{% endfor %})),
+      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) %}{{ test }}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end

  def test_tablerow_in
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% tablerow x in test %}{% endtablerow %})),
+      visit(%({% tablerow x in test %}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end

  def test_tablerow_limit
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) limit: test %}{% endtablerow %})),
+      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) limit: test %}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end

  def test_tablerow_offset
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) offset: test %}{% endtablerow %})),
+      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) offset: test %}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end

  def test_tablerow_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) %}{{ test }}{% endtablerow %})),
+      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) %}{{ test }}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end

  def test_cycle
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% cycle test %})),
+      visit(%({% cycle test %}))
    )
  end

  def test_assign
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% assign x = test %})),
+      visit(%({% assign x = test %}))
    )
  end

  def test_capture
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% capture x %}{{ test }}{% endcapture %})),
+      visit(%({% capture x %}{{ test }}{% endcapture %}))
    )
  end

  def test_include
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% include test %})),
+      visit(%({% include test %}))
    )
  end

  def test_include_with
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% include "hai" with test %})),
+      visit(%({% include "hai" with test %}))
    )
  end

  def test_include_for
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% include "hai" for test %})),
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_render_with
-    assert_equal(
-      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% render "hai" with test %})),
-    )
-  end
-
-  def test_render_for
-    assert_equal(
-      ["test"],
-      visit(%({% render "hai" for test %})),
+      visit(%({% include "hai" for test %}))
    )
  end

@@ -257,7 +229,7 @@ class ParseTreeVisitorTest < Minitest::Test
        ["test", []],
        ["xs", []],
      ]]],
-      traversal(%({% for x in xs offset: test %}{{ other }}{% endfor %})).visit,
+      traversal(%({% for x in xs offset: test %}{{ other }}{% endfor %})).visit
    )
  end

@@ -266,7 +238,7 @@ class ParseTreeVisitorTest < Minitest::Test
  def traversal(template)
    ParseTreeVisitor
      .for(Template.parse(template).root)
-      .add_callback_for(VariableLookup) { |node| node.name } # rubocop:disable Style/SymbolProc
+      .add_callback_for(VariableLookup, &:name)
  end

  def visit(template)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Thierry Joyal	3f439f73ba	Add osx	2019-12-13 09:47:29 -05:00
Thierry Joyal	5face68cc8	Experiment with ruby 2.7	2019-12-13 09:13:32 -05:00