debug: track expression parse time

clean up all warnings by using new Environment

.github/probots.yml

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-enabled:
-  - cla

.github/workflows/cla.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, synchronize]
+  issue_comment:
+    types: [created]
+
+jobs:
+  cla:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: |
+      (github.event.issue.pull_request 
+        && !github.event.issue.pull_request.merged_at
+        && contains(github.event.comment.body, 'signed')
+      ) 
+      || (github.event.pull_request && !github.event.pull_request.merged)
+    steps:
+      - uses: Shopify/shopify-cla-action@v1
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          cla-token: ${{ secrets.CLA_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/liquid.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: Liquid
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+env:
+  BUNDLE_JOBS: 4
+  BUNDLE_RETRY: 3
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        entry:
+          - { ruby: 3.0, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
+          - { ruby: 3.2, allowed-failure: false }
+          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false } # latest
+          - { ruby: ruby-head, allowed-failure: false }
+    name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
+          bundler-cache: true
+          bundler: latest
+      - run: bundle exec rake
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.entry.allowed-failure }}
+
+  memory_profile:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          bundler-cache: true
+      - run: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run

.gitignore

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 pkg
 *.rbc
 .rvmrc
-.ruby-version
-Gemfile.lock
 .bundle
 .byebug_history
+Gemfile.lock

.rubocop.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+inherit_gem:
+  rubocop-shopify: rubocop.yml
+
 inherit_from:
-  - 'https://shopify.github.io/ruby-style-guide/rubocop.yml'
   - .rubocop_todo.yml
 
 require: rubocop-performance
@@ -8,10 +10,19 @@ Performance:
   Enabled: true
 
 AllCops:
-  TargetRubyVersion: 2.4
+  NewCops: disable
+  SuggestExtensions: false
   Exclude:
     - 'vendor/bundle/**/*'
 
 Naming/MethodName:
   Exclude:
     - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
+
+Style/ClassMethodsDefinitions:
+  Enabled: false
+
+# liquid filter calls were being mistaken to be calls on arrays
+Style/ConcatArrayLiterals:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'

.rubocop_todo.yml

@@ -1,25 +1,84 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
-# on 2019-09-11 06:34:25 +1000 using RuboCop version 0.74.0.
+# on 2022-05-18 19:25:47 UTC using RuboCop version 1.29.1.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
 # versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.
 
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: runtime_error, standard_error
-Lint/InheritException:
+# Offense count: 1
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators, ConsiderPunctuation, Include.
+# Include: **/*.gemspec
+Gemspec/OrderedDependencies:
   Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/interrupts.rb'
+    - 'liquid.gemspec'
 
-# Offense count: 98
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
-# URISchemes: http, https
-Metrics/LineLength:
-  Max: 294
+# Offense count: 6
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+Layout/ClosingHeredocIndentation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 34
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+Layout/EmptyLineAfterGuardClause:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/block.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/parser.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/money_filter.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 8
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: AllowAliasSyntax, AllowedMethods.
+# AllowedMethods: alias_method, public, protected, private
+Layout/EmptyLinesAroundAttributeAccessor:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
+    - 'test/unit/strainer_template_unit_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 17
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
+# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
+Layout/LineEndStringConcatenationIndentation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/increment_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 1
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
+# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
+Layout/MultilineOperationIndentation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 9
+Lint/MissingSuper:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/table_row_test.rb'
 
 # Offense count: 44
 Naming/ConstantName:
@@ -32,7 +91,6 @@ Naming/ConstantName:
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
@@ -40,9 +98,83 @@ Naming/ConstantName:
     - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
     - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 5
+# Offense count: 9
+# Configuration parameters: CheckIdentifiers, CheckConstants, CheckVariables, CheckStrings, CheckSymbols, CheckComments, CheckFilepaths, FlaggedTerms.
+Naming/InclusiveLanguage:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/parse_context.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 2
 Style/ClassVars:
   Exclude:
     - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 3
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+Style/ExplicitBlockArgument:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tag/disableable_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 2982
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, ConsistentQuotesInMultiline.
+# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
+Style/StringLiterals:
+  Enabled: false
+
+# Offense count: 20
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
+Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 6
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
+# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
+Style/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'example/server/example_servlet.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
+    - 'test/unit/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 1
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
+# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
+Style/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 19
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, MinSize, WordRegex.
+# SupportedStyles: percent, brackets
+Style/WordArray:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
+    - 'liquid.gemspec'
+    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 117
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, AllowedPatterns, IgnoredPatterns.
+# URISchemes: http, https
+Layout/LineLength:
+  Max: 260

.ruby-version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.3.4

.travis.yml

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-language: ruby
-cache: bundler
-
-rvm:
-  - 2.4
-  - 2.5
-  - &latest_ruby 2.6
-  - 2.7
-  - ruby-head
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - rvm: *latest_ruby
-      script: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
-      name: Profiling Memory Usage
-  allow_failures:
-    - rvm: ruby-head
-
-branches:
-  only:
-    - master
-    - gh-pages
-    - /.*-stable/
-
-notifications:
-  disable: true

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 * Bugfixes
 * Performance improvements
 * Features that are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
+* Documentation updates that are concise and likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
 
 ## Things we won't merge
 
@@ -14,12 +15,14 @@
 * Features that can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
 * Code that does not include tests
 * Code that breaks existing tests
+* Documentation changes that are verbose, incorrect or not important to most people (we want to keep it simple and easy to understand)
 
 ## Workflow
 
+* [Sign the CLA](https://cla.shopify.com/) if you haven't already
 * Fork the Liquid repository
 * Create a new branch in your fork
+  * For updating [Liquid documentation](https://shopify.github.io/liquid/), create it from `gh-pages` branch. (You can skip tests.)
 * If it makes sense, add tests for your code and/or run a performance benchmark
 * Make sure all tests pass (`bundle exec rake`)
 * Create a pull request
-

Gemfile

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ end
 
 gemspec
 
+gem "base64"
+
 group :benchmark, :test do
   gem 'benchmark-ips'
   gem 'memory_profiler'
@@ -18,10 +20,11 @@ group :benchmark, :test do
 end
 
 group :test do
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 0.74.0', require: false
+  gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.61.0'
+  gem 'rubocop-shopify', '~> 2.12.0', require: false
   gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false
 
   platform :mri, :truffleruby do
-    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'master'
+    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'main'
   end
 end

History.md

@@ -1,5 +1,98 @@
 # Liquid Change Log
 
+## 5.5.0 2024-03-21
+
+Please reference the GitHub release for more information.
+
+## 5.4.0 2022-07-29
+
+### Breaking Changes
+* Drop support for end-of-life Ruby versions (2.5 and 2.6) (#1578) [Andy Waite]
+
+### Features
+* Allow `#` to be used as an inline comment tag (#1498) [CP Clermont]
+
+### Fixes
+* `PartialCache` now shares snippet cache with subcontexts by default (#1553) [Chris AtLee]
+* Hash registers no longer leak into subcontexts as static registers (#1564) [Chris AtLee]
+* Fix `ParseTreeVisitor` for `with` variable expressions in `Render` tag (#1596) [CP Clermont]
+
+### Changed
+* Liquid::Context#registers now always returns a Liquid::Registers object, though supports the most used Hash functions for compatibility (#1553)
+
+## 5.3.0 2022-03-22
+
+### Fixes
+* StandardFilter: Fix missing @context on iterations (#1525) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Fix warning about block and default value in `static_registers.rb` (#1531) [Peter Zhu]
+
+### Deprecation
+* Condition#evaluate to require mandatory context argument in Liquid 6.0.0 (#1527) [Thierry Joyal]
+
+## 5.2.0 2022-03-01
+
+### Features
+* Add `remove_last`, and `replace_last` filters (#1422) [Anders Hagbard]
+* Eagerly cache global filters (#1524) [Jean Boussier]
+
+### Fixes
+* Fix some internal errors in filters from invalid input (#1476) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Allow dash in filter kwarg name for consistency with Liquid::C (#1518) [CP Clermont]
+
+## 5.1.0 / 2021-09-09
+
+### Features
+* Add `base64_encode`, `base64_decode`, `base64_url_safe_encode`, and `base64_url_safe_decode` filters (#1450) [Daniel Insley]
+* Introduce `to_liquid_value` in `Liquid::Drop` (#1441) [Michael Go]
+
+### Fixes
+* Fix support for using a String subclass for the liquid source (#1421) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Add `ParseTreeVisitor` to `RangeLookup` (#1470) [CP Clermont]
+* Translate `RangeError` to `Liquid::Error` for `truncatewords` with large int (#1431) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+## 5.0.1 / 2021-03-24
+
+### Fixes
+* Add ParseTreeVisitor to Echo tag (#1414) [CP Clermont]
+* Test with ruby 3.0 as the latest ruby version (#1398) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Handle carriage return in newlines_to_br (#1391) [Unending]
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Use split limit in truncatewords (#1361) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+## 5.0.0 / 2021-01-06
+
+### Features
+* Add new `{% render %}` tag (#1122) [Samuel Doiron]
+* Add support for `as` in `{% render %}` and `{% include %}` (#1181) [Mike Angell]
+* Add `{% liquid %}` and `{% echo %}` tags (#1086) [Justin Li]
+* Add [usage tracking](README.md#usage-tracking) [Mike Angell]
+* Add `Tag.disable_tags` for disabling tags that prepend `Tag::Disableable` at render time (#1162, #1274, #1275) [Mike Angell]
+* Support using a profiler for multiple renders (#1365, #1366) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+### Fixes
+* Fix catastrophic backtracking in `RANGES_REGEX` regular expression (#1357) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Make sure the for tag's limit and offset are integers (#1094) [David Cornu]
+* Invokable methods for enumerable reject include (#1151) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Allow `default` filter to handle `false` as value (#1144) [Mike Angell]
+* Fix render length resource limit so it doesn't multiply nested output (#1285) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Fix duplication of text in raw tags (#1304) [Peter Zhu]
+* Fix strict parsing of find variable with a name expression (#1317) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Use monotonic time to measure durations in Liquid::Profiler (#1362) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+### Breaking Changes
+* Require Ruby >= 2.5 (#1131, #1310) [Mike Angell, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Remove support for taint checking (#1268) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Split Strainer class into StrainerFactory and StrainerTemplate (#1208) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Remove handling of a nil context in the Strainer class (#1218) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Handle `BlockBody#blank?` at parse time (#1287) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Pass the tag markup and tokenizer to `Document#unknown_tag` (#1290) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* And several internal changes
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Reduce allocations (#1073, #1091, #1115, #1099, #1117, #1141, #1322, #1341) [Richard Monette, Florian Weingarten, Ashwin Maroli]
+* Improve resources limits performance (#1093, #1323) [Florian Weingarten, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
 ## 4.0.3 / 2019-03-12
 
 ### Fixed

README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid)
+[![Build status](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml)
 [![Inline docs](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid)
 
 # Liquid template engine
 
 * [Contributing guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 * [Version history](History.md)
-* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](http://docs.shopify.com/themes/liquid-basics)
+* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](https://shopify.dev/docs/api/liquid)
 * [Liquid Wiki at GitHub](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/wiki)
 * [Website](http://liquidmarkup.org/)
 
@@ -52,24 +52,66 @@ For standard use you can just pass it the content of a file and call render with
 @template.render('name' => 'tobi')                # => "hi tobi"
 ```
 
+### Concept of Environments
+
+In Liquid, a "Environment" is a scoped environment that encapsulates custom tags, filters, and other configurations. This allows you to define and isolate different sets of functionality for different contexts, avoiding global overrides that can lead to conflicts and unexpected behavior.
+
+By using environments, you can:
+
+1. **Encapsulate Logic**: Keep the logic for different parts of your application separate.
+2. **Avoid Conflicts**: Prevent custom tags and filters from clashing with each other.
+3. **Improve Maintainability**: Make it easier to manage and understand the scope of customizations.
+4. **Enhance Security**: Limit the availability of certain tags and filters to specific contexts.
+
+We encourage the use of Environments over globally overriding things because it promotes better software design principles such as modularity, encapsulation, and separation of concerns.
+
+Here's an example of how you can define and use Environments in Liquid:
+
+```ruby
+user_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
+  environment.register_tag("renderobj", RenderObjTag)
+end
+
+Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: user_environment)
+  {% renderobj src: "path/to/model.obj" %}
+LIQUID
+```
+
+In this example, `RenderObjTag` is a custom tag that is only available within the `user_environment`.
+
+Similarly, you can define another environment for a different context, such as email templates:
+
+```ruby
+email_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
+  environment.register_tag("unsubscribe_footer", UnsubscribeFooter)
+end
+
+Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: email_environment)
+  {% unsubscribe_footer %}
+LIQUID
+```
+
+By using Environments, you ensure that custom tags and filters are only available in the contexts where they are needed, making your Liquid templates more robust and easier to manage.
+
 ### Error Modes
 
 Setting the error mode of Liquid lets you specify how strictly you want your templates to be interpreted.
 Normally the parser is very lax and will accept almost anything without error. Unfortunately this can make
-it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour. 
+it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour.
 
 Liquid also comes with a stricter parser that can be used when editing templates to give better error messages
 when templates are invalid. You can enable this new parser like this:
 
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = :warn # Adds errors to template.errors but continues as normal
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :warn # Adds strict errors to template.errors but continues as normal
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
 ```
 
 If you want to set the error mode only on specific templates you can pass `:error_mode` as an option to `parse`:
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Template.parse(source, :error_mode => :strict)
+Liquid::Template.parse(source, error_mode: :strict)
 ```
 This is useful for doing things like enabling strict mode only in the theme editor.
 
@@ -111,4 +153,4 @@ template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })
 
 To help track usages of a feature or code path in production, we have released opt-in usage tracking. To enable this, we provide an empty `Liquid:: Usage.increment` method which you can customize to your needs. The feature is well suited to https://github.com/Shopify/statsd-instrument. However, the choice of implementation is up to you.
 
-Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
+Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.

Rakefile

@@ -9,9 +9,15 @@ task(default: [:test, :rubocop])
 
 desc('run test suite with default parser')
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
-  t.libs << '.' << 'lib' << 'test'
+  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
   t.test_files = FileList['test/{integration,unit}/**/*_test.rb']
-  t.verbose = false
+  t.verbose    = false
+end
+
+Rake::TestTask.new(:integration_test) do |t|
+  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
+  t.test_files = FileList['test/integration/**/*_test.rb']
+  t.verbose    = false
 end
 
 desc('run test suite with warn error mode')
@@ -40,12 +46,12 @@ task :test do
     ENV['LIQUID_C'] = '1'
 
     ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
 
     ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
   end
 end
 
@@ -75,6 +81,14 @@ namespace :benchmark do
   task :strict do
     ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict"
   end
+
+  desc "Run unit benchmarks"
+  task :unit do
+    Dir["./performance/unit/*_benchmark.rb"].each do |file|
+      puts "🧪 Running #{file}"
+      ruby file
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 namespace :profile do

example/server/example_servlet.rb

@@ -30,14 +30,18 @@ class Servlet < LiquidServlet
   private
 
   def products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }]
+    [
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }
+    ]
   end
 
   def more_products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }]
+    [
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }
+    ]
   end
 
   def description

example/server/liquid_servlet.rb

@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
   private
 
   def handle(_type, req, res)
-    @request = req
+    @request  = req
     @response = res
 
     @request.path_info =~ /(\w+)\z/
-    @action = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
+    @action  = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
     @assigns = send(@action) if respond_to?(@action)
 
     @response['Content-Type'] = "text/html"
     @response.status = 200
-    @response.body = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
+    @response.body   = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
   end
 
   def read_template(filename = @action)

lib/liquid.rb

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ module Liquid
   WhitespaceControl           = '-'
   TagStart                    = /\{\%/
   TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
+  TagName                     = /#|\w+/
   VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
   VariableSegment             = /[\w\-]/
   VariableStart               = /\{\{/
@@ -36,18 +37,27 @@ module Liquid
   VariableIncompleteEnd       = /\}\}?/
   QuotedString                = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
   QuotedFragment              = /#{QuotedString}|(?:[^\s,\|'"]|#{QuotedString})+/o
-  TagAttributes               = /(\w+)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
+  TagAttributes               = /(\w[\w-]*)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
   AnyStartingTag              = /#{TagStart}|#{VariableStart}/o
   PartialTemplateParser       = /#{TagStart}.*?#{TagEnd}|#{VariableStart}.*?#{VariableIncompleteEnd}/om
   TemplateParser              = /(#{PartialTemplateParser}|#{AnyStartingTag})/om
-  VariableParser              = /\[[^\]]+\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
+  VariableParser              = /\[(?>[^\[\]]+|\g<0>)*\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
 
-  singleton_class.send(:attr_accessor, :cache_classes)
-  self.cache_classes = true
+  RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA = ->(_e) { raise }
 end
 
 require "liquid/version"
+require "liquid/deprecations"
+require "liquid/const"
+require 'liquid/standardfilters'
+require 'liquid/file_system'
+require 'liquid/parser_switching'
+require 'liquid/tag'
+require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/parse_tree_visitor'
+require 'liquid/interrupts'
+require 'liquid/tags'
+require "liquid/environment"
 require 'liquid/lexer'
 require 'liquid/parser'
 require 'liquid/i18n'
@@ -57,31 +67,22 @@ require 'liquid/forloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/extensions'
 require 'liquid/errors'
 require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/strainer'
+require 'liquid/strainer_template'
 require 'liquid/expression'
 require 'liquid/context'
-require 'liquid/parser_switching'
 require 'liquid/tag'
-require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/block_body'
 require 'liquid/document'
 require 'liquid/variable'
 require 'liquid/variable_lookup'
 require 'liquid/range_lookup'
-require 'liquid/file_system'
 require 'liquid/resource_limits'
 require 'liquid/template'
-require 'liquid/standardfilters'
 require 'liquid/condition'
 require 'liquid/utils'
 require 'liquid/tokenizer'
 require 'liquid/parse_context'
 require 'liquid/partial_cache'
 require 'liquid/usage'
-require 'liquid/register'
-require 'liquid/static_registers'
-
-# Load all the tags of the standard library
-#
-Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/tags/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
-Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/registers/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+require 'liquid/registers'
+require 'liquid/template_factory'

lib/liquid/block.rb

@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      @body = BlockBody.new
+      @body = new_body
       while parse_body(@body, tokens)
       end
+      @body.freeze
     end
 
     # For backwards compatibility
@@ -28,20 +29,33 @@ module Liquid
       @body.nodelist
     end
 
-    def unknown_tag(tag, _params, _tokens)
+    def unknown_tag(tag_name, _markup, _tokenizer)
+      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag_name, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_unknown_tag(tag, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
       if tag == 'else'
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
-          block_name: block_name)
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
+          "errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
+          block_name: block_name,
+        )
       elsif tag.start_with?('end')
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
+          "errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
           tag: tag,
           block_name: block_name,
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter)
+          block_delimiter: block_delimiter,
+        )
       else
         raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
       end
     end
 
+    def raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
+    end
+
     def block_name
       @tag_name
     end
@@ -50,8 +64,14 @@ module Liquid
       @block_delimiter ||= "end#{block_name}"
     end
 
-    protected
+    private
 
+    # @api public
+    def new_body
+      parse_context.new_block_body
+    end
+
+    # @api public
     def parse_body(body, tokens)
       if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
         raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
@@ -62,9 +82,7 @@ module Liquid
           @blank &&= body.blank?
 
           return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
-          unless end_tag_name
-            raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
-          end
+          raise_tag_never_closed(block_name) unless end_tag_name
 
           # this tag is not registered with the system
           # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting

lib/liquid/block_body.rb

@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require 'English'
+
 module Liquid
   class BlockBody
-    LiquidTagToken = /\A\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\z/o
-    FullToken = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(\w+)(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
-    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
+    LiquidTagToken      = /\A\s*(#{TagName})\s*(.*?)\z/o
+    FullToken           = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(#{TagName})(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    ContentOfVariable   = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
     WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
-    TAGSTART = "{%"
-    VARSTART = "{{"
+    TAGSTART            = "{%"
+    VARSTART            = "{{"
 
     attr_reader :nodelist
 
     def initialize
       @nodelist = []
-      @blank = true
+      @blank    = true
     end
 
     def parse(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+      raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Liquid::BlockBody" if frozen?
+
       parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
 
       if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
@@ -26,17 +31,28 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
 
+    def freeze
+      @nodelist.freeze
+      super
+    end
+
     private def parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context)
       while (token = tokenizer.shift)
-        unless token.empty? || token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing
+        unless token.empty? || token.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
           unless token =~ LiquidTagToken
             # line isn't empty but didn't match tag syntax, yield and let the
             # caller raise a syntax error
             return yield token, token
           end
           tag_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-          markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
-          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
+          markup   = Regexp.last_match(2)
+
+          if tag_name == 'liquid'
+            parse_context.line_number -= 1
+            next parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
+          end
+
+          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
             # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
             # determine how to proceed
             return yield tag_name, markup
@@ -51,6 +67,63 @@ module Liquid
       yield nil, nil
     end
 
+    # @api private
+    def self.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(tag, parse_context)
+      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag, 'liquid', '%}', parse_context)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.render_node(context, output, node)
+      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    rescue => exc
+      blank_tag = !node.instance_of?(Variable) && node.blank?
+      rescue_render_node(context, output, node.line_number, exc, blank_tag)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.rescue_render_node(context, output, line_number, exc, blank_tag)
+      case exc
+      when MemoryError
+        raise
+      when UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter
+        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
+      else
+        error_message = context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
+        unless blank_tag # conditional for backwards compatibility
+          output << error_message
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
+      liquid_tag_tokenizer = parse_context.new_tokenizer(
+        markup, start_line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true
+      )
+      parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_markup|
+        if end_tag_name
+          BlockBody.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context)
+      if token.end_with?('%}')
+        yield token, token
+      else
+        BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      end
+    end
+
     private def parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
       while (token = tokenizer.shift)
         next if token.empty?
@@ -58,10 +131,10 @@ module Liquid
         when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
           whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
           unless token =~ FullToken
-            raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+            return handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context, &block)
           end
           tag_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
-          markup = Regexp.last_match(4)
+          markup   = Regexp.last_match(4)
 
           if parse_context.line_number
             # newlines inside the tag should increase the line number,
@@ -70,11 +143,11 @@ module Liquid
           end
 
           if tag_name == 'liquid'
-            liquid_tag_tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true)
-            next parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+            parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
+            next
           end
 
-          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
+          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
             # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
             # determine how to proceed
             return yield tag_name, markup
@@ -92,7 +165,7 @@ module Liquid
           end
           parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
           @nodelist << token
-          @blank &&= !!(token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing)
+          @blank &&= token.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
         end
         parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
       end
@@ -104,7 +177,11 @@ module Liquid
       if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
         previous_token = @nodelist.last
         if previous_token.is_a?(String)
+          first_byte = previous_token.getbyte(0)
           previous_token.rstrip!
+          if previous_token.empty? && parse_context[:bug_compatible_whitespace_trimming] && first_byte
+            previous_token << first_byte
+          end
         end
       end
       parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
@@ -114,38 +191,49 @@ module Liquid
       @blank
     end
 
+    # Remove blank strings in the block body for a control flow tag (e.g. `if`, `for`, `case`, `unless`)
+    # with a blank body.
+    #
+    # For example, in a conditional assignment like the following
+    #
+    # ```
+    # {% if size > max_size %}
+    #   {% assign size = max_size %}
+    # {% endif %}
+    # ```
+    #
+    # we assume the intention wasn't to output the blank spaces in the `if` tag's block body, so this method
+    # will remove them to reduce the render output size.
+    #
+    # Note that it is now preferred to use the `liquid` tag for this use case.
+    def remove_blank_strings
+      raise "remove_blank_strings only support being called on a blank block body" unless @blank
+      @nodelist.reject! { |node| node.instance_of?(String) }
+    end
+
     def render(context)
       render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.resource_limits.render_score += @nodelist.length
+      freeze unless frozen?
+
+      context.resource_limits.increment_render_score(@nodelist.length)
 
       idx = 0
       while (node = @nodelist[idx])
-        previous_output_size = output.bytesize
-
-        case node
-        when String
+        if node.instance_of?(String)
           output << node
-        when Variable
+        else
           render_node(context, output, node)
-        when Block
-          render_node(context, node.blank? ? +'' : output, node)
-          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
-        when Continue, Break
           # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
           # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
-          # or {% continue %}
-          context.push_interrupt(node.interrupt)
-          break
-        else # Other non-Block tags
-          render_node(context, output, node)
-          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened through an include
+          # or {% continue %}. These tags may also occur through Block or Include tags.
+          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
         end
         idx += 1
 
-        raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
+        context.resource_limits.increment_write_score(output)
       end
 
       output
@@ -154,49 +242,32 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def render_node(context, output, node)
-      if node.disabled?(context)
-        output << node.disabled_error_message
-        return
-      end
-      disable_tags(context, node.disabled_tags) do
-        node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      end
-    rescue UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter => e
-      context.handle_error(e, node.line_number)
-    rescue ::StandardError => e
-      line_number = node.is_a?(String) ? nil : node.line_number
-      output << context.handle_error(e, line_number)
-    end
-
-    def disable_tags(context, tags, &block)
-      return yield if tags.empty?
-      context.registers[:disabled_tags].disable(tags, &block)
-    end
-
-    def raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, length)
-      context.resource_limits.render_length += length
-      return unless context.resource_limits.reached?
-      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
+      BlockBody.render_node(context, output, node)
     end
 
     def create_variable(token, parse_context)
-      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
-        markup = content.first
+      if token.end_with?("}}")
+        i = 2
+        i = 3 if token[i] == "-"
+        parse_end = token.length - 3
+        parse_end -= 1 if token[parse_end] == "-"
+        markup_end = parse_end - i + 1
+        markup = markup_end <= 0 ? "" : token.slice(i, markup_end)
+
         return Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
       end
-      raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+
+      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
     end
 
+    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_tag_terminator} instead
     def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
+      BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
     end
 
+    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_variable_terminator} instead
     def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    def registered_tags
-      Template.tags
+      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/condition.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module Liquid
   #   c = Condition.new(1, '==', 1)
   #   c.evaluate #=> true
   #
-  class Condition #:nodoc:
+  class Condition # :nodoc:
     @@operators = {
       '==' => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
       '!=' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
@@ -24,25 +24,47 @@ module Liquid
         else
           false
         end
+      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
+        # "✅".b.include?("✅") raises Encoding::CompatibilityError despite being materially equal
+        left.b.include?(right.b)
       end,
     }
 
+    class MethodLiteral
+      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
+
+      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
+        @method_name = method_name
+        @to_s = to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    @@method_literals = {
+      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze,
+    }
+
     def self.operators
       @@operators
     end
 
+    def self.parse_expression(parse_context, markup)
+      @@method_literals[markup] || parse_context.parse_expression(markup)
+    end
+
     attr_reader :attachment, :child_condition
     attr_accessor :left, :operator, :right
 
     def initialize(left = nil, operator = nil, right = nil)
-      @left = left
+      @left     = left
       @operator = operator
-      @right = right
-      @child_relation = nil
+      @right    = right
+
+      @child_relation  = nil
       @child_condition = nil
     end
 
-    def evaluate(context = Context.new)
+    def evaluate(context = deprecated_default_context)
       condition = self
       result = nil
       loop do
@@ -50,9 +72,9 @@ module Liquid
 
         case condition.child_relation
         when :or
-          break if result
+          break if Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
         when :and
-          break unless result
+          break unless Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
         else
           break
         end
@@ -62,12 +84,12 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def or(condition)
-      @child_relation = :or
+      @child_relation  = :or
       @child_condition = condition
     end
 
     def and(condition)
-      @child_relation = :and
+      @child_relation  = :and
       @child_condition = condition
     end
 
@@ -90,7 +112,7 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def equal_variables(left, right)
-      if left.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+      if left.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
         if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
           return right.send(left.method_name)
         else
@@ -98,7 +120,7 @@ module Liquid
         end
       end
 
-      if right.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+      if right.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
         if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
           return left.send(right.method_name)
         else
@@ -115,8 +137,8 @@ module Liquid
       # return this as the result.
       return context.evaluate(left) if op.nil?
 
-      left = context.evaluate(left)
-      right = context.evaluate(right)
+      left  = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(left))
+      right = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(right))
 
       operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError, "Unknown operator #{op}")
 
@@ -131,11 +153,19 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
 
+    def deprecated_default_context
+      warn("DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated" \
+        " and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0.")
+      Context.new
+    end
+
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
       def children
         [
-          @node.left, @node.right,
-          @node.child_condition, @node.attachment
+          @node.left,
+          @node.right,
+          @node.child_condition,
+          @node.attachment
         ].compact
       end
     end

lib/liquid/const.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  module Const
+    EMPTY_HASH = {}.freeze
+    EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/context.rb

@@ -15,35 +15,44 @@ module Liquid
   #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
   class Context
     attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits, :static_registers, :static_environments
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters
+    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters, :environment
 
     # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
-    def self.build(environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {})
-      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments)
+    def self.build(environment: Environment.default, environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {}, &block)
+      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments, environment, &block)
     end
 
-    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {})
+    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {}, environment = Environment.default)
+      @environment = environment
       @environments = [environments]
       @environments.flatten!
 
-      @static_environments = [static_environments].flat_map(&:freeze).freeze
-      @scopes              = [(outer_scope || {})]
-      @registers           = registers
+      @static_environments = [static_environments].flatten(1).freeze
+      @scopes              = [outer_scope || {}]
+      @registers           = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers : Registers.new(registers)
       @errors              = []
       @partial             = false
       @strict_variables    = false
-      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
+      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
       @base_scope_depth    = 0
-      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
+      @interrupts          = []
+      @filters             = []
+      @global_filter       = nil
+      @disabled_tags       = {}
 
-      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
+      @registers.static[:cached_partials] ||= {}
+      @registers.static[:file_system] ||= environment.file_system
+      @registers.static[:template_factory] ||= Liquid::TemplateFactory.new
+
+      self.exception_renderer = environment.exception_renderer
       if rethrow_errors
-        self.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
+        self.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
       end
 
-      @interrupts = []
-      @filters = []
-      @global_filter = nil
+      yield self if block_given?
+
+      # Do this last, since it could result in this object being passed to a Proc in the environment
+      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
     end
     # rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists
 
@@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def strainer
-      @strainer ||= Strainer.create(self, @filters)
+      @strainer ||= @environment.create_strainer(self, @filters)
     end
 
     # Adds filters to this context.
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@ module Liquid
     def handle_error(e, line_number = nil)
       e = internal_error unless e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
       e.template_name ||= template_name
-      e.line_number ||= line_number
+      e.line_number   ||= line_number
       errors.push(e)
       exception_renderer.call(e).to_s
     end
@@ -120,7 +129,7 @@ module Liquid
     #      context['var'] = 'hi'
     #   end
     #
-    #   context['var]  #=> nil
+    #   context['var']  #=> nil
     def stack(new_scope = {})
       push(new_scope)
       yield
@@ -133,17 +142,19 @@ module Liquid
     def new_isolated_subcontext
       check_overflow
 
-      Context.build(
+      self.class.build(
+        environment: @environment,
         resource_limits: resource_limits,
         static_environments: static_environments,
-        registers: StaticRegisters.new(registers)
+        registers: Registers.new(registers),
       ).tap do |subcontext|
-        subcontext.base_scope_depth = base_scope_depth + 1
+        subcontext.base_scope_depth   = base_scope_depth + 1
         subcontext.exception_renderer = exception_renderer
-        subcontext.filters = @filters
+        subcontext.filters  = @filters
         subcontext.strainer = nil
-        subcontext.errors = errors
+        subcontext.errors   = errors
         subcontext.warnings = warnings
+        subcontext.disabled_tags = @disabled_tags
       end
     end
 
@@ -165,7 +176,12 @@ module Liquid
     # Example:
     #   products == empty #=> products.empty?
     def [](expression)
-      evaluate(Expression.parse(expression))
+      start = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
+      expression_parse_result = Expression.parse(expression)
+      duration = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond) - start
+      registers.static[:expression_parse_duration] ||= 0
+      registers.static[:expression_parse_duration] += duration
+      evaluate(expression_parse_result)
     end
 
     def key?(key)
@@ -188,10 +204,14 @@ module Liquid
         try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
       end
 
-      variable = variable.to_liquid
+      # update variable's context before invoking #to_liquid
       variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)
 
-      variable
+      liquid_variable = variable.to_liquid
+
+      liquid_variable.context = self if variable != liquid_variable && liquid_variable.respond_to?(:context=)
+
+      liquid_variable
     end
 
     def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key, raise_on_not_found: true)
@@ -208,9 +228,24 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
 
+    def with_disabled_tags(tag_names)
+      tag_names.each do |name|
+        @disabled_tags[name] = @disabled_tags.fetch(name, 0) + 1
+      end
+      yield
+    ensure
+      tag_names.each do |name|
+        @disabled_tags[name] -= 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def tag_disabled?(tag_name)
+      @disabled_tags.fetch(tag_name, 0) > 0
+    end
+
     protected
 
-    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters
+    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters, :disabled_tags
 
     private
 

lib/liquid/deprecations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "set"
+
+module Liquid
+  class Deprecations
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :warned
+
+      Deprecations.warned = Set.new
+
+      def warn(name, alternative)
+        return if warned.include?(name)
+
+        warned << name
+
+        caller_location = caller_locations(2, 1).first
+        Warning.warn("[DEPRECATION] #{name} is deprecated. Use #{alternative} instead. Called from #{caller_location}\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/document.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,34 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  class Document < BlockBody
+  class Document
     def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      doc = new
+      doc = new(parse_context)
       doc.parse(tokens, parse_context)
       doc
     end
 
-    def parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      super do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_params|
-        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context) if end_tag_name
+    attr_reader :parse_context, :body
+
+    def initialize(parse_context)
+      @parse_context = parse_context
+      @body = new_body
+    end
+
+    def nodelist
+      @body.nodelist
+    end
+
+    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
+      while parse_body(tokenizer)
       end
+      @body.freeze
     rescue SyntaxError => e
       e.line_number ||= parse_context.line_number
       raise
     end
 
-    def unknown_tag(tag, parse_context)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, _markup, _tokenizer)
       case tag
       when 'else', 'end'
         raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag", tag: tag)
@@ -25,5 +36,30 @@ module Liquid
         raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
       end
     end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      @body.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    end
+
+    def render(context)
+      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def new_body
+      parse_context.new_block_body
+    end
+
+    def parse_body(tokenizer)
+      @body.parse(tokenizer, parse_context) do |unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup|
+        if unknown_tag_name
+          unknown_tag(unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup, tokenizer)
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/drop.rb

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ module Liquid
   class Drop
     attr_writer :context
 
+    def initialize
+      @context = nil
+    end
+
     # Catch all for the method
     def liquid_method_missing(method)
       return nil unless @context&.strict_variables

lib/liquid/environment.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  # The Environment is the container for all configuration options of Liquid, such as
+  # the registered tags, filters, and the default error mode.
+  class Environment
+    # The default error mode for all templates. This can be overridden on a
+    # per-template basis.
+    attr_accessor :error_mode
+
+    # The tags that are available to use in the template.
+    attr_accessor :tags
+
+    # The strainer template which is used to store filters that are available to
+    # use in templates.
+    attr_accessor :strainer_template
+
+    # The exception renderer that is used to render exceptions that are raised
+    # when rendering a template
+    attr_accessor :exception_renderer
+
+    # The default file system that is used to load templates from.
+    attr_accessor :file_system
+
+    # The default resource limits that are used to limit the resources that a
+    # template can consume.
+    attr_accessor :default_resource_limits
+
+    class << self
+      # Creates a new environment instance.
+      #
+      # @param tags [Hash] The tags that are available to use in
+      #  the template.
+      # @param file_system The default file system that is used
+      #  to load templates from.
+      # @param error_mode [Symbol] The default error mode for all templates
+      #  (either :strict, :warn, or :lax).
+      # @param exception_renderer [Proc] The exception renderer that is used to
+      #   render exceptions.
+      # @yieldparam environment [Environment] The environment instance that is being built.
+      # @return [Environment] The new environment instance.
+      def build(tags: nil, file_system: nil, error_mode: nil, exception_renderer: nil)
+        ret = new
+        ret.tags = tags if tags
+        ret.file_system = file_system if file_system
+        ret.error_mode = error_mode if error_mode
+        ret.exception_renderer = exception_renderer if exception_renderer
+        yield ret if block_given?
+        ret.freeze
+      end
+
+      # Returns the default environment instance.
+      #
+      # @return [Environment] The default environment instance.
+      def default
+        @default ||= new
+      end
+
+      # Sets the default environment instance for the duration of the block
+      #
+      # @param environment [Environment] The environment instance to use as the default for the
+      #   duration of the block.
+      # @yield
+      # @return [Object] The return value of the block.
+      def dangerously_override(environment)
+        original_default = @default
+        @default = environment
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @default = original_default
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Initializes a new environment instance.
+    # @api private
+    def initialize
+      @tags = Tags::STANDARD_TAGS.dup
+      @error_mode = :lax
+      @strainer_template = Class.new(StrainerTemplate).tap do |klass|
+        klass.add_filter(StandardFilters)
+      end
+      @exception_renderer = ->(exception) { exception }
+      @file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
+      @default_resource_limits = Const::EMPTY_HASH
+      @strainer_template_class_cache = {}
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new tag with the environment.
+    #
+    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
+    # @param klass [Liquid::Tag] The class that implements the tag.
+    # @return [void]
+    def register_tag(name, klass)
+      @tags[name] = klass
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new filter with the environment.
+    #
+    # @param filter [Module] The module that contains the filter methods.
+    # @return [void]
+    def register_filter(filter)
+      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
+      @strainer_template.add_filter(filter)
+    end
+
+    # Registers multiple filters with this environment.
+    #
+    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The modules that contain the filter methods.
+    # @return [self]
+    def register_filters(filters)
+      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
+      filters.each { |f| @strainer_template.add_filter(f) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new strainer instance with the given filters, caching the result
+    # for faster lookup.
+    #
+    # @param context [Liquid::Context] The context that the strainer will be
+    #   used in.
+    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The filters that the strainer will have
+    #   access to.
+    # @return [Liquid::Strainer] The new strainer instance.
+    def create_strainer(context, filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY)
+      return @strainer_template.new(context) if filters.empty?
+
+      strainer_template = @strainer_template_class_cache[filters] ||= begin
+        klass = Class.new(@strainer_template)
+        filters.each { |f| klass.add_filter(f) }
+        klass
+      end
+
+      strainer_template.new(context)
+    end
+
+    # Returns the names of all the filter methods that are available to use in
+    # the strainer template.
+    #
+    # @return [Array<String>] The names of all the filter methods.
+    def filter_method_names
+      @strainer_template.filter_method_names
+    end
+
+    # Returns the tag class for the given tag name.
+    #
+    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
+    # @return [Liquid::Tag] The tag class.
+    def tag_for_name(name)
+      @tags[name]
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @tags.freeze
+      # TODO: freeze the tags, currently this is not possible because of liquid-c
+      # @strainer_template.freeze
+      super
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/errors.rb

@@ -40,19 +40,20 @@ module Liquid
     end
   end
 
-  ArgumentError = Class.new(Error)
-  ContextError = Class.new(Error)
-  FileSystemError = Class.new(Error)
-  StandardError = Class.new(Error)
-  SyntaxError = Class.new(Error)
-  StackLevelError = Class.new(Error)
-  TaintedError = Class.new(Error)
-  MemoryError = Class.new(Error)
-  ZeroDivisionError = Class.new(Error)
-  FloatDomainError = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedVariable = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedDropMethod = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedFilter = Class.new(Error)
-  MethodOverrideError = Class.new(Error)
-  InternalError = Class.new(Error)
+  ArgumentError         = Class.new(Error)
+  ContextError          = Class.new(Error)
+  FileSystemError       = Class.new(Error)
+  StandardError         = Class.new(Error)
+  SyntaxError           = Class.new(Error)
+  StackLevelError       = Class.new(Error)
+  MemoryError           = Class.new(Error)
+  ZeroDivisionError     = Class.new(Error)
+  FloatDomainError      = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedVariable     = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedDropMethod   = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedFilter       = Class.new(Error)
+  MethodOverrideError   = Class.new(Error)
+  DisabledError         = Class.new(Error)
+  InternalError         = Class.new(Error)
+  TemplateEncodingError = Class.new(Error)
 end

lib/liquid/expression.rb

@@ -2,46 +2,43 @@
 
 module Liquid
   class Expression
-    class MethodLiteral
-      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
-
-      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
-        @method_name = method_name
-        @to_s = to_s
-      end
-
-      def to_liquid
-        to_s
-      end
-    end
-
     LITERALS = {
-      nil => nil, 'nil' => nil, 'null' => nil, '' => nil,
+      nil => nil,
+      'nil' => nil,
+      'null' => nil,
+      '' => nil,
       'true' => true,
       'false' => false,
-      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
-      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
+      'blank' => '',
+      'empty' => ''
     }.freeze
 
-    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
-    DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A"(.*)"\z/m
     INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
     FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
-    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/
+
+    # Use an atomic group (?>...) to avoid pathological backtracing from
+    # malicious input as described in https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/issues/1357
+    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\(\s*(?>(\S+)\s*\.\.)\s*(\S+)\s*\)\z/
 
     def self.parse(markup)
-      if LITERALS.key?(markup)
-        LITERALS[markup]
+      return nil unless markup
+
+      markup = markup.strip
+      if (markup.start_with?('"') && markup.end_with?('"')) ||
+         (markup.start_with?("'") && markup.end_with?("'"))
+        return markup[1..-2]
+      end
+
+      case markup
+      when INTEGERS_REGEX
+        Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
+      when RANGES_REGEX
+        RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
+      when FLOATS_REGEX
+        Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
       else
-        case markup
-        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
-          Regexp.last_match(1)
-        when INTEGERS_REGEX
-          Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
-        when RANGES_REGEX
-          RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
-        when FLOATS_REGEX
-          Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
+        if LITERALS.key?(markup)
+          LITERALS[markup]
         else
           VariableLookup.parse(markup)
         end

lib/liquid/file_system.rb

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module Liquid
     attr_accessor :root
 
     def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid")
-      @root = root
+      @root    = root
       @pattern = pattern
     end
 

lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb

@@ -1,36 +1,81 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type object
+  # @liquid_name forloop
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Information about a parent [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
   class ForloopDrop < Drop
     def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
-      @name = name
-      @length = length
+      @name       = name
+      @length     = length
       @parentloop = parentloop
-      @index = 0
+      @index      = 0
     end
 
-    attr_reader :name, :length, :parentloop
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_name length
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :length
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_name parentloop
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The parent `forloop` object.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   If the current `for` loop isn't nested inside another `for` loop, then `nil` is returned.
+    # @liquid_return [forloop]
+    attr_reader :parentloop
+
+    attr_reader :name
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index
       @index + 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index0
       @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex
       @length - @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex0
       @length - @index - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def first
       @index == 0
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def last
       @index == @length - 1
     end

lib/liquid/lexer.rb

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require "strscan"
+
 module Liquid
-  class Lexer
+  class Lexer1
     SPECIALS = {
       '|' => :pipe,
       '.' => :dot,
@@ -15,12 +16,13 @@ module Liquid
       '?' => :question,
       '-' => :dash,
     }.freeze
-    IDENTIFIER = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
+    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
     SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
     DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
-    NUMBER_LITERAL = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
-    DOTDOT = /\.\./
-    COMPARISON_OPERATOR = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
+    STRING_LITERAL        = Regexp.union(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL)
+    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
+    DOTDOT                = /\.\./
+    COMPARISON_OPERATOR   = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
     WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
 
     def initialize(input)
@@ -33,11 +35,9 @@ module Liquid
       until @ss.eos?
         @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
         break if @ss.eos?
-        tok = if (t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR))
+        tok      = if (t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR))
           [:comparison, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL))
-          [:string, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL))
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(STRING_LITERAL))
           [:string, t]
         elsif (t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL))
           [:number, t]
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module Liquid
         elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT))
           [:dotdot, t]
         else
-          c = @ss.getch
+          c     = @ss.getch
           if (s = SPECIALS[c])
             [s, c]
           else
@@ -59,4 +59,179 @@ module Liquid
       @output << [:end_of_string]
     end
   end
+
+  class Lexer2
+    CLOSE_ROUND = [:close_round, ")"].freeze
+    CLOSE_SQUARE = [:close_square, "]"].freeze
+    COLON = [:colon, ":"].freeze
+    COMMA = [:comma, ","].freeze
+    COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL = [:comparison, "!="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_CONTAINS = [:comparison, "contains"].freeze
+    COMPARISON_EQUAL = [:comparison, "=="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN = [:comparison, ">"].freeze
+    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, ">="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN = [:comparison, "<"].freeze
+    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, "<="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT = [:comparison, "<>"].freeze
+    DASH = [:dash, "-"].freeze
+    DOT = [:dot, "."].freeze
+    DOTDOT = [:dotdot, ".."].freeze
+    DOT_ORD = ".".ord
+    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
+    EOS = [:end_of_string].freeze
+    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
+    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
+    OPEN_ROUND = [:open_round, "("].freeze
+    OPEN_SQUARE = [:open_square, "["].freeze
+    PIPE = [:pipe, "|"].freeze
+    QUESTION = [:question, "?"].freeze
+    RUBY_WHITESPACE = [" ", "\t", "\r", "\n", "\f"].freeze
+    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
+    WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
+
+    SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS = [].tap do |table|
+      table["<".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN
+      table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN
+    end
+
+    TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      table["=".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_EQUAL
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+      table["!".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+    end
+
+    COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      table["<".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL
+        sub_table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT
+        RUBY_WHITESPACE.each { |c| sub_table[c.ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN }
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+      table[">".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL
+        RUBY_WHITESPACE.each { |c| sub_table[c.ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN }
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+      table.freeze
+    end
+
+    NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      "a".upto("z") do |c|
+        table[c.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
+        table[c.upcase.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
+      end
+      table["_".ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
+
+      "0".upto("9") do |c|
+        table[c.ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
+      end
+      table["-".ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
+
+      table["'".ord] = [:string, SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
+      table["\"".ord] = [:string, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
+      table.freeze
+    end
+
+    SPECIAL_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      table["|".ord] = PIPE
+      table[".".ord] = DOT
+      table[":".ord] = COLON
+      table[",".ord] = COMMA
+      table["[".ord] = OPEN_SQUARE
+      table["]".ord] = CLOSE_SQUARE
+      table["(".ord] = OPEN_ROUND
+      table[")".ord] = CLOSE_ROUND
+      table["?".ord] = QUESTION
+      table["-".ord] = DASH
+    end
+
+    NUMBER_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      "0".upto("9") do |c|
+        table[c.ord] = true
+      end
+      table.freeze
+    end
+
+    def initialize(input)
+      @ss = StringScanner.new(input)
+    end
+
+    # rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockNesting
+    def tokenize
+      @output = []
+
+      until @ss.eos?
+        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
+
+        break if @ss.eos?
+
+        start_pos = @ss.pos
+        peeked = @ss.peek_byte
+
+        if (special = SPECIAL_TABLE[peeked])
+          @ss.scan_byte
+          # Special case for ".."
+          if special == DOT && @ss.peek_byte == DOT_ORD
+            @ss.scan_byte
+            @output << DOTDOT
+          elsif special == DASH
+            # Special case for negative numbers
+            if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && NUMBER_TABLE[peeked_byte]
+              @ss.pos -= 1
+              @output << [:number, @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL)]
+            else
+              @output << special
+            end
+          else
+            @output << special
+          end
+        elsif (sub_table = TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
+          @ss.scan_byte
+          if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
+            @output << found
+            @ss.scan_byte
+          else
+            raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
+          end
+        elsif (sub_table = COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
+          @ss.scan_byte
+          if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
+            @output << found
+            @ss.scan_byte
+          else
+            @output << SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS[peeked]
+          end
+        else
+          type, pattern = NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE[peeked]
+
+          if type && (t = @ss.scan(pattern))
+            # Special case for "contains"
+            @output << if type == :id && t == "contains" && @output.last&.first != :dot
+              COMPARISON_CONTAINS
+            else
+              [type, t]
+            end
+          else
+            raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      # rubocop:enable Metrics/BlockNesting
+
+      @output << EOS
+    end
+
+    def raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
+      @ss.pos = start_pos
+      # the character could be a UTF-8 character, use getch to get all the bytes
+      raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{@ss.getch}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Lexer = StringScanner.instance_methods.include?(:scan_byte) ? Lexer2 : Lexer1
 end

lib/liquid/locales/en.yml

@@ -13,16 +13,17 @@
       for_invalid_attribute: "Invalid attribute in for loop. Valid attributes are limit and offset"
       if: "Syntax Error in tag 'if' - Valid syntax: if [expression]"
       include: "Error in tag 'include' - Valid syntax: include '[template]' (with|for) [object|collection]"
-      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
+      inline_comment_invalid: "Syntax error in tag '#' - Each line of comments must be prefixed by the '#' character"
       invalid_delimiter: "'%{tag}' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
+      invalid_template_encoding: "Invalid template encoding"
+      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
+      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
+      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
+      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
       unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect 'else' tag"
       unexpected_outer_tag: "Unexpected outer '%{tag}' tag"
-      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
+      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
       variable_termination: "Variable '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
-      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
-      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
-      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
-      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
     argument:
       include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
     disabled:

lib/liquid/parse_context.rb

@@ -3,13 +3,16 @@
 module Liquid
   class ParseContext
     attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
-    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode
+    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode, :environment
 
-    def initialize(options = {})
+    def initialize(options = Const::EMPTY_HASH)
+      @environment = options.fetch(:environment, Environment.default)
       @template_options = options ? options.dup : {}
-      @locale = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
+
+      @locale   = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
       @warnings = []
-      self.depth = 0
+
+      self.depth   = 0
       self.partial = false
     end
 
@@ -17,10 +20,23 @@ module Liquid
       @options[option_key]
     end
 
+    def new_block_body
+      Liquid::BlockBody.new
+    end
+
+    def new_tokenizer(markup, start_line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
+      Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: start_line_number, for_liquid_tag: for_liquid_tag)
+    end
+
+    def parse_expression(markup)
+      Expression.parse(markup)
+    end
+
     def partial=(value)
       @partial = value
       @options = value ? partial_options : @template_options
-      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
+
+      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || @environment.error_mode
     end
 
     def partial_options

lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def initialize(node, callbacks)
-      @node = node
+      @node      = node
       @callbacks = callbacks
     end
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module Liquid
     protected
 
     def children
-      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : []
+      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/parser.rb

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 module Liquid
   class Parser
     def initialize(input)
-      l = Lexer.new(input)
+      l       = Lexer.new(input)
       @tokens = l.tokenize
-      @p = 0 # pointer to current location
+      @p      = 0 # pointer to current location
     end
 
     def jump(point)
@@ -46,16 +46,20 @@ module Liquid
       tok[0] == type
     end
 
-    SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES = [:string, :number].freeze
-    private_constant :SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES
-
     def expression
       token = @tokens[@p]
-      if token[0] == :id
-        variable_signature
-      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include?(token[0])
+      case token[0]
+      when :id
+        str = consume
+        str << variable_lookups
+      when :open_square
+        str = consume.dup
+        str << expression
+        str << consume(:close_square)
+        str << variable_lookups
+      when :string, :number
         consume
-      elsif token.first == :open_round
+      when :open_round
         consume
         first = expression
         consume(:dotdot)
@@ -78,16 +82,19 @@ module Liquid
       str
     end
 
-    def variable_signature
-      str = consume(:id)
-      while look(:open_square)
-        str << consume
-        str << expression
-        str << consume(:close_square)
-      end
-      if look(:dot)
-        str << consume
-        str << variable_signature
+    def variable_lookups
+      str = +""
+      loop do
+        if look(:open_square)
+          str << consume
+          str << expression
+          str << consume(:close_square)
+        elsif look(:dot)
+          str << consume
+          str << consume(:id)
+        else
+          break
+        end
       end
       str
     end

lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb

@@ -2,16 +2,28 @@
 
 module Liquid
   module ParserSwitching
+    def strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
+      strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+    rescue SyntaxError => e
+      case parse_context.error_mode
+      when :strict
+        raise
+      when :warn
+        parse_context.warnings << e
+      end
+      lax_parse(markup)
+    end
+
     def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
       case parse_context.error_mode
       when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
       when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
       when :warn
         begin
-          return strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+          strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
         rescue SyntaxError => e
           parse_context.warnings << e
-          return lax_parse(markup)
+          lax_parse(markup)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -21,7 +33,7 @@ module Liquid
     def strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
       strict_parse(markup)
     rescue SyntaxError => e
-      e.line_number = line_number
+      e.line_number    = line_number
       e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)
       raise e
     end

lib/liquid/partial_cache.rb

@@ -3,16 +3,29 @@
 module Liquid
   class PartialCache
     def self.load(template_name, context:, parse_context:)
-      cached_partials = (context.registers[:cached_partials] ||= {})
-      cached = cached_partials[template_name]
+      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials]
+      cache_key = "#{template_name}:#{parse_context.error_mode}"
+      cached = cached_partials[cache_key]
       return cached if cached
 
-      file_system = (context.registers[:file_system] ||= Liquid::Template.file_system)
-      source = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
+      file_system = context.registers[:file_system]
+      source      = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
+
       parse_context.partial = true
 
-      partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
-      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
+      template_factory = context.registers[:template_factory]
+      template = template_factory.for(template_name)
+
+      begin
+        partial = template.parse(source, parse_context)
+      rescue Liquid::Error => e
+        e.template_name = template&.name || template_name
+        raise e
+      end
+
+      partial.name ||= template_name
+
+      cached_partials[cache_key] = partial
     ensure
       parse_context.partial = false
     end

lib/liquid/profiler.rb

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module Liquid
   #     node.code
   #
   #     # Which template and line number of this node.
-  #     # If top level, this will be "<root>".
+  #     # The top-level template name is `nil` by default, but can be set in the Liquid::Context before rendering.
   #     node.partial
   #     node.line_number
   #
@@ -46,115 +46,94 @@ module Liquid
     include Enumerable
 
     class Timing
-      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children
+      attr_reader :code, :template_name, :line_number, :children
+      attr_accessor :total_time
+      alias_method :render_time, :total_time
+      alias_method :partial, :template_name
 
-      def initialize(node, partial)
-        @code        = node.respond_to?(:raw) ? node.raw : node
-        @partial     = partial
-        @line_number = node.respond_to?(:line_number) ? node.line_number : nil
-        @children    = []
+      def initialize(code: nil, template_name: nil, line_number: nil)
+        @code = code
+        @template_name = template_name
+        @line_number = line_number
+        @children = []
       end
 
-      def self.start(node, partial)
-        new(node, partial).tap(&:start)
-      end
-
-      def start
-        @start_time = Time.now
-      end
-
-      def finish
-        @end_time = Time.now
-      end
-
-      def render_time
-        @end_time - @start_time
+      def self_time
+        @self_time ||= begin
+          total_children_time = 0.0
+          @children.each do |child|
+            total_children_time += child.total_time
+          end
+          @total_time - total_children_time
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    def self.profile_node_render(node)
-      if Profiler.current_profile && node.respond_to?(:render)
-        Profiler.current_profile.start_node(node)
-        output = yield
-        Profiler.current_profile.end_node(node)
-        output
-      else
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.profile_children(template_name)
-      if Profiler.current_profile
-        Profiler.current_profile.push_partial(template_name)
-        output = yield
-        Profiler.current_profile.pop_partial
-        output
-      else
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.current_profile
-      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler]
-    end
+    attr_reader :total_time
+    alias_method :total_render_time, :total_time
 
     def initialize
-      @partial_stack = ["<root>"]
-
-      @root_timing = Timing.new("", current_partial)
-      @timing_stack = [@root_timing]
-
-      @render_start_at = Time.now
-      @render_end_at = @render_start_at
+      @root_children = []
+      @current_children = nil
+      @total_time = 0.0
     end
 
-    def start
-      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = self
-      @render_start_at = Time.now
+    def profile(template_name, &block)
+      # nested renders are done from a tag that already has a timing node
+      return yield if @current_children
+
+      root_children = @root_children
+      render_idx = root_children.length
+      begin
+        @current_children = root_children
+        profile_node(template_name, &block)
+      ensure
+        @current_children = nil
+        if (timing = root_children[render_idx])
+          @total_time += timing.total_time
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def stop
-      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = nil
-      @render_end_at = Time.now
-    end
-
-    def total_render_time
-      @render_end_at - @render_start_at
+    def children
+      children = @root_children
+      if children.length == 1
+        children.first.children
+      else
+        children
+      end
     end
 
     def each(&block)
-      @root_timing.children.each(&block)
+      children.each(&block)
     end
 
     def [](idx)
-      @root_timing.children[idx]
+      children[idx]
     end
 
     def length
-      @root_timing.children.length
+      children.length
     end
 
-    def start_node(node)
-      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(node, current_partial))
+    def profile_node(template_name, code: nil, line_number: nil)
+      timing = Timing.new(code: code, template_name: template_name, line_number: line_number)
+      parent_children = @current_children
+      start_time = monotonic_time
+      begin
+        @current_children = timing.children
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @current_children = parent_children
+        timing.total_time = monotonic_time - start_time
+        parent_children << timing
+      end
     end
 
-    def end_node(_node)
-      timing = @timing_stack.pop
-      timing.finish
+    private
 
-      @timing_stack.last.children << timing
-    end
-
-    def current_partial
-      @partial_stack.last
-    end
-
-    def push_partial(partial_name)
-      @partial_stack.push(partial_name)
-    end
-
-    def pop_partial
-      @partial_stack.pop
+    def monotonic_time
+      Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb

@@ -1,25 +1,35 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  class BlockBody
-    def render_node_with_profiling(context, output, node)
-      Profiler.profile_node_render(node) do
-        render_node_without_profiling(context, output, node)
+  module BlockBodyProfilingHook
+    def render_node(context, output, node)
+      if (profiler = context.profiler)
+        profiler.profile_node(context.template_name, code: node.raw, line_number: node.line_number) do
+          super
+        end
+      else
+        super
       end
     end
-
-    alias_method :render_node_without_profiling, :render_node
-    alias_method :render_node, :render_node_with_profiling
   end
+  BlockBody.prepend(BlockBodyProfilingHook)
 
-  class Include < Tag
-    def render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling(context, output)
-      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr).to_s) do
-        render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling(context, output)
-      end
+  module DocumentProfilingHook
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      return super unless context.profiler
+      context.profiler.profile(context.template_name) { super }
     end
-
-    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling, :render_to_output_buffer
-    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer, :render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling
   end
+  Document.prepend(DocumentProfilingHook)
+
+  module ContextProfilingHook
+    attr_accessor :profiler
+
+    def new_isolated_subcontext
+      new_context = super
+      new_context.profiler = profiler
+      new_context
+    end
+  end
+  Context.prepend(ContextProfilingHook)
 end

lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb

@@ -4,22 +4,34 @@ module Liquid
   class RangeLookup
     def self.parse(start_markup, end_markup)
       start_obj = Expression.parse(start_markup)
-      end_obj = Expression.parse(end_markup)
+      end_obj   = Expression.parse(end_markup)
       if start_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate) || end_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate)
         new(start_obj, end_obj)
       else
-        start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
+        begin
+          start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          invalid_expr = start_markup unless start_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
+          invalid_expr ||= end_markup unless end_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
+          if invalid_expr
+            raise Liquid::SyntaxError, "Invalid expression type '#{invalid_expr}' in range expression"
+          end
+
+          raise
+        end
       end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :start_obj, :end_obj
+
     def initialize(start_obj, end_obj)
       @start_obj = start_obj
-      @end_obj = end_obj
+      @end_obj   = end_obj
     end
 
     def evaluate(context)
       start_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@start_obj))
-      end_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
+      end_int   = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
       start_int..end_int
     end
 
@@ -35,5 +47,11 @@ module Liquid
         Utils.to_integer(input)
       end
     end
+
+    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+      def children
+        [@node.start_obj, @node.end_obj]
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/register.rb

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Register
-  end
-end

lib/liquid/registers.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Registers
+    attr_reader :static
+
+    def initialize(registers = {})
+      @static = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers.static : registers
+      @changes = {}
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @changes[key] = value
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      if @changes.key?(key)
+        @changes[key]
+      else
+        @static[key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def delete(key)
+      @changes.delete(key)
+    end
+
+    UNDEFINED = Object.new
+
+    def fetch(key, default = UNDEFINED, &block)
+      if @changes.key?(key)
+        @changes.fetch(key)
+      elsif default != UNDEFINED
+        if block_given?
+          @static.fetch(key, &block)
+        else
+          @static.fetch(key, default)
+        end
+      else
+        @static.fetch(key, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def key?(key)
+      @changes.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Alias for backwards compatibility
+  StaticRegisters = Registers
+end

lib/liquid/registers/disabled_tags.rb

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-module Liquid
-  class DisabledTags < Register
-    def initialize
-      @disabled_tags = {}
-    end
-
-    def disabled?(tag)
-      @disabled_tags.key?(tag) && @disabled_tags[tag] > 0
-    end
-
-    def disable(tags)
-      tags.each(&method(:increment))
-      yield
-    ensure
-      tags.each(&method(:decrement))
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def increment(tag)
-      @disabled_tags[tag] ||= 0
-      @disabled_tags[tag] += 1
-    end
-
-    def decrement(tag)
-      @disabled_tags[tag] -= 1
-    end
-  end
-
-  Template.add_register(:disabled_tags, DisabledTags.new)
-end

lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb

@@ -2,24 +2,61 @@
 
 module Liquid
   class ResourceLimits
-    attr_accessor :render_length, :render_score, :assign_score,
-      :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
+    attr_accessor :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
+    attr_reader :render_score, :assign_score
 
     def initialize(limits)
       @render_length_limit = limits[:render_length_limit]
-      @render_score_limit = limits[:render_score_limit]
-      @assign_score_limit = limits[:assign_score_limit]
+      @render_score_limit  = limits[:render_score_limit]
+      @assign_score_limit  = limits[:assign_score_limit]
       reset
     end
 
+    def increment_render_score(amount)
+      @render_score += amount
+      raise_limits_reached if @render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit
+    end
+
+    def increment_assign_score(amount)
+      @assign_score += amount
+      raise_limits_reached if @assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit
+    end
+
+    # update either render_length or assign_score based on whether or not the writes are captured
+    def increment_write_score(output)
+      if (last_captured = @last_capture_length)
+        captured = output.bytesize
+        increment = captured - last_captured
+        @last_capture_length = captured
+        increment_assign_score(increment)
+      elsif @render_length_limit && output.bytesize > @render_length_limit
+        raise_limits_reached
+      end
+    end
+
+    def raise_limits_reached
+      @reached_limit = true
+      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
+    end
+
     def reached?
-      (@render_length_limit && @render_length > @render_length_limit) ||
-        (@render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit) ||
-        (@assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit)
+      @reached_limit
     end
 
     def reset
-      @render_length = @render_score = @assign_score = 0
+      @reached_limit = false
+      @last_capture_length = nil
+      @render_score = @assign_score = 0
+    end
+
+    def with_capture
+      old_capture_length = @last_capture_length
+      begin
+        @last_capture_length = 0
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @last_capture_length = old_capture_length
+      end
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb

@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require 'cgi'
+require 'base64'
 require 'bigdecimal'
 
 module Liquid
   module StandardFilters
+    MAX_I32 = (1 << 31) - 1
+    private_constant :MAX_I32
+
+    MIN_I64 = -(1 << 63)
+    MAX_I64 = (1 << 63) - 1
+    I64_RANGE = MIN_I64..MAX_I64
+    private_constant :MIN_I64, :MAX_I64, :I64_RANGE
+
     HTML_ESCAPE = {
       '&' => '&amp;',
       '>' => '&gt;',
@@ -13,46 +22,119 @@ module Liquid
       "'" => '&#39;',
     }.freeze
     HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
-    STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS = Regexp.union(
+    STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS       = Regexp.union(
       %r{<script.*?</script>}m,
       /<!--.*?-->/m,
-      %r{<style.*?</style>}m
+      %r{<style.*?</style>}m,
     )
     STRIP_HTML_TAGS = /<.*?>/m
 
-    # Return the size of an array or of an string
+    class << self
+      def try_coerce_encoding(input, encoding:)
+        original_encoding = input.encoding
+        if input.encoding != encoding
+          input.force_encoding(encoding)
+          unless input.valid_encoding?
+            input.force_encoding(original_encoding)
+          end
+        end
+        input
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns the size of a string or array.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   The size of a string is the number of characters that the string includes. The size of an array is the number of items
+    #   in the array.
+    # @liquid_syntax variable | size
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def size(input)
       input.respond_to?(:size) ? input.size : 0
     end
 
-    # convert an input string to DOWNCASE
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Converts a string to all lowercase characters.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | downcase
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def downcase(input)
       input.to_s.downcase
     end
 
-    # convert an input string to UPCASE
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Converts a string to all uppercase characters.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | upcase
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def upcase(input)
       input.to_s.upcase
     end
 
-    # capitalize words in the input centence
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Capitalizes the first word in a string and downcases the remaining characters.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | capitalize
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def capitalize(input)
       input.to_s.capitalize
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Escapes special characters in HTML, such as `<>`, `'`, and `&`, and converts characters into escape sequences. The filter doesn't effect characters within the string that don’t have a corresponding escape sequence.".
+    # @liquid_syntax string | escape
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def escape(input)
-      CGI.escapeHTML(input.to_s).untaint unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escapeHTML(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
     end
     alias_method :h, :escape
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Escapes a string without changing characters that have already been escaped.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | escape_once
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def escape_once(input)
       input.to_s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Converts any URL-unsafe characters in a string to the
+    #   [percent-encoded](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/percent-encoding) equivalent.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   > Note:
+    #   > Spaces are converted to a `+` character, instead of a percent-encoded character.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | url_encode
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def url_encode(input)
       CGI.escape(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Decodes any [percent-encoded](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/percent-encoding) characters
+    #   in a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | url_decode
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def url_decode(input)
       return if input.nil?
 
@@ -62,79 +144,231 @@ module Liquid
       result
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Encodes a string to [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
+    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_encode
+    # @liquid_return [string]
+    def base64_encode(input)
+      Base64.strict_encode64(input.to_s)
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Decodes a string in [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
+    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_decode
+    # @liquid_return [string]
+    def base64_decode(input)
+      input = input.to_s
+      StandardFilters.try_coerce_encoding(Base64.strict_decode64(input), encoding: input.encoding)
+    rescue ::ArgumentError
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid base64 provided to base64_decode"
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Encodes a string to URL-safe [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
+    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_url_safe_encode
+    # @liquid_return [string]
+    def base64_url_safe_encode(input)
+      Base64.urlsafe_encode64(input.to_s)
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Decodes a string in URL-safe [Base64 format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64).
+    # @liquid_syntax string | base64_url_safe_decode
+    # @liquid_return [string]
+    def base64_url_safe_decode(input)
+      input = input.to_s
+      StandardFilters.try_coerce_encoding(Base64.urlsafe_decode64(input), encoding: input.encoding)
+    rescue ::ArgumentError
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid base64 provided to base64_url_safe_decode"
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns a substring or series of array items, starting at a given 0-based index.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   By default, the substring has a length of one character, and the array series has one array item. However, you can
+    #   provide a second parameter to specify the number of characters or array items.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | slice
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def slice(input, offset, length = nil)
       offset = Utils.to_integer(offset)
       length = length ? Utils.to_integer(length) : 1
 
-      if input.is_a?(Array)
-        input.slice(offset, length) || []
-      else
-        input.to_s.slice(offset, length) || ''
+      begin
+        if input.is_a?(Array)
+          input.slice(offset, length) || []
+        else
+          input.to_s.slice(offset, length) || ''
+        end
+      rescue RangeError
+        if I64_RANGE.cover?(length) && I64_RANGE.cover?(offset)
+          raise # unexpected error
+        end
+        offset = offset.clamp(I64_RANGE)
+        length = length.clamp(I64_RANGE)
+        retry
       end
     end
 
-    # Truncate a string down to x characters
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Truncates a string down to a given number of characters.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   If the specified number of characters is less than the length of the string, then an ellipsis (`...`) is appended to
+    #   the truncated string. The ellipsis is included in the character count of the truncated string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | truncate: number
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...")
       return if input.nil?
       input_str = input.to_s
-      length = Utils.to_integer(length)
+      length    = Utils.to_integer(length)
+
       truncate_string_str = truncate_string.to_s
+
       l = length - truncate_string_str.length
       l = 0 if l < 0
+
       input_str.length > length ? input_str[0...l].concat(truncate_string_str) : input_str
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Truncates a string down to a given number of words.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   If the specified number of words is less than the number of words in the string, then an ellipsis (`...`) is appended to
+    #   the truncated string.
+    #
+    #   > Caution:
+    #   > HTML tags are treated as words, so you should strip any HTML from truncated content. If you don't strip HTML, then
+    #   > closing HTML tags can be removed, which can result in unexpected behavior.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | truncatewords: number
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...")
       return if input.nil?
-      wordlist = input.to_s.split
+      input = input.to_s
       words = Utils.to_integer(words)
-      l = words - 1
-      l = 0 if l < 0
-      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s) : input
+      words = 1 if words <= 0
+
+      wordlist = begin
+        input.split(" ", words + 1)
+      rescue RangeError
+        # integer too big for String#split, but we can semantically assume no truncation is needed
+        return input if words + 1 > MAX_I32
+        raise # unexpected error
+      end
+      return input if wordlist.length <= words
+
+      wordlist.pop
+      wordlist.join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s)
     end
 
-    # Split input string into an array of substrings separated by given pattern.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #   <div class="summary">{{ post | split '//' | first }}</div>
-    #
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Splits a string into an array of substrings based on a given separator.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | split: string
+    # @liquid_return [array[string]]
     def split(input, pattern)
       input.to_s.split(pattern.to_s)
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Strips all whitespace from the left and right of a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | strip
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def strip(input)
       input.to_s.strip
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Strips all whitespace from the left of a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | lstrip
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def lstrip(input)
       input.to_s.lstrip
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Strips all whitespace from the right of a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | rstrip
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def rstrip(input)
       input.to_s.rstrip
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Strips all HTML tags from a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | strip_html
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def strip_html(input)
-      empty = ''
+      empty  = ''
       result = input.to_s.gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
       result.gsub!(STRIP_HTML_TAGS, empty)
       result
     end
 
-    # Remove all newlines from the string
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Strips all newline characters (line breaks) from a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | strip_newlines
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def strip_newlines(input)
       input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, '')
     end
 
-    # Join elements of the array with certain character between them
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Combines all of the items in an array into a single string, separated by a space.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | join
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def join(input, glue = ' ')
-      InputIterator.new(input).join(glue)
+      InputIterator.new(input, context).join(glue)
     end
 
-    # Sort elements of the array
-    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Sorts the items in an array in case-sensitive alphabetical, or numerical, order.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | sort
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def sort(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
 
       return [] if ary.empty?
 
@@ -151,10 +385,19 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
 
-    # Sort elements of an array ignoring case if strings
-    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Sorts the items in an array in case-insensitive alphabetical order.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   > Caution:
+    #   > You shouldn't use the `sort_natural` filter to sort numerical values. When comparing items an array, each item is converted to a
+    #   > string, so sorting on numerical values can lead to unexpected results.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | sort_natural
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def sort_natural(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
 
       return [] if ary.empty?
 
@@ -171,55 +414,88 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
 
-    # Filter the elements of an array to those with a certain property value.
-    # By default the target is any truthy value.
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Filters an array to include only items with a specific property value.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   This requires you to provide both the property name and the associated value.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | where: string, string
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def where(input, property, target_value = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
 
       if ary.empty?
         []
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && target_value.nil?
-        begin
-          ary.select { |item| item[property] }
+      elsif target_value.nil?
+        ary.select do |item|
+          item[property]
         rescue TypeError
           raise_property_error(property)
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
+          raise
         end
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        begin
-          ary.select { |item| item[property] == target_value }
+      else
+        ary.select do |item|
+          item[property] == target_value
         rescue TypeError
           raise_property_error(property)
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
+          raise
         end
       end
     end
 
-    # Remove duplicate elements from an array
-    # provide optional property with which to determine uniqueness
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Removes any duplicate items in an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | uniq
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def uniq(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
 
       if property.nil?
         ary.uniq
       elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
         []
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        begin
-          ary.uniq { |a| a[property] }
+      else
+        ary.uniq do |item|
+          item[property]
         rescue TypeError
           raise_property_error(property)
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
+          raise
         end
       end
     end
 
-    # Reverse the elements of an array
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Reverses the order of the items in an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | reverse
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def reverse(input)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
       ary.reverse
     end
 
-    # map/collect on a given property
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Creates an array of values from a specific property of the items in an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | map: string
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def map(input, property)
-      InputIterator.new(input).map do |e|
+      InputIterator.new(input, context).map do |e|
         e = e.call if e.is_a?(Proc)
 
         if property == "to_liquid"
@@ -233,64 +509,157 @@ module Liquid
       raise_property_error(property)
     end
 
-    # Remove nils within an array
-    # provide optional property with which to check for nil
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Removes any `nil` items from an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | compact
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def compact(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
 
       if property.nil?
         ary.compact
       elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
         []
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        begin
-          ary.reject { |a| a[property].nil? }
+      else
+        ary.reject do |item|
+          item[property].nil?
         rescue TypeError
           raise_property_error(property)
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          return nil unless item.respond_to?(:[])
+          raise
         end
       end
     end
 
-    # Replace occurrences of a string with another
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Replaces any instance of a substring inside a string with a given string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | replace: string, string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def replace(input, string, replacement = '')
       input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
     end
 
-    # Replace the first occurrences of a string with another
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Replaces the first instance of a substring inside a string with a given string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | replace_first: string, string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def replace_first(input, string, replacement = '')
       input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
     end
 
-    # remove a substring
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Replaces the last instance of a substring inside a string with a given string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | replace_last: string, string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
+    def replace_last(input, string, replacement)
+      input = input.to_s
+      string = string.to_s
+      replacement = replacement.to_s
+
+      start_index = input.rindex(string)
+
+      return input unless start_index
+
+      output = input.dup
+      output[start_index, string.length] = replacement
+      output
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Removes any instance of a substring inside a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | remove: string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def remove(input, string)
-      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, '')
+      replace(input, string, '')
     end
 
-    # remove the first occurrences of a substring
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Removes the first instance of a substring inside a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | remove_first: string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def remove_first(input, string)
-      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, '')
+      replace_first(input, string, '')
     end
 
-    # add one string to another
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Removes the last instance of a substring inside a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | remove_last: string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
+    def remove_last(input, string)
+      replace_last(input, string, '')
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Adds a given string to the end of a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | append: string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def append(input, string)
       input.to_s + string.to_s
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Concatenates (combines) two arrays.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   > Note:
+    #   > The `concat` filter won't filter out duplicates. If you want to remove duplicates, then you need to use the
+    #   > [`uniq` filter](/docs/api/liquid/filters/uniq).
+    # @liquid_syntax array | concat: array
+    # @liquid_return [array[untyped]]
     def concat(input, array)
       unless array.respond_to?(:to_ary)
         raise ArgumentError, "concat filter requires an array argument"
       end
-      InputIterator.new(input).concat(array)
+      InputIterator.new(input, context).concat(array)
     end
 
-    # prepend a string to another
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Adds a given string to the beginning of a string.
+    # @liquid_syntax string | prepend: string
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def prepend(input, string)
       string.to_s + input.to_s
     end
 
-    # Add <br /> tags in front of all newlines in input string
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category string
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Converts newlines (`\n`) in a string to HTML line breaks (`<br>`).
+    # @liquid_syntax string | newline_to_br
+    # @liquid_return [string]
     def newline_to_br(input)
-      input.to_s.gsub(/\n/, "<br />\n")
+      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, "<br />\n")
     end
 
     # Reformat a date using Ruby's core Time#strftime( string ) -> string
@@ -332,58 +701,106 @@ module Liquid
       date.strftime(format.to_s)
     end
 
-    # Get the first element of the passed in array
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #    {{ product.images | first | to_img }}
-    #
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns the first item in an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | first
+    # @liquid_return [untyped]
     def first(array)
       array.first if array.respond_to?(:first)
     end
 
-    # Get the last element of the passed in array
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #    {{ product.images | last | to_img }}
-    #
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns the last item in an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | last
+    # @liquid_return [untyped]
     def last(array)
       array.last if array.respond_to?(:last)
     end
 
-    # absolute value
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns the absolute value of a number.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | abs
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def abs(input)
       result = Utils.to_number(input).abs
       result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
     end
 
-    # addition
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Adds two numbers.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | plus: number
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def plus(input, operand)
       apply_operation(input, operand, :+)
     end
 
-    # subtraction
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Subtracts a given number from another number.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | minus: number
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def minus(input, operand)
       apply_operation(input, operand, :-)
     end
 
-    # multiplication
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Multiplies a number by a given number.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | times: number
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def times(input, operand)
       apply_operation(input, operand, :*)
     end
 
-    # division
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Divides a number by a given number. The `divided_by` filter produces a result of the same type as the divisor. This means if you divide by an integer, the result will be an integer, and if you divide by a float, the result will be a float.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | divided_by: number
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def divided_by(input, operand)
       apply_operation(input, operand, :/)
     rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
       raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns the remainder of dividing a number by a given number.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | modulo: number
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def modulo(input, operand)
       apply_operation(input, operand, :%)
     rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
       raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Rounds a number to the nearest integer.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | round
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def round(input, n = 0)
       result = Utils.to_number(input).round(Utils.to_number(n))
       result = result.to_f if result.is_a?(BigDecimal)
@@ -393,18 +810,39 @@ module Liquid
       raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | ceil
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def ceil(input)
       Utils.to_number(input).ceil.to_i
     rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
       raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | floor
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def floor(input)
       Utils.to_number(input).floor.to_i
     rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
       raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Limits a number to a minimum value.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | at_least
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def at_least(input, n)
       min_value = Utils.to_number(n)
 
@@ -413,6 +851,13 @@ module Liquid
       result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category math
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Limits a number to a maximum value.
+    # @liquid_syntax number | at_most
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def at_most(input, n)
       max_value = Utils.to_number(n)
 
@@ -421,17 +866,58 @@ module Liquid
       result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
     end
 
-    def default(input, default_value = '')
-      if !input || input.respond_to?(:empty?) && input.empty?
-        Usage.increment("default_filter_received_false_value") if input == false # See https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/issues/1127
-        default_value
-      else
-        input
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category default
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Sets a default value for any variable whose value is one of the following:
+    #
+    #   - [`empty`](/docs/api/liquid/basics#empty)
+    #   - [`false`](/docs/api/liquid/basics#truthy-and-falsy)
+    #   - [`nil`](/docs/api/liquid/basics#nil)
+    # @liquid_syntax variable | default: variable
+    # @liquid_return [untyped]
+    # @liquid_optional_param allow_false: [boolean] Whether to use false values instead of the default.
+    def default(input, default_value = '', options = {})
+      options = {} unless options.is_a?(Hash)
+      false_check = options['allow_false'] ? input.nil? : !Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(input)
+      false_check || (input.respond_to?(:empty?) && input.empty?) ? default_value : input
+    end
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_type filter
+    # @liquid_category array
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns the sum of all elements in an array.
+    # @liquid_syntax array | sum
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    def sum(input, property = nil)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
+      return 0 if ary.empty?
+
+      values_for_sum = ary.map do |item|
+        if property.nil?
+          item
+        elsif item.respond_to?(:[])
+          item[property]
+        else
+          0
+        end
+      rescue TypeError
+        raise_property_error(property)
       end
+
+      result = InputIterator.new(values_for_sum, context).sum do |item|
+        Utils.to_number(item)
+      end
+
+      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
     end
 
     private
 
+    attr_reader :context
+
     def raise_property_error(property)
       raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "cannot select the property '#{property}'"
     end
@@ -442,16 +928,24 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def nil_safe_compare(a, b)
-      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
-        a <=> b
+      result = a <=> b
+
+      if result
+        result
+      elsif a.nil?
+        1
+      elsif b.nil?
+        -1
       else
-        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
+        raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "cannot sort values of incompatible types"
       end
     end
 
     def nil_safe_casecmp(a, b)
       if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
         a.to_s.casecmp(b.to_s)
+      elsif a.nil? && b.nil?
+        0
       else
         a.nil? ? 1 : -1
       end
@@ -460,8 +954,9 @@ module Liquid
     class InputIterator
       include Enumerable
 
-      def initialize(input)
-        @input = if input.is_a?(Array)
+      def initialize(input, context)
+        @context = context
+        @input   = if input.is_a?(Array)
           input.flatten
         elsif input.is_a?(Hash)
           [input]
@@ -499,11 +994,11 @@ module Liquid
 
       def each
         @input.each do |e|
-          yield(e.respond_to?(:to_liquid) ? e.to_liquid : e)
+          e = e.respond_to?(:to_liquid) ? e.to_liquid : e
+          e.context = @context if e.respond_to?(:context=)
+          yield(e)
         end
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_filter(StandardFilters)
 end

lib/liquid/static_registers.rb

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class StaticRegisters
-    attr_reader :static, :registers
-
-    def initialize(registers = {})
-      @static = registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? registers.static : registers
-      @registers = {}
-    end
-
-    def []=(key, value)
-      @registers[key] = value
-    end
-
-    def [](key)
-      if @registers.key?(key)
-        @registers[key]
-      else
-        @static[key]
-      end
-    end
-
-    def delete(key)
-      @registers.delete(key)
-    end
-
-    def fetch(key, default = nil)
-      key?(key) ? self[key] : default
-    end
-
-    def key?(key)
-      @registers.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
-    end
-  end
-end

lib/liquid/strainer.rb

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'set'
-
-module Liquid
-  # Strainer is the parent class for the filters system.
-  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
-  #
-  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via Strainer.global_filter,
-  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
-  class Strainer #:nodoc:
-    @@global_strainer = Class.new(Strainer) do
-      @filter_methods = Set.new
-    end
-    @@strainer_class_cache = Hash.new do |hash, filters|
-      hash[filters] = Class.new(@@global_strainer) do
-        @filter_methods = @@global_strainer.filter_methods.dup
-        filters.each { |f| add_filter(f) }
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(context)
-      @context = context
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      attr_reader :filter_methods
-    end
-
-    def self.add_filter(filter)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{filter.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
-      unless include?(filter)
-        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
-        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
-          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
-        else
-          send(:include, filter)
-          @filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.global_filter(filter)
-      @@strainer_class_cache.clear
-      @@global_strainer.add_filter(filter)
-    end
-
-    def self.invokable?(method)
-      @filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
-    end
-
-    def self.create(context, filters = [])
-      @@strainer_class_cache[filters].new(context)
-    end
-
-    def invoke(method, *args)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method)
-        send(method, *args)
-      elsif @context&.strict_filters
-        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
-      else
-        args.first
-      end
-    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
-    end
-  end
-end

lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'set'
+
+module Liquid
+  # StrainerTemplate is the computed class for the filters system.
+  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
+  #
+  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via StrainerFactory.add_global_filter,
+  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
+  class StrainerTemplate
+    def initialize(context)
+      @context = context
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def add_filter(filter)
+        return if include?(filter)
+
+        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
+        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
+          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
+        end
+
+        include(filter)
+
+        filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
+      end
+
+      def invokable?(method)
+        filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
+      end
+
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        super
+        subclass.instance_variable_set(:@filter_methods, @filter_methods.dup)
+      end
+
+      def filter_method_names
+        filter_methods.map(&:to_s).to_a
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def filter_methods
+        @filter_methods ||= Set.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    def invoke(method, *args)
+      if self.class.invokable?(method)
+        send(method, *args)
+      elsif @context.strict_filters
+        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
+      else
+        args.first
+      end
+    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb

@@ -1,49 +1,106 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type object
+  # @liquid_name tablerowloop
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Information about a parent [`tablerow` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/tablerow).
   class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
     def initialize(length, cols)
       @length = length
-      @row = 1
-      @col = 1
-      @cols = cols
-      @index = 0
+      @row    = 1
+      @col    = 1
+      @cols   = cols
+      @index  = 0
     end
 
-    attr_reader :length, :col, :row
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :length
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current column.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :col
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of current row.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :row
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index
       @index + 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index0
       @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current column.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def col0
       @col - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex
       @length - @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex0
       @length - @index - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def first
       @index == 0
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def last
       @index == @length - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the first in the row. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def col_first
       @col == 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the last in the row. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def col_last
       @col == @cols
     end

lib/liquid/tag.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require 'liquid/tag/disabler'
+require 'liquid/tag/disableable'
+
 module Liquid
   class Tag
     attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
@@ -13,22 +16,26 @@ module Liquid
         tag
       end
 
-      def disable_tags(*tags)
-        disabled_tags.push(*tags)
+      def disable_tags(*tag_names)
+        tag_names += disabled_tags
+        define_singleton_method(:disabled_tags) { tag_names }
+        prepend(Disabler)
       end
 
       private :new
 
+      protected
+
       def disabled_tags
-        @disabled_tags ||= []
+        []
       end
     end
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      @tag_name   = tag_name
-      @markup     = markup
+      @tag_name      = tag_name
+      @markup        = markup
       @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
+      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
     end
 
     def parse(_tokens)
@@ -46,19 +53,12 @@ module Liquid
       ''
     end
 
-    def disabled?(context)
-      context.registers[:disabled_tags].disabled?(tag_name)
-    end
-
-    def disabled_error_message
-      "#{tag_name} #{options[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
-    end
-
     # For backwards compatibility with custom tags. In a future release, the semantics
     # of the `render_to_output_buffer` method will become the default and the `render`
     # method will be removed.
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      output << render(context)
+      render_result = render(context)
+      output << render_result if render_result
       output
     end
 
@@ -66,8 +66,10 @@ module Liquid
       false
     end
 
-    def disabled_tags
-      self.class.disabled_tags
+    private
+
+    def parse_expression(markup)
+      parse_context.parse_expression(markup)
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Tag
+    module Disableable
+      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        if context.tag_disabled?(tag_name)
+          output << disabled_error(context)
+          return
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      def disabled_error(context)
+        # raise then rescue the exception so that the Context#exception_renderer can re-raise it
+        raise DisabledError, "#{tag_name} #{parse_context[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
+      rescue DisabledError => exc
+        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tag/disabler.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Tag
+    module Disabler
+      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        context.with_disabled_tags(self.class.disabled_tags) do
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "tags/table_row"
+require_relative "tags/echo"
+require_relative "tags/if"
+require_relative "tags/break"
+require_relative "tags/inline_comment"
+require_relative "tags/for"
+require_relative "tags/assign"
+require_relative "tags/ifchanged"
+require_relative "tags/case"
+require_relative "tags/include"
+require_relative "tags/continue"
+require_relative "tags/capture"
+require_relative "tags/decrement"
+require_relative "tags/unless"
+require_relative "tags/increment"
+require_relative "tags/comment"
+require_relative "tags/raw"
+require_relative "tags/render"
+require_relative "tags/cycle"
+
+module Liquid
+  module Tags
+    STANDARD_TAGS = {
+      'cycle' => Cycle,
+      'render' => Render,
+      'raw' => Raw,
+      'comment' => Comment,
+      'increment' => Increment,
+      'unless' => Unless,
+      'decrement' => Decrement,
+      'capture' => Capture,
+      'continue' => Continue,
+      'include' => Include,
+      'case' => Case,
+      'ifchanged' => Ifchanged,
+      'assign' => Assign,
+      'for' => For,
+      '#' => InlineComment,
+      'break' => Break,
+      'if' => If,
+      'echo' => Echo,
+      'tablerow' => TableRow,
+    }.freeze
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb

@@ -1,37 +1,42 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
-  #
-  #   {% assign foo = 'monkey' %}
-  #
-  # You can then use the variable later in the page.
-  #
-  #  {{ foo }}
-  #
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category variable
+  # @liquid_name assign
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Creates a new variable.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   You can create variables of any [basic type](/docs/api/liquid/basics#types), [object](/docs/api/liquid/objects), or object property.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% assign variable_name = value %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being created.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
   class Assign < Tag
     Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om
 
-    def self.syntax_error_translation_key
-      "errors.syntax.assign"
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
+      raise Liquid::SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t('errors.syntax.assign')
     end
 
     attr_reader :to, :from
 
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
       super
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), options)
+        @to   = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), parse_context)
       else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t(self.class.syntax_error_translation_key)
+        self.class.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
       end
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       val = @from.render(context)
       context.scopes.last[@to] = val
-      context.resource_limits.assign_score += assign_score_of(val)
+      context.resource_limits.increment_assign_score(assign_score_of(val))
       output
     end
 
@@ -44,11 +49,18 @@ module Liquid
     def assign_score_of(val)
       if val.instance_of?(String)
         val.bytesize
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash)
+      elsif val.instance_of?(Array)
         sum = 1
         # Uses #each to avoid extra allocations.
         val.each { |child| sum += assign_score_of(child) }
         sum
+      elsif val.instance_of?(Hash)
+        sum = 1
+        val.each do |key, entry_value|
+          sum += assign_score_of(key)
+          sum += assign_score_of(entry_value)
+        end
+        sum
       else
         1
       end
@@ -60,6 +72,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('assign', Assign)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/break.rb

@@ -10,11 +10,20 @@ module Liquid
   #      {% endif %}
   #    {% endfor %}
   #
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name break
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Stops a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) from iterating.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% break %}
   class Break < Tag
-    def interrupt
-      BreakInterrupt.new
+    INTERRUPT = BreakInterrupt.new.freeze
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('break', Break)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # Capture stores the result of a block into a variable without rendering it inplace.
-  #
-  #   {% capture heading %}
-  #     Monkeys!
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category variable
+  # @liquid_name capture
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Creates a new variable with a string value.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   You can create complex strings with Liquid logic and variables.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% capture variable %}
+  #     value
   #   {% endcapture %}
-  #   ...
-  #   <h1>{{ heading }}</h1>
-  #
-  # Capture is useful for saving content for use later in your template, such as
-  # in a sidebar or footer.
-  #
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable being created.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
   class Capture < Block
     Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)/o
 
@@ -25,10 +28,10 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      previous_output_size = output.bytesize
-      super
-      context.scopes.last[@to] = output
-      context.resource_limits.assign_score += (output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
+      context.resource_limits.with_capture do
+        capture_output = render(context)
+        context.scopes.last[@to] = capture_output
+      end
       output
     end
 
@@ -36,6 +39,4 @@ module Liquid
       true
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('capture', Capture)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/case.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,27 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category conditional
+  # @liquid_name case
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders a specific expression depending on the value of a specific variable.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% case variable %}
+  #     {% when first_value %}
+  #       first_expression
+  #     {% when second_value %}
+  #       second_expression
+  #     {% else %}
+  #       third_expression
+  #   {% endcase %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable you want to base your case statement on.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_value A specific value to check for.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_value A specific value to check for.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `first_value`.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `second_value`.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword third_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value has no match.
   class Case < Block
     Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
     WhenSyntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})(?:(?:\s+or\s+|\s*\,\s*)(#{QuotedFragment}.*))?/om
@@ -12,15 +33,23 @@ module Liquid
       @blocks = []
 
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @left = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @left = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
       else
         raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
       end
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      body = BlockBody.new
+      body = case_body = new_body
       body = @blocks.last.attachment while parse_body(body, tokens)
+      @blocks.reverse_each do |condition|
+        body = condition.attachment
+        unless body.frozen?
+          body.remove_blank_strings if blank?
+          body.freeze
+        end
+      end
+      case_body.freeze
     end
 
     def nodelist
@@ -44,7 +73,14 @@ module Liquid
       @blocks.each do |block|
         if block.else?
           block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
-        elsif block.evaluate(context)
+          next
+        end
+
+        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
+          block.evaluate(context),
+        )
+
+        if result
           execute_else_block = false
           block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
         end
@@ -56,7 +92,7 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def record_when_condition(markup)
-      body = BlockBody.new
+      body = new_body
 
       while markup
         unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
@@ -65,7 +101,7 @@ module Liquid
 
         markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
 
-        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)))
+        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, Regexp.last_match(1)))
         block.attach(body)
         @blocks << block
       end
@@ -77,7 +113,7 @@ module Liquid
       end
 
       block = ElseCondition.new
-      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
+      block.attach(new_body)
       @blocks << block
     end
 
@@ -87,6 +123,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('case', Case)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category syntax
+  # @liquid_name comment
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Prevents an expression from being rendered or output.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Any text inside `comment` tags won't be output, and any Liquid code will be parsed, but not executed.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% comment %}
+  #     content
+  #   {% endcomment %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword content The content of the comment.
   class Comment < Block
     def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
       output
@@ -12,7 +25,64 @@ module Liquid
     def blank?
       true
     end
-  end
 
-  Template.register_tag('comment', Comment)
+    private
+
+    def parse_body(body, tokenizer)
+      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
+        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
+      end
+
+      parse_context.depth += 1
+      comment_tag_depth = 1
+
+      begin
+        # Consume tokens without creating child nodes.
+        # The children tag doesn't require to be a valid Liquid except the comment and raw tag.
+        # The child comment and raw tag must be closed.
+        while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
+          tag_name = if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
+            next if token.empty? || token.match?(BlockBody::WhitespaceOrNothing)
+
+            tag_name_match = BlockBody::LiquidTagToken.match(token)
+
+            next if tag_name_match.nil?
+
+            tag_name_match[1]
+          else
+            token =~ BlockBody::FullToken
+            Regexp.last_match(2)
+          end
+
+          case tag_name
+          when "raw"
+            parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
+          when "comment"
+            comment_tag_depth += 1
+          when "endcomment"
+            comment_tag_depth -= 1
+          end
+
+          if comment_tag_depth.zero?
+            parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl) unless tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
+            return false
+          end
+        end
+
+        raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
+      ensure
+        parse_context.depth -= 1
+      end
+
+      false
+    end
+
+    def parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
+      while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
+        return if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && "endraw" == Regexp.last_match(2)
+      end
+
+      raise_tag_never_closed("raw")
+    end
+  end
 end

lib/liquid/tags/continue.rb

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # Continue tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
-  #
-  # == Basic Usage:
-  #    {% for item in collection %}
-  #      {% if item.condition %}
-  #        {% continue %}
-  #      {% endif %}
-  #    {% endfor %}
-  #
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name continue
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Causes a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) to skip to the next iteration.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% continue %}
   class Continue < Tag
-    def interrupt
-      ContinueInterrupt.new
+    INTERRUPT = ContinueInterrupt.new.freeze
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('continue', Continue)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # Cycle is usually used within a loop to alternate between values, like colors or DOM classes.
-  #
-  #   {% for item in items %}
-  #     <div class="{% cycle 'red', 'green', 'blue' %}"> {{ item }} </div>
-  #   {% end %}
-  #
-  #    <div class="red"> Item one </div>
-  #    <div class="green"> Item two </div>
-  #    <div class="blue"> Item three </div>
-  #    <div class="red"> Item four </div>
-  #    <div class="green"> Item five</div>
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name cycle
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Loops through a group of strings and outputs them one at a time for each iteration of a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   The `cycle` tag must be used inside a `for` loop.
   #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Use the `cycle` tag to output text in a predictable pattern. For example, to apply odd/even classes to rows in a table.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% cycle string, string, ... %}
   class Cycle < Tag
     SimpleSyntax = /\A#{QuotedFragment}+/o
     NamedSyntax  = /\A(#{QuotedFragment})\s*\:\s*(.*)/om
@@ -24,19 +25,25 @@ module Liquid
       case markup
       when NamedSyntax
         @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @name      = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @is_named = true
       when SimpleSyntax
         @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
-        @name = @variables.to_s
+        @name      = @variables.to_s
+        @is_named = !@name.match?(/\w+:0x\h{8}/)
       else
         raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
       end
     end
 
+    def named?
+      @is_named
+    end
+
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}
 
-      key = context.evaluate(@name)
+      key       = context.evaluate(@name)
       iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i
 
       val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
@@ -50,9 +57,9 @@ module Liquid
       output << val
 
       iteration += 1
-      iteration  = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
-      context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+      iteration = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
 
+      context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
       output
     end
 
@@ -61,7 +68,7 @@ module Liquid
     def variables_from_string(markup)
       markup.split(',').collect do |var|
         var =~ /\s*(#{QuotedFragment})\s*/o
-        Regexp.last_match(1) ? Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
+        Regexp.last_match(1) ? parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
       end.compact
     end
 
@@ -71,6 +78,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('cycle', Cycle)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb

@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
-  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
-  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
-  #     NOTE: decrement is a pre-decrement, --i,
-  #           while increment is post:      i++.
-  #
-  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
-  #
-  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.
-
-  #   Hello: {% decrement variable %}
-  #
-  # gives you:
-  #
-  #    Hello: -1
-  #    Hello: -2
-  #    Hello: -3
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category variable
+  # @liquid_name decrement
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of -1, that's decreased by 1 with each subsequent call.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Variables that are declared with `decrement` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
+  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
+  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture#snippets) included in the file.
   #
+  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `decrement` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
+  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `decrement` and [`increment`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/increment) share
+  #   variables.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% decrement variable_name %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being decremented.
   class Decrement < Tag
+    attr_reader :variable_name
+
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
-      @variable = markup.strip
+      @variable_name = markup.strip
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
+      counter_environment = context.environments.first
+      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
       value -= 1
-      context.environments.first[@variable] = value
+      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value
       output << value.to_s
       output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('decrement', Decrement)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb

@@ -1,17 +1,26 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # Echo outputs an expression
-  #
-  #   {% echo monkey %}
-  #   {% echo user.name %}
-  #
-  # This is identical to variable output syntax, like {{ foo }}, but works
-  # inside {% liquid %} tags. The full syntax is supported, including filters:
-  #
-  #   {% echo user | link %}
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category syntax
+  # @liquid_name echo
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Outputs an expression.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Using the `echo` tag is the same as wrapping an expression in curly brackets (`{{` and `}}`). However, unlike the curly
+  #   bracket method, you can use the `echo` tag inside [`liquid` tags](/docs/api/liquid/tags/liquid).
   #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > You can use [filters](/docs/api/liquid/filters) on expressions inside `echo` tags.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% liquid
+  #     echo expression
+  #   %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output.
   class Echo < Tag
+    attr_reader :variable
+
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
       super
       @variable = Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
@@ -20,7 +29,11 @@ module Liquid
     def render(context)
       @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
     end
-  end
 
-  Template.register_tag('echo', Echo)
+    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+      def children
+        [@node.variable]
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end

lib/liquid/tags/for.rb

@@ -1,50 +1,29 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
-  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
-  #
-  # == Basic usage:
-  #    {% for item in collection %}
-  #      {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
-  #    {% endfor %}
-  #
-  # == Advanced usage:
-  #    {% for item in collection %}
-  #      <div {% if forloop.first %}class="first"{% endif %}>
-  #        Item {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
-  #      </div>
-  #    {% else %}
-  #      There is nothing in the collection.
-  #    {% endfor %}
-  #
-  # You can also define a limit and offset much like SQL.  Remember
-  # that offset starts at 0 for the first item.
-  #
-  #    {% for item in collection limit:5 offset:10 %}
-  #      {{ item.name }}
-  #    {% end %}
-  #
-  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %} (note that the flag's spelling is different to the filter `reverse`)
-  #
-  # == Available variables:
-  #
-  # forloop.name:: 'item-collection'
-  # forloop.length:: Length of the loop
-  # forloop.index:: The current item's position in the collection;
-  #                 forloop.index starts at 1.
-  #                 This is helpful for non-programmers who start believe
-  #                 the first item in an array is 1, not 0.
-  # forloop.index0:: The current item's position in the collection
-  #                  where the first item is 0
-  # forloop.rindex:: Number of items remaining in the loop
-  #                  (length - index) where 1 is the last item.
-  # forloop.rindex0:: Number of items remaining in the loop
-  #                   where 0 is the last item.
-  # forloop.first:: Returns true if the item is the first item.
-  # forloop.last:: Returns true if the item is the last item.
-  # forloop.parentloop:: Provides access to the parent loop, if present.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name for
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders an expression for every item in an array.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   You can do a maximum of 50 iterations with a `for` loop. If you need to iterate over more than 50 items, then use the
+  #   [`paginate` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/paginate) to split the items over multiple pages.
   #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Every `for` loop has an associated [`forloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/forloop) with information about the loop.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% for variable in array %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endfor %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render for each iteration.
+  # @liquid_optional_param limit [number] The number of iterations to perform.
+  # @liquid_optional_param offset [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
+  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
+  # @liquid_optional_param reversed [untyped] Iterate in reverse order.
   class For < Block
     Syntax = /\A(#{VariableSegment}+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)\s*(reversed)?/o
 
@@ -54,13 +33,20 @@ module Liquid
       super
       @from = @limit = nil
       parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      @for_block = BlockBody.new
+      @for_block = new_body
       @else_block = nil
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      return unless parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
-      parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
+      if parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
+        parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
+      end
+      if blank?
+        @else_block&.remove_blank_strings
+        @for_block.remove_blank_strings
+      end
+      @else_block&.freeze
+      @for_block.freeze
     end
 
     def nodelist
@@ -69,7 +55,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
       return super unless tag == 'else'
-      @else_block = BlockBody.new
+      @else_block = new_body
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
@@ -88,11 +74,11 @@ module Liquid
 
     def lax_parse(markup)
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        collection_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
-        @reversed = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
-        @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
+        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        collection_name  = Regexp.last_match(2)
+        @reversed        = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
+        @name            = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+        @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
         markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
           set_attribute(key, value)
         end
@@ -105,16 +91,19 @@ module Liquid
       p = Parser.new(markup)
       @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
       raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in") unless p.id?('in')
-      collection_name = p.expression
-      @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
+
+      collection_name  = p.expression
+      @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
+
+      @name     = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
       @reversed = p.id?('reversed')
 
-      while p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
+      while p.look(:comma) || p.look(:id)
+        p.consume?(:comma)
         unless (attribute = p.id?('limit') || p.id?('offset'))
           raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute")
         end
-        p.consume
+        p.consume(:colon)
         set_attribute(attribute, p.expression)
       end
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -156,7 +145,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     def render_segment(context, output, segment)
       for_stack = context.registers[:for_stack] ||= []
-      length = segment.length
+      length    = segment.length
 
       context.stack do
         loop_vars = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(@name, length, for_stack[-1])
@@ -191,10 +180,10 @@ module Liquid
         @from = if expr == 'continue'
           :continue
         else
-          Expression.parse(expr)
+          parse_expression(expr)
         end
       when 'limit'
-        @limit = Expression.parse(expr)
+        @limit = parse_expression(expr)
       end
     end
 
@@ -212,6 +201,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('for', For)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/if.rb

@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # If is the conditional block
-  #
-  #   {% if user.admin %}
-  #     Admin user!
-  #   {% else %}
-  #     Not admin user
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category conditional
+  # @liquid_name if
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders an expression if a specific condition is `true`.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% if condition %}
+  #     expression
   #   {% endif %}
-  #
-  #    There are {% if count < 5 %} less {% else %} more {% endif %} items than you need.
-  #
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render if the condition is met.
   class If < Block
-    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
+    Syntax                  = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
     ExpressionsAndOperators = /(?:\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b|(?:\s*(?!\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b)(?:#{QuotedFragment}|\S+)\s*)+)/o
-    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS = %w(and or).freeze
+    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS       = %w(and or).freeze
 
     attr_reader :blocks
 
@@ -31,10 +33,17 @@ module Liquid
     def parse(tokens)
       while parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
       end
+      @blocks.reverse_each do |block|
+        block.attachment.remove_blank_strings if blank?
+        block.attachment.freeze
+      end
     end
 
+    ELSE_TAG_NAMES = ['elsif', 'else'].freeze
+    private_constant :ELSE_TAG_NAMES
+
     def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      if ['elsif', 'else'].include?(tag)
+      if ELSE_TAG_NAMES.include?(tag)
         push_block(tag, markup)
       else
         super
@@ -43,7 +52,11 @@ module Liquid
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       @blocks.each do |block|
-        if block.evaluate(context)
+        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
+          block.evaluate(context),
+        )
+
+        if result
           return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
         end
       end
@@ -61,21 +74,25 @@ module Liquid
       end
 
       @blocks.push(block)
-      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
+      block.attach(new_body)
+    end
+
+    def parse_expression(markup)
+      Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, markup)
     end
 
     def lax_parse(markup)
       expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
       raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
 
-      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+      condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
 
       until expressions.empty?
         operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip
 
         raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
 
-        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+        new_condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
         raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
         new_condition.send(operator, condition)
         condition = new_condition
@@ -94,7 +111,7 @@ module Liquid
     def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
       condition = parse_comparison(p)
       first_condition = condition
-      while (op = (p.id?('and') || p.id?('or')))
+      while (op = p.id?('and') || p.id?('or'))
         child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
         condition.send(op, child_condition)
         condition = child_condition
@@ -103,9 +120,9 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def parse_comparison(p)
-      a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+      a = parse_expression(p.expression)
       if (op = p.consume?(:comparison))
-        b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+        b = parse_expression(p.expression)
         Condition.new(a, op, b)
       else
         Condition.new(a)
@@ -118,6 +135,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('if', If)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb

@@ -14,6 +14,4 @@ module Liquid
       output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('ifchanged', Ifchanged)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/include.rb

@@ -1,39 +1,45 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
-  #
-  # Simply include another template:
-  #
-  #   {% include 'product' %}
-  #
-  # Include a template with a local variable:
-  #
-  #   {% include 'product' with products[0] %}
-  #
-  # Include a template for a collection:
-  #
-  #   {% include 'product' for products %}
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category theme
+  # @liquid_name include
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture#snippets).
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Inside the snippet, you can access and alter variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside of the
+  #   snippet.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% include 'filename' %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
+  # @liquid_deprecated
+  #   Deprecated because the way that variables are handled reduces performance and makes code harder to both read and maintain.
   #
+  #   The `include` tag has been replaced by [`render`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render).
   class Include < Tag
-    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?/o
+    prepend Tag::Disableable
+
+    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
+    Syntax = SYNTAX
 
     attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
 
-      if markup =~ Syntax
+      if markup =~ SYNTAX
 
         template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
         variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)
 
-        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
-        @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
-        @attributes = {}
+        @alias_name         = Regexp.last_match(5)
+        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
+        @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
+        @attributes         = {}
 
         markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
         end
 
       else
@@ -46,15 +52,15 @@ module Liquid
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name.is_a?(String)
 
       partial = PartialCache.load(
         template_name,
         context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context
+        parse_context: parse_context,
       )
 
-      context_variable_name = template_name.split('/').last
+      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
 
       variable = if @variable_name_expr
         context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr)
@@ -63,10 +69,12 @@ module Liquid
       end
 
       old_template_name = context.template_name
-      old_partial = context.partial
+      old_partial       = context.partial
+
       begin
-        context.template_name = template_name
+        context.template_name = partial.name
         context.partial = true
+
         context.stack do
           @attributes.each do |key, value|
             context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
@@ -84,7 +92,7 @@ module Liquid
         end
       ensure
         context.template_name = old_template_name
-        context.partial = old_partial
+        context.partial       = old_partial
       end
 
       output
@@ -102,6 +110,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('include', Include)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb

@@ -1,35 +1,38 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  # increment is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
-  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
-  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
-  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
-  #
-  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.
-  #
-  #   Hello: {% increment variable %}
-  #
-  # gives you:
-  #
-  #    Hello: 0
-  #    Hello: 1
-  #    Hello: 2
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category variable
+  # @liquid_name increment
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of 0, that's increased by 1 with each subsequent call.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Variables that are declared with `increment` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
+  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
+  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture#snippets) included in the file.
   #
+  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `increment` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
+  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `increment` and [`decrement`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/decrement) share
+  #   variables.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% increment variable_name %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being incremented.
   class Increment < Tag
+    attr_reader :variable_name
+
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
-      @variable = markup.strip
+      @variable_name = markup.strip
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
-      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1
+      counter_environment = context.environments.first
+      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
+      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value + 1
 
       output << value.to_s
       output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('increment', Increment)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/inline_comment.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class InlineComment < Tag
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+      super
+
+      # Semantically, a comment should only ignore everything after it on the line.
+      # Currently, this implementation doesn't support mixing a comment with another tag
+      # but we need to reserve future support for this and prevent the introduction
+      # of inline comments from being backward incompatible change.
+      #
+      # As such, we're forcing users to put a # symbol on every line otherwise this
+      # tag will throw an error.
+      if markup.match?(/\n\s*[^#\s]/)
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.inline_comment_invalid")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
+      output
+    end
+
+    def blank?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb

@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category syntax
+  # @liquid_name raw
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Outputs any Liquid code as text instead of rendering it.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% raw %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endraw %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output without being rendered.
   class Raw < Block
     Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
-    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
       super
@@ -14,14 +24,15 @@ module Liquid
     def parse(tokens)
       @body = +''
       while (token = tokens.shift)
-        if token =~ FullTokenPossiblyInvalid
+        if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
+          parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
           @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
-          return if block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
+          return
         end
         @body << token unless token.empty?
       end
 
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
+      raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
@@ -45,6 +56,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('raw', Raw)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/render.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,37 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category theme
+  # @liquid_name render
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture#snippets) or [app block](/themes/architecture/sections/section-schema#render-app-blocks).
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Inside snippets and app blocks, you can't directly access variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside
+  #   of the snippet or app block. However, you can [specify variables as parameters](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render#render-passing-variables-to-a-snippet)
+  #   to pass outside variables to snippets.
+  #
+  #   While you can't directly access created variables, you can access global objects, as well as any objects that are
+  #   directly accessible outside the snippet or app block. For example, a snippet or app block inside the [product template](/themes/architecture/templates/product)
+  #   can access the [`product` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/product), and a snippet or app block inside a [section](/themes/architecture/sections)
+  #   can access the [`section` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/section).
+  #
+  #   Outside a snippet or app block, you can't access variables created inside the snippet or app block.
+  #
+  #   > Note:
+  #   > When you render a snippet using the `render` tag, you can't use the [`include` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/include)
+  #   > inside the snippet.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% render 'filename' %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
   class Render < Tag
-    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString})#{QuotedFragment}*/o
+    FOR = 'for'
+    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString}+)(\s+(with|#{FOR})\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
 
     disable_tags "include"
 
-    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :attributes
+    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes, :alias_name
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
@@ -14,37 +39,62 @@ module Liquid
       raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.render") unless markup =~ SYNTAX
 
       template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+      with_or_for = Regexp.last_match(3)
+      variable_name = Regexp.last_match(4)
 
-      @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
+      @alias_name = Regexp.last_match(6)
+      @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
+      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
+      @is_for_loop = (with_or_for == FOR)
 
       @attributes = {}
       markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-        @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+        @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
       end
     end
 
+    def for_loop?
+      @is_for_loop
+    end
+
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       render_tag(context, output)
     end
 
     def render_tag(context, output)
-      # Though we evaluate this here we will only ever parse it as a string literal.
-      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name
+      # The expression should be a String literal, which parses to a String object
+      template_name = @template_name_expr
+      raise ::ArgumentError unless template_name.is_a?(String)
 
       partial = PartialCache.load(
         template_name,
         context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context
+        parse_context: parse_context,
       )
 
-      inner_context = context.new_isolated_subcontext
-      inner_context.template_name = template_name
-      inner_context.partial = true
-      @attributes.each do |key, value|
-        inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
+      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
+
+      render_partial_func = ->(var, forloop) {
+        inner_context               = context.new_isolated_subcontext
+        inner_context.template_name = partial.name
+        inner_context.partial       = true
+        inner_context['forloop']    = forloop if forloop
+
+        @attributes.each do |key, value|
+          inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
+        end
+        inner_context[context_variable_name] = var unless var.nil?
+        partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)
+        forloop&.send(:increment!)
+      }
+
+      variable = @variable_name_expr ? context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr) : nil
+      if @is_for_loop && variable.respond_to?(:each) && variable.respond_to?(:count)
+        forloop = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(template_name, variable.count, nil)
+        variable.each { |var| render_partial_func.call(var, forloop) }
+      else
+        render_partial_func.call(variable, nil)
       end
-      partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)
 
       output
     end
@@ -53,10 +103,9 @@ module Liquid
       def children
         [
           @node.template_name_expr,
+          @node.variable_name_expr,
         ] + @node.attributes.values
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('render', Render)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,28 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name tablerow
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Generates HTML table rows for every item in an array.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   The `tablerow` tag must be wrapped in HTML `<table>` and `</table>` tags.
+  #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Every `tablerow` loop has an associated [`tablerowloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/tablerowloop) with information about the loop.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% tablerow variable in array %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endtablerow %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render.
+  # @liquid_optional_param cols [number] The number of columns that the table should have.
+  # @liquid_optional_param limit [number] The number of iterations to perform.
+  # @liquid_optional_param offset [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
+  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
   class TableRow < Block
     Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o
 
@@ -9,11 +31,11 @@ module Liquid
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @collection_name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @attributes = {}
+        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @collection_name = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(2))
+        @attributes      = {}
         markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
         end
       else
         raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row")
@@ -23,14 +45,13 @@ module Liquid
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       (collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)) || (return '')
 
-      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset']).to_i : 0
-      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit']).to_i : nil
+      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'])) : 0
+      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'])) : nil
 
       collection = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
+      length     = collection.length
 
-      length = collection.length
-
-      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols']).to_i
+      cols = @attributes.key?('cols') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'])) : length
 
       output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
       context.stack do
@@ -44,6 +65,12 @@ module Liquid
           super
           output << '</td>'
 
+          # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
+          if context.interrupt?
+            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
+            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
+          end
+
           if tablerowloop.col_last && !tablerowloop.last
             output << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
           end
@@ -61,7 +88,13 @@ module Liquid
         super + @node.attributes.values + [@node.collection_name]
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  Template.register_tag('tablerow', TableRow)
+    private
+
+    def to_integer(value)
+      value.to_i
+    rescue NoMethodError
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid integer"
+    end
+  end
 end

lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb

@@ -3,21 +3,40 @@
 require_relative 'if'
 
 module Liquid
-  # Unless is a conditional just like 'if' but works on the inverse logic.
-  #
-  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% endunless %}
-  #
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category conditional
+  # @liquid_name unless
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders an expression unless a specific condition is `true`.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Similar to the [`if` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/if), you can use `elsif` to add more conditions to an `unless` tag.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% unless condition %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endunless %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render unless the condition is met.
   class Unless < If
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
       first_block = @blocks.first
-      unless first_block.evaluate(context)
+      result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
+        first_block.evaluate(context),
+      )
+
+      unless result
         return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       end
 
       # After the first condition unless works just like if
       @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
-        if block.evaluate(context)
+        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
+          block.evaluate(context),
+        )
+
+        if result
           return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
         end
       end
@@ -25,6 +44,4 @@ module Liquid
       output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('unless', Unless)
 end

lib/liquid/template.rb

@@ -15,47 +15,9 @@ module Liquid
   #   template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
   #
   class Template
-    attr_accessor :root
+    attr_accessor :root, :name
     attr_reader :resource_limits, :warnings
 
-    @@file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
-
-    class TagRegistry
-      include Enumerable
-
-      def initialize
-        @tags = {}
-        @cache = {}
-      end
-
-      def [](tag_name)
-        return nil unless @tags.key?(tag_name)
-        return @cache[tag_name] if Liquid.cache_classes
-
-        lookup_class(@tags[tag_name]).tap { |o| @cache[tag_name] = o }
-      end
-
-      def []=(tag_name, klass)
-        @tags[tag_name]  = klass.name
-        @cache[tag_name] = klass
-      end
-
-      def delete(tag_name)
-        @tags.delete(tag_name)
-        @cache.delete(tag_name)
-      end
-
-      def each(&block)
-        @tags.each(&block)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def lookup_class(name)
-        Object.const_get(name)
-      end
-    end
-
     attr_reader :profiler
 
     class << self
@@ -63,84 +25,85 @@ module Liquid
       # :lax acts like liquid 2.5 and silently ignores malformed tags in most cases.
       # :warn is the default and will give deprecation warnings when invalid syntax is used.
       # :strict will enforce correct syntax.
-      attr_writer :error_mode
-
-      # Sets how strict the taint checker should be.
-      # :lax is the default, and ignores the taint flag completely
-      # :warn adds a warning, but does not interrupt the rendering
-      # :error raises an error when tainted output is used
-      attr_writer :taint_mode
-
-      attr_accessor :default_exception_renderer
-      Template.default_exception_renderer = lambda do |exception|
-        exception
-      end
-
-      def file_system
-        @@file_system
-      end
-
-      def file_system=(obj)
-        @@file_system = obj
-      end
-
-      def register_tag(name, klass)
-        tags[name.to_s] = klass
-      end
-
-      def tags
-        @tags ||= TagRegistry.new
-      end
-
-      def add_register(name, klass)
-        registers[name.to_sym] = klass
-      end
-
-      def registers
-        @registers ||= {}
+      def error_mode=(mode)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.error_mode=", "Environment#error_mode=")
+        Environment.default.error_mode = mode
       end
 
       def error_mode
-        @error_mode ||= :lax
+        Environment.default.error_mode
       end
 
-      def taint_mode
-        @taint_mode ||= :lax
+      def default_exception_renderer=(renderer)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_exception_renderer=", "Environment#exception_renderer=")
+        Environment.default.exception_renderer = renderer
+      end
+
+      def default_exception_renderer
+        Environment.default.exception_renderer
+      end
+
+      def file_system=(file_system)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.file_system=", "Environment#file_system=")
+        Environment.default.file_system = file_system
+      end
+
+      def file_system
+        Environment.default.file_system
+      end
+
+      def tags
+        Environment.default.tags
+      end
+
+      def register_tag(name, klass)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_tag", "Environment#register_tag")
+        Environment.default.register_tag(name, klass)
       end
 
       # Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
       # to all liquid views. Good for registering the standard library
       def register_filter(mod)
-        Strainer.global_filter(mod)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_filter", "Environment#register_filter")
+        Environment.default.register_filter(mod)
+      end
+
+      private def default_resource_limits=(limits)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_resource_limits=", "Environment#default_resource_limits=")
+        Environment.default.default_resource_limits = limits
       end
 
       def default_resource_limits
-        @default_resource_limits ||= {}
+        Environment.default.default_resource_limits
       end
 
       # creates a new <tt>Template</tt> object from liquid source code
       # To enable profiling, pass in <tt>profile: true</tt> as an option.
       # See Liquid::Profiler for more information
       def parse(source, options = {})
-        template = Template.new
-        template.parse(source, options)
+        environment = options[:environment] || Environment.default
+        new(environment: environment).parse(source, options)
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize
-      @rethrow_errors = false
-      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(self.class.default_resource_limits)
+    def initialize(environment: Environment.default)
+      @environment = environment
+      @rethrow_errors  = false
+      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
     end
 
     # Parse source code.
     # Returns self for easy chaining
     def parse(source, options = {})
-      @options = options
-      @profiling = options[:profile]
-      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
-      parse_context = options.is_a?(ParseContext) ? options : ParseContext.new(options)
-      @root = Document.parse(tokenize(source), parse_context)
-      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
+      parse_context = configure_options(options)
+      source = source.to_s.to_str
+
+      unless source.valid_encoding?
+        raise TemplateEncodingError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_template_encoding")
+      end
+
+      tokenizer     = parse_context.new_tokenizer(source, start_line_number: @line_numbers && 1)
+      @root         = Document.parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
       self
     end
 
@@ -182,32 +145,31 @@ module Liquid
         c = args.shift
 
         if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
+          c.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
         end
 
         c
       when Liquid::Drop
-        drop = args.shift
-        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
+        drop         = args.shift
+        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
       when Hash
-        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
+        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
       when nil
-        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
+        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
       else
         raise ArgumentError, "Expected Hash or Liquid::Context as parameter"
       end
 
       output = nil
 
-      context_register = context.registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? context.registers.static : context.registers
-
       case args.last
       when Hash
         options = args.pop
-        output = options[:output] if options[:output]
+        output  = options[:output] if options[:output]
+        static_registers = context.registers.static
 
         options[:registers]&.each do |key, register|
-          context_register[key] = register
+          static_registers[key] = register
         end
 
         apply_options_to_context(context, options)
@@ -215,19 +177,18 @@ module Liquid
         context.add_filters(args.pop)
       end
 
-      Template.registers.each do |key, register|
-        context_register[key] = register
-      end
-
       # Retrying a render resets resource usage
       context.resource_limits.reset
 
+      if @profiling && context.profiler.nil?
+        @profiler = context.profiler = Liquid::Profiler.new
+      end
+
+      context.template_name ||= name
+
       begin
         # render the nodelist.
-        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
-        with_profiling(context) do
-          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
-        end
+        @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
       rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
         context.handle_error(e)
       ensure
@@ -246,33 +207,31 @@ module Liquid
 
     private
 
-    def tokenize(source)
-      Tokenizer.new(source, @line_numbers)
-    end
-
-    def with_profiling(context)
-      if @profiling && !context.partial
+    def configure_options(options)
+      if (profiling = options[:profile])
         raise "Profiler not loaded, require 'liquid/profiler' first" unless defined?(Liquid::Profiler)
-
-        @profiler = Profiler.new
-        @profiler.start
-
-        begin
-          yield
-        ensure
-          @profiler.stop
-        end
-      else
-        yield
       end
+
+      @options      = options
+      @profiling    = profiling
+      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
+      parse_context = if options.is_a?(ParseContext)
+        options
+      else
+        opts = options.key?(:environment) ? options : options.merge(environment: @environment)
+        ParseContext.new(opts)
+      end
+
+      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
+      parse_context
     end
 
     def apply_options_to_context(context, options)
       context.add_filters(options[:filters]) if options[:filters]
-      context.global_filter = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
+      context.global_filter      = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
       context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
-      context.strict_variables = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
-      context.strict_filters = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
+      context.strict_variables   = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
+      context.strict_filters     = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/template_factory.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class TemplateFactory
+    def for(_template_name)
+      Liquid::Template.new
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb

@@ -5,14 +5,18 @@ module Liquid
     attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag
 
     def initialize(source, line_numbers = false, line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
-      @source = source
-      @line_number = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
+      @source         = source
+      @line_number    = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
       @for_liquid_tag = for_liquid_tag
-      @tokens = tokenize
+      @offset         = 0
+      @tokens         = tokenize
     end
 
     def shift
-      (token = @tokens.shift) || return
+      token = @tokens[@offset]
+      return nil unless token
+
+      @offset += 1
 
       if @line_number
         @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
@@ -24,14 +28,16 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def tokenize
-      return [] if @source.to_s.empty?
+      return [] if @source.empty?
 
       return @source.split("\n") if @for_liquid_tag
 
       tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)
 
       # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
-      tokens.shift if tokens[0]&.empty?
+      if tokens[0]&.empty?
+        @offset += 1
+      end
 
       tokens
     end

lib/liquid/utils.rb

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     def self.slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
       segments = []
-      index = 0
+      index    = 0
 
       # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
       if collection.is_a?(String)
@@ -81,5 +81,13 @@ module Liquid
     rescue ::ArgumentError
       nil
     end
+
+    def self.to_liquid_value(obj)
+      # Enable "obj" to represent itself as a primitive value like integer, string, or boolean
+      return obj.to_liquid_value if obj.respond_to?(:to_liquid_value)
+
+      # Otherwise return the object itself
+      obj
+    end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/variable.rb

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ module Liquid
   #   {{ user | link }}
   #
   class Variable
-    FilterMarkupRegex = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
-    FilterParser = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
-    FilterArgsRegex = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
-    JustTagAttributes = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
+    FilterMarkupRegex        = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
+    FilterParser             = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
+    FilterArgsRegex          = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
+    JustTagAttributes        = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
     MarkupWithQuotedFragment = /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om
 
     attr_accessor :filters, :name, :line_number
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ module Liquid
     include ParserSwitching
 
     def initialize(markup, parse_context)
-      @markup  = markup
-      @name    = nil
+      @markup        = markup
+      @name          = nil
       @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
+      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
 
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+      strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
     end
 
     def raw
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ module Liquid
       @filters = []
       return unless markup =~ MarkupWithQuotedFragment
 
-      name_markup = Regexp.last_match(1)
+      name_markup   = Regexp.last_match(1)
       filter_markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
-      @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
+      @name         = parse_context.parse_expression(name_markup)
       if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
         filters = Regexp.last_match(1).scan(FilterParser)
         filters.each do |f|
@@ -63,10 +63,12 @@ module Liquid
       @filters = []
       p = Parser.new(markup)
 
-      @name = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+      return if p.look(:end_of_string)
+
+      @name = parse_context.parse_expression(p.expression)
       while p.consume?(:pipe)
         filtername = p.consume(:id)
-        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : []
+        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
         @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
       end
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -81,14 +83,14 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def render(context)
-      obj = @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
+      obj = context.evaluate(@name)
+
+      @filters.each do |filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs|
         filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-        context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
+        obj = context.invoke(filter_name, obj, *filter_args)
       end
 
-      obj = context.apply_global_filter(obj)
-      taint_check(context, obj)
-      obj
+      context.apply_global_filter(obj)
     end
 
     def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
@@ -115,14 +117,14 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def parse_filter_expressions(filter_name, unparsed_args)
-      filter_args = []
+      filter_args  = []
       keyword_args = nil
       unparsed_args.each do |a|
         if (matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes))
-          keyword_args ||= {}
-          keyword_args[matches[1]] = Expression.parse(matches[2])
+          keyword_args           ||= {}
+          keyword_args[matches[1]] = parse_context.parse_expression(matches[2])
         else
-          filter_args << Expression.parse(a)
+          filter_args << parse_context.parse_expression(a)
         end
       end
       result = [filter_name, filter_args]
@@ -142,25 +144,6 @@ module Liquid
       parsed_args
     end
 
-    def taint_check(context, obj)
-      return unless obj.tainted?
-      return if Template.taint_mode == :lax
-
-      @markup =~ QuotedFragment
-      name = Regexp.last_match(0)
-
-      error = TaintedError.new("variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped")
-      error.line_number = line_number
-      error.template_name = context.template_name
-
-      case Template.taint_mode
-      when :warn
-        context.warnings << error
-      when :error
-        raise error
-      end
-    end
-
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
       def children
         [@node.name] + @node.filters.flatten

lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 module Liquid
   class VariableLookup
-    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
     COMMAND_METHODS = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze
 
     attr_reader :name, :lookups
@@ -15,31 +14,38 @@ module Liquid
       lookups = markup.scan(VariableParser)
 
       name = lookups.shift
-      if name =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
-        name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+      if name&.start_with?('[') && name&.end_with?(']')
+        name = Expression.parse(name[1..-2])
       end
       @name = name
 
-      @lookups = lookups
+      @lookups       = lookups
       @command_flags = 0
 
       @lookups.each_index do |i|
         lookup = lookups[i]
-        if lookup =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
-          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        if lookup&.start_with?('[') && lookup&.end_with?(']')
+          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(lookup[1..-2])
         elsif COMMAND_METHODS.include?(lookup)
           @command_flags |= 1 << i
         end
       end
     end
 
+    def lookup_command?(lookup_index)
+      @command_flags & (1 << lookup_index) != 0
+    end
+
     def evaluate(context)
-      name = context.evaluate(@name)
+      name   = context.evaluate(@name)
       object = context.find_variable(name)
 
       @lookups.each_index do |i|
         key = context.evaluate(@lookups[i])
 
+        # Cast "key" to its liquid value to enable it to act as a primitive value
+        key = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(key)
+
         # If object is a hash- or array-like object we look for the
         # presence of the key and if its available we return it
         if object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
@@ -47,13 +53,13 @@ module Liquid
              (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
 
           # if its a proc we will replace the entry with the proc
-          res = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
+          res    = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
           object = res.to_liquid
 
           # Some special cases. If the part wasn't in square brackets and
           # no key with the same name was found we interpret following calls
           # as commands and call them on the current object
-        elsif @command_flags & (1 << i) != 0 && object.respond_to?(key)
+        elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.respond_to?(key)
           object = object.send(key).to_liquid
 
           # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported

lib/liquid/version.rb

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "4.0.3"
+  VERSION = "5.6.0.rc1"
 end

liquid.gemspec

@@ -17,16 +17,20 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.license     = "MIT"
   # s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.4.0"
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 3.0.0"
   s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.3.7"
 
-  s.test_files  = Dir.glob("{test}/**/*")
-  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
+  s.metadata['allowed_push_host'] = 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+  s.files = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
 
   s.extra_rdoc_files = ["History.md", "README.md"]
 
   s.require_path = "lib"
 
-  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 11.3')
+  s.add_dependency("strscan")
+  s.add_dependency("bigdecimal")
+
+  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 13.0')
   s.add_development_dependency('minitest')
 end

performance/benchmark.rb

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'
 
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
+RubyVM::YJIT.enable if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
+
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new
 
 Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.time = 10
+  x.time   = 10
   x.warmup = 5
 
   puts

performance/shopify/comment_form.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
 
     if markup =~ Syntax
       @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @attributes = {}
+      @attributes    = {}
     else
       raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]"
     end

performance/shopify/database.rb

@@ -3,11 +3,19 @@
 require 'yaml'
 
 module Database
+  DATABASE_FILE_PATH = "#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml"
+
   # Load the standard vision toolkit database and re-arrage it to be simply exportable
   # to liquid as assigns. All this is based on Shopify
   def self.tables
     @tables ||= begin
-      db = YAML.load_file("#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml")
+      db =
+        if YAML.respond_to?(:unsafe_load_file) # Only Psych 4+ can use unsafe_load_file
+          # unsafe_load_file is needed for YAML references
+          YAML.unsafe_load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
+        else
+          YAML.load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
+        end
 
       # From vision source
       db['products'].each do |product|
@@ -41,8 +49,3 @@ module Database
     end
   end
 end
-
-if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
-  p(Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys)
-  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
-end

performance/shopify/liquid.rb

@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ require_relative 'shop_filter'
 require_relative 'tag_filter'
 require_relative 'weight_filter'
 
-Liquid::Template.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
-Liquid::Template.register_tag('form', CommentForm)
+default_environment = Liquid::Environment.default
+default_environment.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
+default_environment.register_tag('form', CommentForm)
 
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(JsonFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(WeightFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(ShopFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(TagFilter)
+default_environment.register_filter(JsonFilter)
+default_environment.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
+default_environment.register_filter(WeightFilter)
+default_environment.register_filter(ShopFilter)
+default_environment.register_filter(TagFilter)

performance/shopify/paginate.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
 
     if markup =~ Syntax
       @collection_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @page_size = if Regexp.last_match(2)
+      @page_size       = if Regexp.last_match(2)
         Regexp.last_match(3).to_i
       else
         20
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
 
       pagination['items']      = collection_size
       pagination['pages']      = page_count - 1
-      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  unless 1 >= current_page
-      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      unless page_count <= current_page + 1
+      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  if 1 < current_page
+      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      if page_count > current_page + 1
       pagination['parts']      = []
 
       hellip_break = false

performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ShopFilter
 
     case style
     when 'original'
-      return '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
+      '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
     when 'grande', 'large', 'medium', 'compact', 'small', 'thumb', 'icon'
       "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{Regexp.last_match(1)}_#{style}.#{Regexp.last_match(2)}"
     else

performance/theme_runner.rb

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # This profiler run simulates Shopify.
 # We are looking in the tests directory for liquid files and render them within the designated layout file.
 # We will also export a substantial database to liquid which the templates can render values of.
-# All this is to make the benchmark as non syntetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
+# All this is to make the benchmark as non synthetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
 # direct real-world usage and the profiler measures code that looks very similar to the way it looks in
 # Shopify which is likely the biggest user of liquid in the world which something to the tune of several
 # million Template#render calls a day.
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ class ThemeRunner
   # `render` is called to benchmark just the render portion of liquid
   def render
     @compiled_tests.each do |test|
-      tmpl = test[:tmpl]
+      tmpl    = test[:tmpl]
       assigns = test[:assigns]
-      layout = test[:layout]
+      layout  = test[:layout]
 
       if layout
         assigns['content_for_layout'] = tmpl.render!(assigns)
@@ -73,10 +73,14 @@ class ThemeRunner
 
   private
 
+  def render_layout(template, layout, assigns)
+    assigns['content_for_layout'] = template.render!(assigns)
+    layout&.render!(assigns)
+  end
+
   def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
     compiled_test = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    assigns['content_for_layout'] = compiled_test[:tmpl].render!(assigns)
-    compiled_test[:layout].render!(assigns) if layout
+    render_layout(compiled_test[:tmpl], compiled_test[:layout], compiled_test[:assigns])
   end
 
   def compile_all_tests
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ class ThemeRunner
   end
 
   def compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl = init_template(page_template, template_file)
+    tmpl            = init_template(page_template, template_file)
     parsed_template = tmpl.parse(template).dup
 
     if layout
@@ -113,9 +117,9 @@ class ThemeRunner
 
   # set up a new Liquid::Template object for use in `compile_and_render` and `compile_test`
   def init_template(page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
-    tmpl.assigns['page_title'] = 'Page title'
-    tmpl.assigns['template'] = page_template
+    tmpl                         = Liquid::Template.new
+    tmpl.assigns['page_title']   = 'Page title'
+    tmpl.assigns['template']     = page_template
     tmpl.registers[:file_system] = ThemeRunner::FileSystem.new(File.dirname(template_file))
     tmpl
   end

performance/unit/lexer_benchmark.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "benchmark/ips"
+
+# benchmark liquid lexing
+
+require 'liquid'
+
+RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+EXPRESSIONS = [
+  "foo[1..2].baz",
+  "12.0",
+  "foo.bar.based",
+  "21 - 62",
+  "foo.bar.baz",
+  "foo > 12",
+  "foo < 12",
+  "foo <= 12",
+  "foo >= 12",
+  "foo <> 12",
+  "foo == 12",
+  "foo != 12",
+  "foo contains 12",
+  "foo contains 'bar'",
+  "foo != 'bar'",
+  "'foo' contains 'bar'",
+  '234089',
+  "foo | default: -1",
+]
+
+EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
+  lexer_1_result = Liquid::Lexer1.new(expr).tokenize
+  lexer_2_result = Liquid::Lexer2.new(expr).tokenize
+
+  next if lexer_1_result == lexer_2_result
+
+  warn "Lexer1 and Lexer2 results are different for expression: #{expr}"
+  warn "expected: #{lexer_1_result}"
+  warn "got: #{lexer_2_result}"
+  abort
+end
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  x.config(time: 10, warmup: 5)
+
+  x.report("Liquid::Lexer1#tokenize") do
+    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
+      l = Liquid::Lexer1.new(expr)
+      l.tokenize
+    end
+  end
+
+  x.report("Liquid::Lexer2#tokenize") do
+    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
+      l = Liquid::Lexer2.new(expr)
+      l.tokenize
+    end
+  end
+
+  x.compare!
+end

test/integration/assign_test.rb

@@ -6,45 +6,112 @@ class AssignTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
 
   def test_assign_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' %}
-    {{ this-thing }}
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
+      {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' -%}
+      {{ this-thing -}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal("Print this-thing", rendered.strip)
+    assert_template_result("Print this-thing", template_source)
   end
 
   def test_assigned_variable
-    assert_template_result('.foo.',
+    assert_template_result(
+      '.foo.',
       '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+      { 'values' => %w(foo bar baz) },
+    )
 
-    assert_template_result('.bar.',
+    assert_template_result(
+      '.bar.',
       '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+      { 'values' => %w(foo bar baz) },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_assign_with_filter
-    assert_template_result('.bar.',
+    assert_template_result(
+      '.bar.',
       '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+      { 'values' => "foo,bar,baz" },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_assign_syntax_error
-    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/,
-      '{% assign foo not values %}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/, '{% assign foo not values %}.')
   end
 
   def test_assign_uses_error_mode
-    with_error_mode(:strict) do
-      assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-        Template.parse("{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}")
-      end
+    assert_match_syntax_error(
+      "Expected dotdot but found pipe in ",
+      "{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}",
+      error_mode: :strict,
+    )
+    assert_template_result("", "{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}", error_mode: :lax)
+  end
+
+  def test_expression_with_whitespace_in_square_brackets
+    source = "{% assign r = a[ 'b' ] %}{{ r }}"
+    assert_template_result('result', source, { 'a' => { 'b' => 'result' } })
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_exceeding_resource_limit
+    t = Template.parse("{% assign foo = 42 %}{% assign bar = 23 %}")
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 1
+    assert_equal("Liquid error: Memory limits exceeded", t.render)
+    assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
+
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 2
+    assert_equal("", t.render!)
+    refute_nil(t.resource_limits.assign_score)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_exceeding_limit_from_composite_object
+    t = Template.parse("{% assign foo = 'aaaa' | reverse %}")
+
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 3
+    assert_equal("Liquid error: Memory limits exceeded", t.render)
+    assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
+
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 5
+    assert_equal("", t.render!)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_int
+    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of(123))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_string_counts_bytes
+    assert_equal(3, assign_score_of('123'))
+    assert_equal(5, assign_score_of('12345'))
+    assert_equal(9, assign_score_of('すごい'))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_array
+    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of([]))
+    assert_equal(2, assign_score_of([123]))
+    assert_equal(6, assign_score_of([123, 'abcd']))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_hash
+    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of({}))
+    assert_equal(5, assign_score_of('int' => 123))
+    assert_equal(12, assign_score_of('int' => 123, 'str' => 'abcd'))
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  class ObjectWrapperDrop < Liquid::Drop
+    def initialize(obj)
+      @obj = obj
     end
-    with_error_mode(:lax) do
-      assert Template.parse("{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}")
+
+    def value
+      @obj
     end
   end
-end # AssignTest
+
+  def assign_score_of(obj)
+    context = Liquid::Context.new('drop' => ObjectWrapperDrop.new(obj))
+    Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign obj = drop.value %}').render!(context)
+    context.resource_limits.assign_score
+  end
+end

test/integration/blank_test.rb

@@ -9,12 +9,6 @@ class FoobarTag < Liquid::Tag
   end
 end
 
-class BlankTestFileSystem
-  def read_template_file(template_path)
-    template_path
-  end
-end
-
 class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
   N = 10
@@ -33,7 +27,7 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_new_tags_are_not_blank_by_default
     with_custom_tag('foobar', FoobarTag) do
-      assert_template_result(" " * N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
+      assert_equal(" " * N, Liquid::Template.parse(wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}")).render!)
     end
   end
 
@@ -63,9 +57,11 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_nested_blocks_are_blank_but_only_if_all_children_are
     assert_template_result("", wrap(wrap(" ")))
-    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
+    assert_template_result(
+      "\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
       wrap('{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
-      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'))
+      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'),
+    )
   end
 
   def test_assigns_are_blank
@@ -95,10 +91,21 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_include_is_blank
-    Liquid::Template.file_system = BlankTestFileSystem.new
-    assert_template_result("foobar" * (N + 1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}"))
-    assert_template_result(" foobar " * (N + 1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}"))
-    assert_template_result("   " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} "))
+    assert_template_result(
+      "foobar" * (N + 1),
+      wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}"),
+      partials: { 'foobar' => 'foobar' },
+    )
+    assert_template_result(
+      " foobar " * (N + 1),
+      wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}"),
+      partials: { ' foobar ' => ' foobar ' },
+    )
+    assert_template_result(
+      "   " * (N + 1),
+      wrap(" {% include ' ' %} "),
+      partials: { ' ' => ' ' },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_case_is_blank

test/integration/block_test.rb

@@ -6,9 +6,51 @@ class BlockTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
 
   def test_unexpected_end_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Template.parse("{% if true %}{% endunless %}")
+    source = '{% if true %}{% endunless %}'
+    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif", source)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_custom_tag
+    with_custom_tag('testtag', Block) do
+      assert(Liquid::Template.parse("{% testtag %} {% endtesttag %}"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_block_tags_have_a_default_render_to_output_buffer_method_for_backwards_compatibility
+    klass1 = Class.new(Block) do
+      def render(*)
+        'hello'
+      end
+    end
+
+    with_custom_tag('blabla', klass1) do
+      template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% blabla %} bla {% endblabla %}")
+
+      assert_equal('hello', template.render)
+
+      buf    = +''
+      output = template.render({}, output: buf)
+      assert_equal('hello', output)
+      assert_equal('hello', buf)
+      assert_equal(buf.object_id, output.object_id)
+    end
+
+    klass2 = Class.new(klass1) do
+      def render(*)
+        'foo' + super + 'bar'
+      end
+    end
+
+    with_custom_tag('blabla', klass2) do
+      template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% blabla %} foo {% endblabla %}")
+
+      assert_equal('foohellobar', template.render)
+
+      buf    = +''
+      output = template.render({}, output: buf)
+      assert_equal('foohellobar', output)
+      assert_equal('foohellobar', buf)
+      assert_equal(buf.object_id, output.object_id)
     end
-    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif")
   end
 end

test/integration/capture_test.rb

@@ -10,43 +10,43 @@ class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_capture_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
-    {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture %}
-    {{ this-thing }}
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
+      {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture -%}
+      {{ this-thing -}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal("Print this-thing", rendered.strip)
+    assert_template_result("Print this-thing", template_source)
   end
 
   def test_capture_to_variable_from_outer_scope_if_existing
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign var = '' %}
-    {% if true %}
-    {% capture var %}first-block-string{% endcapture %}
-    {% endif %}
-    {% if true %}
-    {% capture var %}test-string{% endcapture %}
-    {% endif %}
-    {{var}}
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
+      {% assign var = '' -%}
+      {% if true -%}
+        {% capture var %}first-block-string{% endcapture -%}
+      {% endif -%}
+      {% if true -%}
+        {% capture var %}test-string{% endcapture -%}
+      {% endif -%}
+      {{var-}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal("test-string", rendered.gsub(/\s/, ''))
+    assert_template_result("test-string", template_source)
   end
 
   def test_assigning_from_capture
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign first = '' %}
-    {% assign second = '' %}
-    {% for number in (1..3) %}
-    {% capture first %}{{number}}{% endcapture %}
-    {% assign second = first %}
-    {% endfor %}
-    {{ first }}-{{ second }}
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
+      {% assign first = '' -%}
+      {% assign second = '' -%}
+      {% for number in (1..3) -%}
+        {% capture first %}{{number}}{% endcapture -%}
+        {% assign second = first -%}
+      {% endfor -%}
+      {{ first }}-{{ second -}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal("3-3", rendered.gsub(/\s/, ''))
+    assert_template_result("3-3", template_source)
   end
-end # CaptureTest
+
+  def test_increment_assign_score_by_bytes_not_characters
+    t = Template.parse("{% capture foo %}すごい{% endcapture %}")
+    t.render!
+    assert_equal(9, t.resource_limits.assign_score)
+  end
+end

test/integration/context_test.rb

@@ -2,9 +2,616 @@
 
 require 'test_helper'
 
+class HundredCentes
+  def to_liquid
+    100
+  end
+end
+
+class CentsDrop < Liquid::Drop
+  def amount
+    HundredCentes.new
+  end
+
+  def non_zero?
+    true
+  end
+end
+
+class ContextSensitiveDrop < Liquid::Drop
+  def test
+    @context['test']
+  end
+end
+
+class Category
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def initialize(name)
+    @name = name
+  end
+
+  def to_liquid
+    CategoryDrop.new(self)
+  end
+end
+
+class ProductsDrop < Liquid::Drop
+  def initialize(products)
+    @products = products
+  end
+
+  def size
+    @products.size
+  end
+
+  def to_liquid
+    if @context["forloop"]
+      @products.first(@context["forloop"].length)
+    else
+      @products
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class CategoryDrop < Liquid::Drop
+  attr_accessor :category, :context
+
+  def initialize(category)
+    @category = category
+  end
+end
+
+class CounterDrop < Liquid::Drop
+  def count
+    @count ||= 0
+    @count  += 1
+  end
+end
+
+class ArrayLike
+  def fetch(index)
+  end
+
+  def [](index)
+    @counts        ||= []
+    @counts[index] ||= 0
+    @counts[index]  += 1
+  end
+
+  def to_liquid
+    self
+  end
+end
+
 class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
 
+  def setup
+    @context = Liquid::Context.new
+  end
+
+  def test_variables
+    @context['string'] = 'string'
+    assert_equal('string', @context['string'])
+
+    @context['num'] = 5
+    assert_equal(5, @context['num'])
+
+    @context['time'] = Time.parse('2006-06-06 12:00:00')
+    assert_equal(Time.parse('2006-06-06 12:00:00'), @context['time'])
+
+    @context['date'] = Date.today
+    assert_equal(Date.today, @context['date'])
+
+    now = Time.now
+    @context['datetime'] = now
+    assert_equal(now, @context['datetime'])
+
+    @context['bool'] = true
+    assert_equal(true, @context['bool'])
+
+    @context['bool'] = false
+    assert_equal(false, @context['bool'])
+
+    @context['nil'] = nil
+    assert_nil(@context['nil'])
+    assert_nil(@context['nil'])
+  end
+
+  def test_variables_not_existing
+    assert_template_result("true", "{% if does_not_exist == nil %}true{% endif %}")
+  end
+
+  def test_scoping
+    @context.push
+    @context.pop
+
+    assert_raises(Liquid::ContextError) do
+      @context.pop
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(Liquid::ContextError) do
+      @context.push
+      @context.pop
+      @context.pop
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_length_query
+    assert_template_result(
+      "true",
+      "{% if numbers.size == 4 %}true{% endif %}",
+      { "numbers" => [1, 2, 3, 4] },
+    )
+
+    assert_template_result(
+      "true",
+      "{% if numbers.size == 4 %}true{% endif %}",
+      { "numbers" => { 1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4 } },
+    )
+
+    assert_template_result(
+      "true",
+      "{% if numbers.size == 1000 %}true{% endif %}",
+      { "numbers" => { 1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4, 'size' => 1000 } },
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_hyphenated_variable
+    assert_template_result("godz", "{{ oh-my }}", { "oh-my" => 'godz' })
+  end
+
+  def test_add_filter
+    filter = Module.new do
+      def hi(output)
+        output + ' hi!'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context = Context.new
+    context.add_filters(filter)
+    assert_equal('hi? hi!', context.invoke(:hi, 'hi?'))
+
+    context = Context.new
+    assert_equal('hi?', context.invoke(:hi, 'hi?'))
+
+    context.add_filters(filter)
+    assert_equal('hi? hi!', context.invoke(:hi, 'hi?'))
+  end
+
+  def test_only_intended_filters_make_it_there
+    filter = Module.new do
+      def hi(output)
+        output + ' hi!'
+      end
+    end
+
+    context = Context.new
+    assert_equal("Wookie", context.invoke("hi", "Wookie"))
+
+    context.add_filters(filter)
+    assert_equal("Wookie hi!", context.invoke("hi", "Wookie"))
+  end
+
+  def test_add_item_in_outer_scope
+    @context['test'] = 'test'
+    @context.push
+    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
+    @context.pop
+    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
+  end
+
+  def test_add_item_in_inner_scope
+    @context.push
+    @context['test'] = 'test'
+    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
+    @context.pop
+    assert_nil(@context['test'])
+  end
+
+  def test_hierachical_data
+    assigns = { 'hash' => { "name" => 'tobi' } }
+    assert_template_result("tobi", "{{ hash.name }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("tobi", '{{ hash["name"] }}', assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_keywords
+    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if true == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => true })
+    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if false == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => false })
+  end
+
+  def test_digits
+    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if 100 == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => 100 })
+    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if 100.00 == expect %}pass{% endif %}", { "expect" => 100.00 })
+  end
+
+  def test_strings
+    assert_template_result("hello!", '{{ "hello!" }}')
+    assert_template_result("hello!", "{{ 'hello!' }}")
+  end
+
+  def test_merge
+    @context.merge("test" => "test")
+    assert_equal('test', @context['test'])
+    @context.merge("test" => "newvalue", "foo" => "bar")
+    assert_equal('newvalue', @context['test'])
+    assert_equal('bar', @context['foo'])
+  end
+
+  def test_array_notation
+    assigns = { "test" => ["a", "b"] }
+    assert_template_result("a", "{{ test[0] }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("b", "{{ test[1] }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if test[2] == nil %}pass{% endif %}", assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_recoursive_array_notation
+    assigns = { "test" => { 'test' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
+    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.test[0] }}", assigns)
+
+    assigns = { "test" => [{ 'test' => 'worked' }] }
+    assert_template_result("worked", "{{ test[0].test }}", assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_to_array_transition
+    assigns = {
+      'colors' => {
+        'Blue' => ['003366', '336699', '6699CC', '99CCFF'],
+        'Green' => ['003300', '336633', '669966', '99CC99'],
+        'Yellow' => ['CC9900', 'FFCC00', 'FFFF99', 'FFFFCC'],
+        'Red' => ['660000', '993333', 'CC6666', 'FF9999'],
+      },
+    }
+
+    assert_template_result("003366", "{{ colors.Blue[0] }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("FF9999", "{{ colors.Red[3] }}", assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_first
+    assigns = { 'test' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
+    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.first }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("pass", "{% if test.last == 5 %}pass{% endif %}", assigns)
+
+    assigns = { "test" => { "test" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
+    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.test.first }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("5", "{{ test.test.last }}", assigns)
+
+    assigns = { "test" => [1] }
+    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.first }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("1", "{{ test.last }}", assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_access_hashes_with_hash_notation
+    assigns = { 'products' => { 'count' => 5, 'tags' => ['deepsnow', 'freestyle'] } }
+    assert_template_result("5", '{{ products["count"] }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result("deepsnow", '{{ products["tags"][0] }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result("deepsnow", '{{ products["tags"].first }}', assigns)
+
+    assigns = { 'product' => { 'variants' => [{ 'title' => 'draft151cm' }, { 'title' => 'element151cm' }] } }
+    assert_template_result("draft151cm", '{{ product["variants"][0]["title"] }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result("element151cm", '{{ product["variants"][1]["title"] }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result("draft151cm", '{{ product["variants"].first["title"] }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result("element151cm", '{{ product["variants"].last["title"] }}', assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_access_variable_with_hash_notation
+    assert_template_result('baz', '{{ ["foo"] }}', { "foo" => "baz" })
+    assert_template_result('baz', '{{ [bar] }}', { 'foo' => 'baz', 'bar' => 'foo' })
+  end
+
+  def test_access_hashes_with_hash_access_variables
+    assigns = {
+      'var' => 'tags',
+      'nested' => { 'var' => 'tags' },
+      'products' => { 'count' => 5, 'tags' => ['deepsnow', 'freestyle'] },
+    }
+
+    assert_template_result('deepsnow', '{{ products[var].first }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result('freestyle', '{{ products[nested.var].last }}', assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_notation_only_for_hash_access
+    assigns = { "array" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
+    assert_template_result("1", "{{ array.first }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("pass", '{% if array["first"] == nil %}pass{% endif %}', assigns)
+
+    assert_template_result("Hello", '{{ hash["first"] }}', { "hash" => { "first" => "Hello" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_first_can_appear_in_middle_of_callchain
+    assigns = { "product" => { 'variants' => [{ 'title' => 'draft151cm' }, { 'title' => 'element151cm' }] } }
+
+    assert_template_result('draft151cm', '{{ product.variants[0].title }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result('element151cm', '{{ product.variants[1].title }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result('draft151cm', '{{ product.variants.first.title }}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result('element151cm', '{{ product.variants.last.title }}', assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_cents
+    @context.merge("cents" => HundredCentes.new)
+    assert_equal(100, @context['cents'])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_cents
+    @context.merge("cents" => { 'amount' => HundredCentes.new })
+    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.amount'])
+
+    @context.merge("cents" => { 'cents' => { 'amount' => HundredCentes.new } })
+    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.cents.amount'])
+  end
+
+  def test_cents_through_drop
+    @context.merge("cents" => CentsDrop.new)
+    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.amount'])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_cents_through_drop
+    @context.merge("vars" => { "cents" => CentsDrop.new })
+    assert_equal(100, @context['vars.cents.amount'])
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_methods_with_question_marks
+    @context.merge("cents" => CentsDrop.new)
+    assert(@context['cents.non_zero?'])
+  end
+
+  def test_context_from_within_drop
+    @context.merge("test" => '123', "vars" => ContextSensitiveDrop.new)
+    assert_equal('123', @context['vars.test'])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_context_from_within_drop
+    @context.merge("test" => '123', "vars" => { "local" => ContextSensitiveDrop.new })
+    assert_equal('123', @context['vars.local.test'])
+  end
+
+  def test_ranges
+    assert_template_result("1..5", '{{ (1..5) }}')
+    assert_template_result("pass", '{% if (1..5) == expect %}pass{% endif %}', { "expect" => (1..5) })
+
+    assigns = { "test" => '5' }
+    assert_template_result("1..5", "{{ (1..test) }}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result("5..5", "{{ (test..test) }}", assigns)
+  end
+
+  def test_cents_through_drop_nestedly
+    @context.merge("cents" => { "cents" => CentsDrop.new })
+    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.cents.amount'])
+
+    @context.merge("cents" => { "cents" => { "cents" => CentsDrop.new } })
+    assert_equal(100, @context['cents.cents.cents.amount'])
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_with_variable_called_only_once
+    @context['counter'] = CounterDrop.new
+
+    assert_equal(1, @context['counter.count'])
+    assert_equal(2, @context['counter.count'])
+    assert_equal(3, @context['counter.count'])
+  end
+
+  def test_drop_with_key_called_only_once
+    @context['counter'] = CounterDrop.new
+
+    assert_equal(1, @context['counter["count"]'])
+    assert_equal(2, @context['counter["count"]'])
+    assert_equal(3, @context['counter["count"]'])
+  end
+
+  def test_proc_as_variable
+    @context['dynamic'] = proc { 'Hello' }
+
+    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic'])
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_as_variable
+    @context['dynamic'] = proc { 'Hello' }
+
+    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic'])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_lambda_as_variable
+    @context['dynamic'] = { "lambda" => proc { 'Hello' } }
+
+    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic.lambda'])
+  end
+
+  def test_array_containing_lambda_as_variable
+    @context['dynamic'] = [1, 2, proc { 'Hello' }, 4, 5]
+
+    assert_equal('Hello', @context['dynamic[2]'])
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_is_called_once
+    @global = 0
+
+    @context['callcount'] = proc {
+      @global += 1
+      @global.to_s
+    }
+
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount'])
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount'])
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount'])
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_lambda_is_called_once
+    @global = 0
+
+    @context['callcount'] = {
+      "lambda" => proc {
+                    @global += 1
+                    @global.to_s
+                  },
+    }
+
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount.lambda'])
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount.lambda'])
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount.lambda'])
+  end
+
+  def test_lambda_in_array_is_called_once
+    @global = 0
+
+    p = proc {
+      @global += 1
+      @global.to_s
+    }
+    @context['callcount'] = [1, 2, p, 4, 5]
+
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount[2]'])
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount[2]'])
+    assert_equal('1', @context['callcount[2]'])
+  end
+
+  def test_access_to_context_from_proc
+    @context.registers[:magic] = 345392
+
+    @context['magic'] = proc { @context.registers[:magic] }
+
+    assert_equal(345392, @context['magic'])
+  end
+
+  def test_to_liquid_and_context_at_first_level
+    @context['category'] = Category.new("foobar")
+    assert_kind_of(CategoryDrop, @context['category'])
+    assert_equal(@context, @context['category'].context)
+  end
+
+  def test_interrupt_avoids_object_allocations
+    @context.interrupt? # ruby 3.0.0 allocates on the first call
+    assert_no_object_allocations do
+      @context.interrupt?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_context_initialization_with_a_proc_in_environment
+    contx = Context.new([test: ->(c) { c['poutine'] }], test: :foo)
+
+    assert(contx)
+    assert_nil(contx['poutine'])
+  end
+
+  def test_apply_global_filter
+    global_filter_proc = ->(output) { "#{output} filtered" }
+
+    context = Context.new
+    context.global_filter = global_filter_proc
+
+    assert_equal('hi filtered', context.apply_global_filter('hi'))
+  end
+
+  def test_static_environments_are_read_with_lower_priority_than_environments
+    context = Context.build(
+      static_environments: { 'shadowed' => 'static', 'unshadowed' => 'static' },
+      environments: { 'shadowed' => 'dynamic' },
+    )
+
+    assert_equal('dynamic', context['shadowed'])
+    assert_equal('static', context['unshadowed'])
+  end
+
+  def test_apply_global_filter_when_no_global_filter_exist
+    context = Context.new
+    assert_equal('hi', context.apply_global_filter('hi'))
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_does_not_inherit_variables
+    super_context = Context.new
+    super_context['my_variable'] = 'some value'
+    subcontext = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+
+    assert_nil(subcontext['my_variable'])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_static_environment
+    super_context = Context.build(static_environments: { 'my_environment_value' => 'my value' })
+    subcontext    = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+
+    assert_equal('my value', subcontext['my_environment_value'])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_resource_limits
+    resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new({})
+    super_context   = Context.new({}, {}, {}, false, resource_limits)
+    subcontext      = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    assert_equal(resource_limits, subcontext.resource_limits)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_exception_renderer
+    super_context = Context.new
+    super_context.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { 'my exception message' }
+    subcontext = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    assert_equal('my exception message', subcontext.handle_error(Liquid::Error.new))
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_does_not_inherit_non_static_registers
+    registers = {
+      my_register: :my_value,
+    }
+    super_context = Context.new({}, {}, Registers.new(registers))
+    super_context.registers[:my_register] = :my_alt_value
+    subcontext                            = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    assert_equal(:my_value, subcontext.registers[:my_register])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_static_registers
+    super_context = Context.build(registers: { my_register: :my_value })
+    subcontext    = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    assert_equal(:my_value, subcontext.registers[:my_register])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_registers_do_not_pollute_context
+    super_context                      = Context.build(registers: { my_register: :my_value })
+    subcontext                         = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    subcontext.registers[:my_register] = :my_alt_value
+    assert_equal(:my_value, super_context.registers[:my_register])
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_subcontext_inherits_filters
+    my_filter = Module.new do
+      def my_filter(*)
+        'my filter result'
+      end
+    end
+
+    super_context = Context.new
+    super_context.add_filters([my_filter])
+    subcontext    = super_context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    template      = Template.parse('{{ 123 | my_filter }}')
+    assert_equal('my filter result', template.render(subcontext))
+  end
+
+  def test_disables_tag_specified
+    context = Context.new
+    context.with_disabled_tags(%w(foo bar)) do
+      assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
+      assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
+      assert_equal(false, context.tag_disabled?("unknown"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_disables_nested_tags
+    context = Context.new
+    context.with_disabled_tags(["foo"]) do
+      context.with_disabled_tags(["foo"]) do
+        assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
+        assert_equal(false, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
+      end
+      context.with_disabled_tags(["bar"]) do
+        assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
+        assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
+        context.with_disabled_tags(["foo"]) do
+          assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
+          assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
+        end
+      end
+      assert_equal(true, context.tag_disabled?("foo"))
+      assert_equal(false, context.tag_disabled?("bar"))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_override_global_filter
     global = Module.new do
       def notice(output)
@@ -19,16 +626,78 @@ class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
     end
 
     with_global_filter(global) do
-      assert_equal 'Global test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!
-      assert_equal 'Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, filters: [local])
+      assert_equal('Global test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!)
+      assert_equal('Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, filters: [local]))
     end
   end
 
   def test_has_key_will_not_add_an_error_for_missing_keys
-    with_error_mode :strict do
+    with_error_mode(:strict) do
       context = Context.new
       context.key?('unknown')
-      assert_empty context.errors
+      assert_empty(context.errors)
     end
   end
-end
+
+  def test_context_always_uses_static_registers
+    registers = {
+      my_register: :my_value,
+    }
+    c = Context.new({}, {}, registers)
+    assert_instance_of(Registers, c.registers)
+    assert_equal(:my_value, c.registers[:my_register])
+
+    r = Registers.new(registers)
+    c = Context.new({}, {}, r)
+    assert_instance_of(Registers, c.registers)
+    assert_equal(:my_value, c.registers[:my_register])
+  end
+
+  def test_variable_to_liquid_returns_contextual_drop
+    context = {
+      "products" => ProductsDrop.new(["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]),
+    }
+
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID)
+      {%- for i in (1..3) -%}
+        for_loop_products_count: {{ products | size }}
+      {% endfor %}
+
+      unscoped_products_count: {{ products | size }}
+    LIQUID
+
+    result = template.render(context)
+
+    assert_includes(result, "for_loop_products_count: 3")
+    assert_includes(result, "unscoped_products_count: 5")
+  end
+
+  def test_new_isolated_context_inherits_parent_environment
+    global_environment = Liquid::Environment.build(tags: {})
+    context = Context.build(environment: global_environment)
+
+    subcontext = context.new_isolated_subcontext
+    assert_equal(global_environment, subcontext.environment)
+  end
+
+  def test_newly_built_context_inherits_parent_environment
+    global_environment = Liquid::Environment.build(tags: {})
+    context = Context.build(environment: global_environment)
+    assert_equal(global_environment, context.environment)
+    assert(context.environment.tags.each.to_a.empty?)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_no_object_allocations
+    unless RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
+      skip("stackprof needed to count object allocations")
+    end
+    require 'stackprof'
+
+    profile = StackProf.run(mode: :object) do
+      yield
+    end
+    assert_equal(0, profile[:samples])
+  end
+end # ContextTest

test/integration/document_test.rb

@@ -6,16 +6,12 @@ class DocumentTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
 
   def test_unexpected_outer_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Template.parse("{% else %}")
-    end
-    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: Unexpected outer 'else' tag")
+    source = "{% else %}"
+    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): Unexpected outer 'else' tag", source)
   end
 
   def test_unknown_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Template.parse("{% foo %}")
-    end
-    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: Unknown tag 'foo'")
+    source = "{% foo %}"
+    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): Unknown tag 'foo'", source)
   end
 end

test/integration/drop_test.rb

@@ -49,10 +49,6 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
     ContextDrop.new
   end
 
-  def user_input
-    (+"foo").taint
-  end
-
   protected
 
   def callmenot
@@ -114,32 +110,6 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal('  ', tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
   end
 
-  def test_rendering_raises_on_tainted_attr
-    with_taint_mode(:error) do
-      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
-      assert_raises TaintedError do
-        tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_rendering_warns_on_tainted_attr
-    with_taint_mode(:warn) do
-      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
-      context = Context.new('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-      tpl.render!(context)
-      assert_equal [Liquid::TaintedError], context.warnings.map(&:class)
-      assert_equal "variable 'product.user_input' is tainted and was not escaped", context.warnings.first.to_s(false)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_rendering_doesnt_raise_on_escaped_tainted_attr
-    with_taint_mode(:error) do
-      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input | escape }}')
-      tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_drop_does_only_respond_to_whitelisted_methods
     assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
     assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.pretty_inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
@@ -179,6 +149,11 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
     assert_equal(' carrot ', output)
   end
 
+  def test_context_drop_array_with_map
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ contexts | map: "bar" }} ').render!('contexts' => [ContextDrop.new, ContextDrop.new], 'bar' => "carrot")
+    assert_equal(' carrotcarrot ', output)
+  end
+
   def test_nested_context_drop
     output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.context.foo }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'foo' => "monkey")
     assert_equal(' monkey ', output)
@@ -192,7 +167,7 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
   def test_object_methods_not_allowed
     [:dup, :clone, :singleton_class, :eval, :class_eval, :inspect].each do |method|
       output = Liquid::Template.parse(" {{ product.#{method} }} ").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-      assert_equal '  ', output
+      assert_equal('  ', output)
     end
   end
 
@@ -235,28 +210,28 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_enumerable_drop_will_invoke_liquid_method_missing_for_clashing_method_names
     ["select", "each", "map", "cycle"].each do |method|
-      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal(method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
     end
   end
 
   def test_some_enumerable_methods_still_get_invoked
     [:count, :max].each do |method|
-      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal("3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
     end
 
     assert_equal("yes", Liquid::Template.parse("{% if collection contains 3 %}yes{% endif %}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
 
     [:min, :first].each do |method|
-      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
-      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+      assert_equal("1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
     end
   end
 
@@ -274,7 +249,7 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_invokable_methods
-    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid catchall user_input context texts).to_set, ProductDrop.invokable_methods)
+    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid catchall context texts).to_set, ProductDrop.invokable_methods)
     assert_equal(%w(to_liquid scopes_as_array loop_pos scopes).to_set, ContextDrop.invokable_methods)
     assert_equal(%w(to_liquid size max min first count).to_set, EnumerableDrop.invokable_methods)
     assert_equal(%w(to_liquid max min sort count first).to_set, RealEnumerableDrop.invokable_methods)

test/integration/error_handling_test.rb

@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_missing_endtag_parse_time_error
-    assert_raises(Liquid::SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse(' {% for a in b %} ... ')
-    end
+    assert_match_syntax_error(/: 'for' tag was never closed\z/, ' {% for a in b %} ... ')
   end
 
   def test_unrecognized_operator
@@ -84,37 +82,31 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors
-    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('
-          foobar
+    source = <<~LIQUID
+      foobar
 
-          {% "cat" | foobar %}
+      {% "cat" | foobar %}
 
-          bla
-        ',
-        line_numbers: true)
-    end
-
-    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
+      bla
+    LIQUID
+    assert_match_syntax_error(/Liquid syntax error \(line 3\)/, source)
   end
 
   def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors_with_whitespace_trim
-    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('
-          foobar
+    source = <<~LIQUID
+      foobar
 
-          {%- "cat" | foobar -%}
+      {%- "cat" | foobar -%}
 
-          bla
-        ',
-        line_numbers: true)
-    end
+      bla
+    LIQUID
 
-    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
+    assert_match_syntax_error(/Liquid syntax error \(line 3\)/, source)
   end
 
   def test_parsing_warn_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_lexer_errors
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse(
+      '
         foobar
 
         {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %}
@@ -122,15 +114,19 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
         bla
             ',
       error_mode: :warn,
-      line_numbers: true)
+      line_numbers: true,
+    )
 
-    assert_equal(['Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"'],
-      template.warnings.map(&:message))
+    assert_equal(
+      ['Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"'],
+      template.warnings.map(&:message),
+    )
   end
 
   def test_parsing_strict_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_lexer_errors
     err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('
+      Liquid::Template.parse(
+        '
           foobar
 
           {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %}
@@ -138,27 +134,25 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
           bla
                 ',
         error_mode: :strict,
-        line_numbers: true)
+        line_numbers: true,
+      )
     end
 
     assert_equal('Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"', err.message)
   end
 
   def test_syntax_errors_in_nested_blocks_have_correct_line_number
-    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('
-          foobar
+    source = <<~LIQUID
+      foobar
 
-          {% if 1 != 2 %}
-            {% foo %}
-          {% endif %}
+      {% if 1 != 2 %}
+        {% foo %}
+      {% endif %}
 
-          bla
-                ',
-        line_numbers: true)
-    end
+      bla
+    LIQUID
 
-    assert_equal("Liquid syntax error (line 5): Unknown tag 'foo'", err.message)
+    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unknown tag 'foo'", source)
   end
 
   def test_strict_error_messages
@@ -193,7 +187,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
 
   # Liquid should not catch Exceptions that are not subclasses of StandardError, like Interrupt and NoMemoryError
   def test_exceptions_propagate
-    assert_raises Exception do
+    assert_raises(Exception) do
       template = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ errors.exception }}')
       template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
     end
@@ -209,26 +203,40 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_setting_default_exception_renderer
-    old_exception_renderer = Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer
     exceptions = []
-    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = ->(e) {
+    default_exception_renderer = ->(e) {
       exceptions << e
       ''
     }
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}')
+
+    env = Liquid::Environment.build(exception_renderer: default_exception_renderer)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}', environment: env)
 
     output = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
 
     assert_equal('This is a runtime error: ', output)
     assert_equal([Liquid::ArgumentError], template.errors.map(&:class))
-  ensure
-    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = old_exception_renderer if old_exception_renderer
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_exception_renderer_on_environment
+    exceptions = []
+    exception_renderer = ->(e) do
+      exceptions << e
+      ''
+    end
+
+    environment = Liquid::Environment.build(exception_renderer: exception_renderer)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}', environment: environment)
+    output = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
+
+    assert_equal('This is a runtime error: ', output)
+    assert_equal([Liquid::ArgumentError], template.errors.map(&:class))
   end
 
   def test_exception_renderer_exposing_non_liquid_error
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.runtime_error }}', line_numbers: true)
+    template   = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.runtime_error }}', line_numbers: true)
     exceptions = []
-    handler = ->(e) {
+    handler    = ->(e) {
       exceptions << e
       e.cause
     }
@@ -248,16 +256,96 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_included_template_name_with_line_numbers
-    old_file_system = Liquid::Template.file_system
+    environment = Liquid::Environment.build(file_system: TestFileSystem.new)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse("Argument error:\n{% include 'product' %}", line_numbers: true, environment: environment)
+    page     = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
 
-    begin
-      Liquid::Template.file_system = TestFileSystem.new
-      template = Liquid::Template.parse("Argument error:\n{% include 'product' %}", line_numbers: true)
-      page = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
-    ensure
-      Liquid::Template.file_system = old_file_system
-    end
     assert_equal("Argument error:\nLiquid error (product line 1): argument error", page)
     assert_equal("product", template.errors.first.template_name)
   end
+
+  def test_bug_compatible_silencing_of_errors_in_blank_nodes
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse("{% assign x = 0 %}{% if 1 < '2' %}not blank{% assign x = 3 %}{% endif %}{{ x }}").render
+    assert_equal("Liquid error: comparison of Integer with String failed0", output)
+
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse("{% assign x = 0 %}{% if 1 < '2' %}{% assign x = 3 %}{% endif %}{{ x }}").render
+    assert_equal("0", output)
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_is_raised_with_template_name
+    file_system = StubFileSystem.new("snippet" => "1\n2\n{{ 1")
+
+    context = Liquid::Context.build(
+      registers: { file_system: file_system },
+    )
+
+    template = Template.parse(
+      '{% render "snippet" %}',
+      line_numbers: true,
+    )
+    template.name = "template/index"
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "Liquid syntax error (snippet line 3): Variable '{{' was not properly terminated with regexp: /\\}\\}/",
+      template.render(context),
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_syntax_error_is_raised_with_template_name_from_template_factory
+    file_system = StubFileSystem.new("snippet" => "1\n2\n{{ 1")
+
+    context = Liquid::Context.build(
+      registers: {
+        file_system: file_system,
+        template_factory: StubTemplateFactory.new,
+      },
+    )
+
+    template = Template.parse(
+      '{% render "snippet" %}',
+      line_numbers: true,
+    )
+    template.name = "template/index"
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "Liquid syntax error (some/path/snippet line 3): Variable '{{' was not properly terminated with regexp: /\\}\\}/",
+      template.render(context),
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_error_is_raised_during_parse_with_template_name
+    depth = Liquid::Block::MAX_DEPTH + 1
+    code = "{% if true %}" * depth + "rendered" + "{% endif %}" * depth
+
+    template = Template.parse("{% render 'snippet' %}", line_numbers: true)
+
+    context = Liquid::Context.build(
+      registers: {
+        file_system: StubFileSystem.new("snippet" => code),
+        template_factory: StubTemplateFactory.new,
+      },
+    )
+
+    assert_equal("Liquid error (some/path/snippet line 1): Nesting too deep", template.render(context))
+  end
+
+  def test_internal_error_is_raised_with_template_name
+    template = Template.new
+    template.parse(
+      "{% render 'snippet' %}",
+      line_numbers: true,
+    )
+    template.name = "template/index"
+
+    context = Liquid::Context.build(
+      registers: {
+        file_system: StubFileSystem.new({}),
+      },
+    )
+
+    assert_equal(
+      "Liquid error (template/index line 1): internal",
+      template.render(context),
+    )
+  end
 end

test/integration/expression_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ExpressionTest < Minitest::Test
+  def test_keyword_literals
+    assert_template_result("true", "{{ true }}")
+    assert_expression_result(true, "true")
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    assert_template_result("single quoted", "{{'single quoted'}}")
+    assert_template_result("double quoted", '{{"double quoted"}}')
+    assert_template_result("spaced", "{{ 'spaced' }}")
+    assert_template_result("spaced2", "{{ 'spaced2' }}")
+  end
+
+  def test_int
+    assert_template_result("456", "{{ 456 }}")
+    assert_expression_result(123, "123")
+    assert_expression_result(12, "012")
+  end
+
+  def test_float
+    assert_template_result("2.5", "{{ 2.5 }}")
+    assert_expression_result(1.5, "1.5")
+  end
+
+  def test_range
+    assert_template_result("3..4", "{{ ( 3 .. 4 ) }}")
+    assert_expression_result(1..2, "(1..2)")
+
+    assert_match_syntax_error(
+      "Liquid syntax error (line 1): Invalid expression type 'false' in range expression",
+      "{{ (false..true) }}",
+    )
+    assert_match_syntax_error(
+      "Liquid syntax error (line 1): Invalid expression type '(1..2)' in range expression",
+      "{{ ((1..2)..3) }}",
+    )
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def assert_expression_result(expect, markup, **assigns)
+    liquid = "{% if expect == #{markup} %}pass{% else %}got {{ #{markup} }}{% endif %}"
+    assert_template_result("pass", liquid, { "expect" => expect, **assigns })
+  end
+end

test/integration/filter_kwarg_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class FilterKwargTest < Minitest::Test
+  module KwargFilter
+    def html_tag(_tag, attributes)
+      attributes
+        .map { |key, value| "#{key}='#{value}'" }
+        .join(' ')
+    end
+  end
+
+  include Liquid
+
+  def test_can_parse_data_kwargs
+    with_global_filter(KwargFilter) do
+      assert_equal(
+        "data-src='src' data-widths='100, 200'",
+        Template.parse("{{ 'img' | html_tag: data-src: 'src', data-widths: '100, 200' }}").render(nil, nil),
+      )
+    end
+  end
+end

test/integration/filter_test.rb

@@ -59,91 +59,94 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_size
-    @context['var'] = 'abcd'
-    @context.add_filters(MoneyFilter)
-
-    assert_equal('4', Template.parse("{{var | size}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result("4", "{{var | size}}", { "var" => 'abcd' })
   end
 
   def test_join
-    @context['var'] = [1, 2, 3, 4]
-
-    assert_equal("1 2 3 4", Template.parse("{{var | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result("1 2 3 4", "{{var | join}}", { "var" => [1, 2, 3, 4] })
   end
 
   def test_sort
-    @context['value'] = 3
-    @context['numbers'] = [2, 1, 4, 3]
-    @context['words'] = ['expected', 'as', 'alphabetic']
-    @context['arrays'] = ['flower', 'are']
-    @context['case_sensitive'] = ['sensitive', 'Expected', 'case']
-
-    assert_equal('1 2 3 4', Template.parse("{{numbers | sort | join}}").render(@context))
-    assert_equal('alphabetic as expected', Template.parse("{{words | sort | join}}").render(@context))
-    assert_equal('3', Template.parse("{{value | sort}}").render(@context))
-    assert_equal('are flower', Template.parse("{{arrays | sort | join}}").render(@context))
-    assert_equal('Expected case sensitive', Template.parse("{{case_sensitive | sort | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result("1 2 3 4", "{{numbers | sort | join}}", { "numbers" => [2, 1, 4, 3] })
+    assert_template_result(
+      "alphabetic as expected",
+      "{{words | sort | join}}",
+      { "words" => ['expected', 'as', 'alphabetic'] },
+    )
+    assert_template_result("3", "{{value | sort}}", { "value" => 3 })
+    assert_template_result('are flower', "{{arrays | sort | join}}", { 'arrays' => ['flower', 'are'] })
+    assert_template_result(
+      "Expected case sensitive",
+      "{{case_sensitive | sort | join}}",
+      { "case_sensitive" => ["sensitive", "Expected", "case"] },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_sort_natural
-    @context['words'] = ['case', 'Assert', 'Insensitive']
-    @context['hashes'] = [{ 'a' => 'A' }, { 'a' => 'b' }, { 'a' => 'C' }]
-    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new('b'), TestObject.new('C')]
-
     # Test strings
-    assert_equal('Assert case Insensitive', Template.parse("{{words | sort_natural | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result(
+      "Assert case Insensitive",
+      "{{words | sort_natural | join}}",
+      { "words" => ["case", "Assert", "Insensitive"] },
+    )
 
     # Test hashes
-    assert_equal('A b C', Template.parse("{{hashes | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result(
+      "A b C",
+      "{{hashes | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}",
+      { "hashes" => [{ "a" => "A" }, { "a" => "b" }, { "a" => "C" }] },
+    )
 
     # Test objects
+    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new('b'), TestObject.new('C')]
     assert_equal('A b C', Template.parse("{{objects | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))
   end
 
   def test_compact
-    @context['words'] = ['a', nil, 'b', nil, 'c']
-    @context['hashes'] = [{ 'a' => 'A' }, { 'a' => nil }, { 'a' => 'C' }]
-    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new(nil), TestObject.new('C')]
-
     # Test strings
-    assert_equal('a b c', Template.parse("{{words | compact | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result(
+      "a b c",
+      "{{words | compact | join}}",
+      { "words" => ['a', nil, 'b', nil, 'c'] },
+    )
 
     # Test hashes
-    assert_equal('A C', Template.parse("{{hashes | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result(
+      "A C",
+      "{{hashes | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}",
+      { "hashes" => [{ "a" => "A" }, { "a" => nil }, { "a" => "C" }] },
+    )
 
     # Test objects
+    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new(nil), TestObject.new('C')]
     assert_equal('A C', Template.parse("{{objects | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context))
   end
 
   def test_strip_html
-    @context['var'] = "<b>bla blub</a>"
-
-    assert_equal("bla blub", Template.parse("{{ var | strip_html }}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result("bla blub", "{{ var | strip_html }}", { "var" => "<b>bla blub</a>" })
   end
 
   def test_strip_html_ignore_comments_with_html
-    @context['var'] = "<!-- split and some <ul> tag --><b>bla blub</a>"
-
-    assert_equal("bla blub", Template.parse("{{ var | strip_html }}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result(
+      "bla blub",
+      "{{ var | strip_html }}",
+      { "var" => "<!-- split and some <ul> tag --><b>bla blub</a>" },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_capitalize
-    @context['var'] = "blub"
-
-    assert_equal("Blub", Template.parse("{{ var | capitalize }}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result("Blub", "{{ var | capitalize }}", { "var" => "blub" })
   end
 
   def test_nonexistent_filter_is_ignored
-    @context['var'] = 1000
-
-    assert_equal('1000', Template.parse("{{ var | xyzzy }}").render(@context))
+    assert_template_result("1000", "{{ var | xyzzy }}", { "var" => 1000 })
   end
 
   def test_filter_with_keyword_arguments
     @context['surname'] = 'john'
-    @context['input'] = 'hello %{first_name}, %{last_name}'
+    @context['input']   = 'hello %{first_name}, %{last_name}'
     @context.add_filters(SubstituteFilter)
-    output = Template.parse(%({{ input | substitute: first_name: surname, last_name: 'doe' }})).render(@context)
+    output              = Template.parse(%({{ input | substitute: first_name: surname, last_name: 'doe' }})).render(@context)
     assert_equal('hello john, doe', output)
   end
 
@@ -153,6 +156,15 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
     # tap still treated as a non-existent filter
     assert_equal("1000", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!('var' => 1000))
   end
+
+  def test_liquid_argument_error
+    source = "{{ '' | size: 'too many args' }}"
+    exc = assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
+      Template.parse(source).render!
+    end
+    assert_match(/\ALiquid error: wrong number of arguments /, exc.message)
+    assert_equal(exc.message, Template.parse(source).render)
+  end
 end
 
 class FiltersInTemplate < Minitest::Test
@@ -160,9 +172,9 @@ class FiltersInTemplate < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_local_global
     with_global_filter(MoneyFilter) do
-      assert_equal " 1000$ ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, nil)
-      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: CanadianMoneyFilter)
-      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: [CanadianMoneyFilter])
+      assert_equal(" 1000$ ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, nil))
+      assert_equal(" 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: CanadianMoneyFilter))
+      assert_equal(" 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: [CanadianMoneyFilter]))
     end
   end
 

test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class HashOrderingTest < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_global_register_order
     with_global_filter(MoneyFilter, CanadianMoneyFilter) do
-      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render(nil, nil)
+      assert_equal(" 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render(nil, nil))
     end
   end
 end