diff --git a/src/context/context.spec.ts b/src/context/context.spec.ts
index b7e182e5b..f122174c9 100644
--- a/src/context/context.spec.ts
+++ b/src/context/context.spec.ts
@@ -138,11 +138,6 @@ describe('Context', function () {
       ctx.push({ foo: [] })
       return expect(ctx.getSync(['foo', 'reduce'])).toEqual(undefined)
     })
-    it('should return undefined for typical Object.prototype properties (e.g. constructor, valueOf)', function () {
-      ctx.push({ obj: {} })
-      expect(ctx.getSync(['obj', 'constructor'])).toEqual(undefined)
-      expect(ctx.getSync(['obj', 'valueOf'])).toEqual(undefined)
-    })
     it('should return undefined for function prototype property', function () {
       function Foo () {}
       Foo.prototype.bar = 'BAR'
diff --git a/src/context/context.ts b/src/context/context.ts
index a9a0083c5..205a57622 100644
--- a/src/context/context.ts
+++ b/src/context/context.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { getPerformance } from '../util/performance'
 import { Drop } from '../drop/drop'
 import { __assign } from 'tslib'
 import { NormalizedFullOptions, defaultOptions, RenderOptions } from '../liquid-options'
-import { Scope, createScope } from './scope'
+import { Scope } from './scope'
 import { hasOwnProperty, isArray, isNil, isUndefined, isString, isFunction, toLiquid, InternalUndefinedVariableError, toValueSync, isObject, Limiter, toValue } from '../util'
 
 type PropertyKey = string | number;
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export class Context {
    * insert a Context-level empty scope,
    * for tags like `{% capture %}` `{% assign %}` to operate
    */
-  private scopes: Scope[] = [createScope()]
+  private scopes: Scope[] = [{}]
   private registers = {}
   /**
    * user passed in scope
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export class Context {
   }
   public getAll () {
     return [this.globals, this.environments, ...this.scopes]
-      .reduce((ctx, val) => __assign(ctx, val), createScope())
+      .reduce((ctx, val) => __assign(ctx, val), {})
   }
   /**
    * @deprecated use `_get()` or `getSync()` instead
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export class Context {
   public bottom () {
     return this.scopes[0]
   }
-  public spawn (scope: object = createScope()) {
+  public spawn (scope = {}) {
     return new Context(scope, this.opts, {
       sync: this.sync,
       globals: this.globals,
diff --git a/src/context/scope.ts b/src/context/scope.ts
index 7d21a5f2d..9fcc06dae 100644
--- a/src/context/scope.ts
+++ b/src/context/scope.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,3 @@ interface ScopeObject extends Record<string | number | symbol, any> {
 }
 
 export type Scope = ScopeObject | Drop
-
-/**
- * Plain scope bag with a null prototype so lookups like `__proto__` are not the
- * Object.prototype accessor unless explicitly assigned as an own property.
- */
-export function createScope (props?: Record<PropertyKey, any>): ScopeObject {
-  return props == null
-    ? Object.create(null)
-    : Object.assign(Object.create(null), props)
-}
diff --git a/src/filters/array.ts b/src/filters/array.ts
index 640aea7d6..f22fcce20 100644
--- a/src/filters/array.ts
+++ b/src/filters/array.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { toArray, argumentsToValue, toValue, stringify, caseInsensitiveCompare,
 import { arrayIncludes, equals, evalToken, isTruthy } from '../render'
 import { Value, FilterImpl } from '../template'
 import { Tokenizer } from '../parser'
-import { createScope, type Scope } from '../context'
+import type { Scope } from '../context'
 import { EmptyDrop } from '../drop'
 
 export const join = argumentsToValue(function (this: FilterImpl, v: any[], arg: string) {
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ function * filter_exp<T extends object> (this: FilterImpl, include: boolean, arr
   const array = toArray(arr)
   this.context.memoryLimit.use(array.length)
   for (const item of array) {
-    this.context.push(createScope({ [itemName]: item }))
+    this.context.push({ [itemName]: item })
     const value = yield keyTemplate.value(this.context)
     this.context.pop()
     if (value === include) filtered.push(item)
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ export function * group_by_exp<T extends object> (this: FilterImpl, arr: T[], it
   arr = toEnumerable(arr)
   this.context.memoryLimit.use(arr.length)
   for (const item of arr) {
-    this.context.push(createScope({ [itemName]: item }))
+    this.context.push({ [itemName]: item })
     const key = yield keyTemplate.value(this.context)
     this.context.pop()
     if (!map.has(key)) map.set(key, [])
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ function * search_exp<T extends object> (this: FilterImpl, arr: T[], itemName: s
   const predicate = new Value(stringify(exp), this.liquid)
   const array = toArray(arr)
   for (let index = 0; index < array.length; index++) {
-    this.context.push(createScope({ [itemName]: array[index] }))
+    this.context.push({ [itemName]: array[index] })
     const value = yield predicate.value(this.context)
     this.context.pop()
     if (value) return [index, array[index]]
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 7e869552f..721c21b50 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export { Drop } from './drop'
 export type { Comparable } from './drop'
 export { Emitter } from './emitters'
 export { defaultOperators, Operators, evalToken, evalQuotedToken, Expression, isFalsy, isTruthy } from './render'
-export { Context, Scope, createScope } from './context'
+export { Context, Scope } from './context'
 export { Value, Hash, Template, FilterImplOptions, Tag, Filter, Output, Variable, VariableLocation, VariableSegments, Variables, StaticAnalysis, StaticAnalysisOptions, analyze, analyzeSync, Arguments, PartialScope } from './template'
 export type { TagRenderReturn } from './template'
 export { Token, TopLevelToken, TagToken, ValueToken } from './tokens'
diff --git a/src/tags/block.ts b/src/tags/block.ts
index 56dca80af..947f0b3e5 100644
--- a/src/tags/block.ts
+++ b/src/tags/block.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { BlockMode, createScope } from '../context'
+import { BlockMode } from '../context'
 import { isTagToken } from '../util'
 import { BlockDrop } from '../drop'
 import { Liquid, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Template, Context, Emitter, Tag } from '..'
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export default class extends Tag {
       if (stack.includes(self)) throw new Error('block tag cannot be nested')
 
       stack.push(self)
-      ctx.push(createScope({ block: superBlock }))
+      ctx.push({ block: superBlock })
       yield liquid.renderer.renderTemplates(templates, ctx, emitter)
       ctx.pop()
       stack.pop()
diff --git a/src/tags/for.ts b/src/tags/for.ts
index 775229f5b..0d29dee78 100644
--- a/src/tags/for.ts
+++ b/src/tags/for.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Hash, ValueToken, Liquid, Tag, evalToken, Emitter, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Context, Template, ParseStream, createScope } from '..'
+import { Hash, ValueToken, Liquid, Tag, evalToken, Emitter, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Context, Template, ParseStream } from '..'
 import { assertEmpty, isValueToken, toEnumerable } from '../util'
 import { ForloopDrop } from '../drop/forloop-drop'
 import { Parser } from '../parser'
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export default class extends Tag {
     }
 
     const continueKey = 'continue-' + this.variable + '-' + this.collection.getText()
-    ctx.push(createScope({ continue: ctx.getRegister(continueKey, 0) }))
+    ctx.push({ continue: ctx.getRegister(continueKey, {}) })
     const hash = yield this.hash.render(ctx)
     ctx.pop()
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export default class extends Tag {
     }, collection)
 
     ctx.setRegister(continueKey, (hash['offset'] || 0) + collection.length)
-    const scope = createScope({ forloop: new ForloopDrop(collection.length, this.collection.getText(), this.variable) })
+    const scope = { forloop: new ForloopDrop(collection.length, this.collection.getText(), this.variable) }
     ctx.push(scope)
     for (const item of collection) {
       scope[this.variable] = item
diff --git a/src/tags/include.ts b/src/tags/include.ts
index 74b404bbe..3ad785b90 100644
--- a/src/tags/include.ts
+++ b/src/tags/include.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Template, ValueToken, TopLevelToken, Liquid, Tag, assert, evalToken, Hash, Emitter, TagToken, Context, createScope } from '..'
+import { Template, ValueToken, TopLevelToken, Liquid, Tag, assert, evalToken, Hash, Emitter, TagToken, Context } from '..'
 import { BlockMode, Scope } from '../context'
 import { Parser } from '../parser'
 import { Argument, Arguments, PartialScope } from '../template'
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export default class extends Tag {
     const scope = (yield hash.render(ctx)) as Scope
     if (withVar) scope[filepath] = yield evalToken(withVar, ctx)
     const templates = (yield liquid._parsePartialFile(filepath, ctx.sync, this['currentFile'])) as Template[]
-    ctx.push(ctx.opts.jekyllInclude ? createScope({ include: scope }) : Object.assign(createScope(), scope))
+    ctx.push(ctx.opts.jekyllInclude ? { include: scope } : scope)
     yield renderer.renderTemplates(templates, ctx, emitter)
     ctx.pop()
     ctx.restoreRegister(saved)
diff --git a/src/tags/layout.ts b/src/tags/layout.ts
index ccd176d4b..cf1e7270f 100644
--- a/src/tags/layout.ts
+++ b/src/tags/layout.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Scope, Template, Liquid, Tag, assert, Emitter, Hash, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Context, createScope } from '..'
+import { Scope, Template, Liquid, Tag, assert, Emitter, Hash, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Context } from '..'
 import { BlockMode } from '../context'
 import { parseFilePath, renderFilePath, ParsedFileName } from './render'
 import { BlankDrop } from '../drop'
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export default class extends Tag {
     ctx.setRegister('blockMode', BlockMode.OUTPUT)
 
     // render the layout file use stored blocks
-    ctx.push(Object.assign(createScope(), (yield args.render(ctx)) as Scope))
+    ctx.push((yield args.render(ctx)) as Scope)
     yield renderer.renderTemplates(templates, ctx, emitter)
     ctx.pop()
   }
diff --git a/src/tags/tablerow.ts b/src/tags/tablerow.ts
index c836b0d32..91f840445 100644
--- a/src/tags/tablerow.ts
+++ b/src/tags/tablerow.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { isValueToken, toEnumerable } from '../util'
-import { ValueToken, Liquid, Tag, evalToken, Emitter, Hash, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Context, Template, ParseStream, createScope } from '..'
+import { ValueToken, Liquid, Tag, evalToken, Emitter, Hash, TagToken, TopLevelToken, Context, Template, ParseStream } from '..'
 import { TablerowloopDrop } from '../drop/tablerowloop-drop'
 import { Parser } from '../parser'
 import { Arguments } from '../template'
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export default class extends Tag {
 
     const r = this.liquid.renderer
     const tablerowloop = new TablerowloopDrop(collection.length, cols, this.collection.getText(), this.variable)
-    const scope = createScope({ tablerowloop })
+    const scope = { tablerowloop }
     ctx.push(scope)
 
     for (let idx = 0; idx < collection.length; idx++, tablerowloop.next()) {
diff --git a/test/e2e/issues.spec.ts b/test/e2e/issues.spec.ts
index 2a4932985..c5243fe66 100644
--- a/test/e2e/issues.spec.ts
+++ b/test/e2e/issues.spec.ts
@@ -77,22 +77,6 @@ describe('Issues', function () {
     )
     expect(html).toBe('BAR')
   })
-  it('filter/tag maps are null-prototype (node + UMD)', async () => {
-    const nodeEngine = new Liquid()
-    const umdEngine = new LiquidUMD()
-    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(nodeEngine.filters)).toBeNull()
-    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(nodeEngine.tags)).toBeNull()
-    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(umdEngine.filters)).toBeNull()
-    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(umdEngine.tags)).toBeNull()
-  })
-  it('filter/tag lookups ignore Object.prototype keys unless registered (node + UMD)', async () => {
-    for (const LiquidClass of [Liquid, LiquidUMD]) {
-      const engine = new LiquidClass()
-      await expect(engine.parseAndRender('{{ x | constructor }}', { x: 'OK' })).resolves.toBe('OK')
-      await expect(new LiquidClass({ strictFilters: true }).parseAndRender('{{ x | constructor }}', { x: 'OK' })).rejects.toThrow(/undefined filter/)
-      expect(() => engine.parse('{% constructor %}')).toThrow('tag "constructor" not found')
-    }
-  })
   it('lenientIf not working as expected in umd #313', async () => {
     const engine = new LiquidUMD({
       strictVariables: true,
diff --git a/test/integration/liquid/register-filters.spec.ts b/test/integration/liquid/register-filters.spec.ts
index e60b781ae..a0c6bcd64 100644
--- a/test/integration/liquid/register-filters.spec.ts
+++ b/test/integration/liquid/register-filters.spec.ts
@@ -61,19 +61,9 @@ describe('liquid#registerFilter()', function () {
     })
   })
 
-  describe('filter registry storage', () => {
-    it('should use a null-prototype map for filters', () => {
-      expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(liquid.filters)).toBeNull()
-    })
-    it('should treat Object.prototype keys as unregistered unless explicitly registered', async () => {
-      const registered = new Set(Object.keys(liquid.filters))
-      const strict = new Liquid({ strictFilters: true })
-      for (const name of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.prototype)) {
-        if (registered.has(name)) continue
-        const out = await liquid.parseAndRender(`{{ x | ${name} }}`, { x: 42 })
-        expect(out).toBe('42')
-        await expect(strict.parseAndRender(`{{ 1 | ${name} }}`)).rejects.toThrow('undefined filter')
-      }
-    })
+  it('should not treat Object.prototype names as registered filters', async () => {
+    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(liquid.filters)).toBeNull()
+    await expect(liquid.parseAndRender('{{ x | constructor }}', { x: 42 })).resolves.toBe('42')
+    await expect(new Liquid({ strictFilters: true }).parseAndRender('{{ 1 | constructor }}')).rejects.toThrow('undefined filter')
   })
 })
diff --git a/test/integration/liquid/register-tags.spec.ts b/test/integration/liquid/register-tags.spec.ts
index b520a66da..76d6cdf4e 100644
--- a/test/integration/liquid/register-tags.spec.ts
+++ b/test/integration/liquid/register-tags.spec.ts
@@ -39,17 +39,9 @@ describe('liquid#registerTag()', function () {
     return expect(html).toBe('ABC')
   })
 
-  describe('tag registry storage', () => {
-    it('should use a null-prototype map for tags', () => {
-      expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(new Liquid().tags)).toBeNull()
-    })
-    it('should not resolve names that exist only on Object.prototype', () => {
-      const l = new Liquid()
-      const registered = new Set(Object.keys(l.tags))
-      for (const name of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.prototype)) {
-        if (registered.has(name)) continue
-        expect(() => l.parse(`{% ${name} %}`)).toThrow(`tag "${name}" not found`)
-      }
-    })
+  it('should not treat Object.prototype names as registered tags', () => {
+    const l = new Liquid()
+    expect(Object.getPrototypeOf(l.tags)).toBeNull()
+    expect(() => l.parse('{% constructor %}')).toThrow('tag "constructor" not found')
   })
 })