diff --git a/src/filters/array.ts b/src/filters/array.ts
index e714d6588..57a7d802d 100644
--- a/src/filters/array.ts
+++ b/src/filters/array.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import { EmptyDrop } from '../drop'
 export const join = argumentsToValue(function (this: FilterImpl, v: any[], arg: string) {
   const array = toArray(v)
   const sep = isNil(arg) ? ' ' : stringify(arg)
-  const complexity = array.length * (1 + sep.length)
-  this.context.memoryLimit.use(complexity)
+  let outputSize = sep.length * Math.max(array.length - 1, 0)
+  for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) outputSize += String(array[i]).length
+  this.context.memoryLimit.use(outputSize)
   return Array.prototype.join.call(array, sep)
 })
 export const last = argumentsToValue(function (this: FilterImpl, v: any) {
diff --git a/src/filters/misc.ts b/src/filters/misc.ts
index 57ed57812..447376550 100644
--- a/src/filters/misc.ts
+++ b/src/filters/misc.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@ import { isFalsy } from '../render/boolean'
 import { identify, isArray, isString, toValue } from '../util/underscore'
 import { FilterImpl } from '../template'
 
+function chargeJsonReplacerValue (memoryLimit: { use(count: number): void }, val: unknown) {
+  if (typeof val === 'string') {
+    memoryLimit.use(val.length)
+  } else if (val === null || typeof val === 'number' || typeof val === 'boolean') {
+    memoryLimit.use(JSON.stringify(val).length)
+  } else if (Array.isArray(val)) {
+    memoryLimit.use(val.length + 1)
+  } else if (typeof val === 'object') {
+    memoryLimit.use(2)
+  }
+}
+
 function defaultFilter<T1 extends boolean, T2> (this: FilterImpl, value: T1, defaultValue: T2, ...args: Array<[string, any]>): T1 | T2 {
   value = toValue(value)
   if (isArray(value) || isString(value)) return value.length ? value : defaultValue
@@ -9,18 +21,30 @@ function defaultFilter<T1 extends boolean, T2> (this: FilterImpl, value: T1, def
   return isFalsy(value, this.context) ? defaultValue : value
 }
 
-function json (value: any, space = 0) {
-  return JSON.stringify(value, null, space)
+function json (this: FilterImpl, value: any, space = 0) {
+  const memoryLimit = this.context.memoryLimit
+  return JSON.stringify(value, (_key, val) => {
+    chargeJsonReplacerValue(memoryLimit, val)
+    return val
+  }, space)
 }
 
-function inspect (value: any, space = 0) {
+function inspect (this: FilterImpl, value: any, space = 0) {
+  const memoryLimit = this.context.memoryLimit
   const ancestors: object[] = []
   return JSON.stringify(value, function (this: unknown, _key: unknown, value: any) {
-    if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null) return value
+    if (typeof value !== 'object' || value === null) {
+      chargeJsonReplacerValue(memoryLimit, value)
+      return value
+    }
     // `this` is the object that value is contained in, i.e., its direct parent.
     while (ancestors.length > 0 && ancestors[ancestors.length - 1] !== this) ancestors.pop()
-    if (ancestors.includes(value)) return '[Circular]'
+    if (ancestors.includes(value)) {
+      memoryLimit.use('[Circular]'.length)
+      return '[Circular]'
+    }
     ancestors.push(value)
+    chargeJsonReplacerValue(memoryLimit, value)
     return value
   }, space)
 }
diff --git a/src/filters/string.ts b/src/filters/string.ts
index f96d4b492..d0c59708e 100644
--- a/src/filters/string.ts
+++ b/src/filters/string.ts
@@ -209,7 +209,9 @@ export function number_of_words (this: FilterImpl, input: string, mode?: 'cjk' |
 
 export function array_to_sentence_string (this: FilterImpl, array: unknown[], connector = 'and') {
   connector = stringify(connector)
-  this.context.memoryLimit.use(array.length + connector.length)
+  let outputSize = connector.length + array.length * 2
+  for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) outputSize += stringify(array[i]).length
+  this.context.memoryLimit.use(outputSize)
   switch (array.length) {
     case 0:
       return ''
diff --git a/test/integration/liquid/dos.spec.ts b/test/integration/liquid/dos.spec.ts
index 2aea12c48..65d78adb5 100644
--- a/test/integration/liquid/dos.spec.ts
+++ b/test/integration/liquid/dos.spec.ts
@@ -89,6 +89,47 @@ describe('DoS related', function () {
       const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 100 })
       await expect(liquid.parseAndRender('{{ array | sample: 1 | size }}', { array })).rejects.toThrow('memory alloc limit exceeded')
     })
+    it('should charge join by produced output size, not element count', () => {
+      const array = ['a'.repeat(100), 'b'.repeat(100)]
+      const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 100 })
+      expect(() => liquid.parseAndRenderSync('{{ array | join: "" }}', { array }))
+        .toThrow('memory alloc limit exceeded')
+    })
+    it('should allow join within memoryLimit', () => {
+      const array = ['a'.repeat(20), 'b'.repeat(20)]
+      const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 100 })
+      expect(liquid.parseAndRenderSync('{{ array | join: "" }}', { array })).toBe('a'.repeat(20) + 'b'.repeat(20))
+    })
+    it('should prevent concat doubling from bypassing join memoryLimit', () => {
+      const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 1e4 })
+      const src = '{%- assign a = s | split: "NOSEP" -%}' +
+        '{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}' +
+        '{{ a | join: "" | size }}'
+      expect(() => liquid.parseAndRenderSync(src, { s: 'a'.repeat(5000) }))
+        .toThrow('memory alloc limit exceeded')
+    })
+    it('should charge array_to_sentence_string by produced output size', () => {
+      const array = ['a'.repeat(100), 'b'.repeat(100), 'c'.repeat(100)]
+      const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 100 })
+      expect(() => liquid.parseAndRenderSync('{{ array | array_to_sentence_string }}', { array }))
+        .toThrow('memory alloc limit exceeded')
+    })
+    it('should charge json serialization of concat-doubled arrays', () => {
+      const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 1e4 })
+      const src = '{%- assign a = s | split: "NOSEP" -%}' +
+        '{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}' +
+        '{{ a | json | size }}'
+      expect(() => liquid.parseAndRenderSync(src, { s: 'a'.repeat(5000) }))
+        .toThrow('memory alloc limit exceeded')
+    })
+    it('should charge inspect serialization of concat-doubled arrays', () => {
+      const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 1e4 })
+      const src = '{%- assign a = s | split: "NOSEP" -%}' +
+        '{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}{%- assign a = a | concat: a -%}' +
+        '{{ a | inspect | size }}'
+      expect(() => liquid.parseAndRenderSync(src, { s: 'a'.repeat(5000) }))
+        .toThrow('memory alloc limit exceeded')
+    })
     it('should charge strip_html input length to memoryLimit', () => {
       const liquid = new Liquid({ memoryLimit: 100 })
       expect(() => liquid.parseAndRenderSync('{{ s | strip_html }}', { s: 'a'.repeat(200) }))