avoid allocating new empty array

propagate Environment on new Context creation

.github/probots.yml

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-enabled:
-  - cla

.github/workflows/cla.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    types: [opened, synchronize]
+  issue_comment:
+    types: [created]
+
+jobs:
+  cla:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: |
+      (github.event.issue.pull_request 
+        && !github.event.issue.pull_request.merged_at
+        && contains(github.event.comment.body, 'signed')
+      ) 
+      || (github.event.pull_request && !github.event.pull_request.merged)
+    steps:
+      - uses: Shopify/shopify-cla-action@v1
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          cla-token: ${{ secrets.CLA_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/liquid.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+name: Liquid
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+env:
+  BUNDLE_JOBS: 4
+  BUNDLE_RETRY: 3
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        entry:
+          - { ruby: 3.0, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
+          - { ruby: 3.2, allowed-failure: false }
+          - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false } # latest
+          - { ruby: ruby-head, allowed-failure: false }
+    name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
+          bundler-cache: true
+          bundler: latest
+      - run: bundle exec rake
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.entry.allowed-failure }}
+
+  memory_profile:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          bundler-cache: true
+      - run: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run

.gitignore

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
 pkg
 *.rbc
 .rvmrc
-.ruby-version
-Gemfile.lock
 .bundle
+.byebug_history
+Gemfile.lock

.rubocop.yml

@@ -1,132 +1,28 @@
+inherit_gem:
+  rubocop-shopify: rubocop.yml
+
 inherit_from:
   - .rubocop_todo.yml
-  - ./.rubocop_todo.yml
+
+require: rubocop-performance
+
+Performance:
+  Enabled: true
 
 AllCops:
+  NewCops: disable
+  SuggestExtensions: false
   Exclude:
-    - 'performance/shopify/*'
+    - 'vendor/bundle/**/*'
-    - 'pkg/**'
-
-Metrics/BlockNesting:
-  Max: 3
-
-Metrics/ModuleLength:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Metrics/ClassLength:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/AssignmentInCondition:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/AmbiguousOperator:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/AmbiguousRegexpLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/ParenthesesAsGroupedExpression:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/UnusedBlockArgument:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/EndAlignment:
-  EnforcedStyleAlignWith: variable
-
-Lint/UnusedMethodArgument:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/SingleLineBlockParams:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/DoubleNegation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/AndOr:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/SignalException:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/StringLiterals:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/BracesAroundHashParameters:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/NumericLiterals:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/SpaceInsideArrayLiteralBrackets:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/SpaceBeforeBlockBraces:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/Documentation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/ClassAndModuleChildren:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/IndentHash:
-  EnforcedStyle: consistent
-
-Style/FormatString:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/AlignParameters:
-  EnforcedStyle: with_fixed_indentation
-
-Layout/MultilineOperationIndentation:
-  EnforcedStyle: indented
-
-Style/IfUnlessModifier:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/RaiseArgs:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/PreferredHashMethods:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/RegexpLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/SymbolLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Performance/Count:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Naming/ConstantName:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/CaseIndentation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/ClassVars:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/PerlBackrefs:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/TrivialAccessors:
-  AllowPredicates: true
-
-Style/WordArray:
-  Enabled: false
 
 Naming/MethodName:
   Exclude:
     - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
+
+Style/ClassMethodsDefinitions:
+  Enabled: false
+
+# liquid filter calls were being mistaken to be calls on arrays
+Style/ConcatArrayLiterals:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'

.rubocop_todo.yml

@@ -1,260 +1,180 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
-# on 2019-03-19 11:04:37 -0400 using RuboCop version 0.53.0.
+# on 2022-05-18 19:25:47 UTC using RuboCop version 1.29.1.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
 # versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.
 
 # Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: Include, TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators.
+# Configuration parameters: TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators, ConsiderPunctuation, Include.
 # Include: **/*.gemspec
 Gemspec/OrderedDependencies:
   Exclude:
     - 'liquid.gemspec'
 
-# Offense count: 5
+# Offense count: 6
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+Layout/ClosingHeredocIndentation:
-# SupportedStyles: auto_detection, squiggly, active_support, powerpack, unindent
-Layout/IndentHeredoc:
   Exclude:
     - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/trim_mode_test.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 6
+# Offense count: 34
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+Layout/EmptyLineAfterGuardClause:
-# SupportedStyles: symmetrical, new_line, same_line
-Layout/MultilineMethodCallBraceLayout:
   Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/error_handling_test.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/block.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/strainer_unit_test.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: runtime_error, standard_error
-Lint/InheritException:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/interrupts.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Configuration parameters: CheckForMethodsWithNoSideEffects.
-Lint/Void:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/parse_context.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 54
-Metrics/AbcSize:
-  Max: 56
-
-# Offense count: 12
-Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity:
-  Max: 12
-
-# Offense count: 112
-# Configuration parameters: CountComments.
-Metrics/MethodLength:
-  Max: 37
-
-# Offense count: 8
-Metrics/PerceivedComplexity:
-  Max: 11
-
-# Offense count: 52
-# Configuration parameters: Blacklist.
-# Blacklist: END, (?-mix:EO[A-Z]{1})
-Naming/HeredocDelimiterNaming:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/capture_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/trim_mode_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 23
-# Configuration parameters: MinNameLength, AllowNamesEndingInNumbers, AllowedNames, ForbiddenNames.
-# AllowedNames: io, id
-Naming/UncommunicativeMethodParamName:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'example/server/example_servlet.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/parser.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/money_filter.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 8
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: AllowAliasSyntax, AllowedMethods.
+# AllowedMethods: alias_method, public, protected, private
+Layout/EmptyLinesAroundAttributeAccessor:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
+    - 'test/unit/strainer_template_unit_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 17
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
+# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
+Layout/LineEndStringConcatenationIndentation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/increment_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 1
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
+# SupportedStyles: aligned, indented
+Layout/MultilineOperationIndentation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 9
+Lint/MissingSuper:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
     - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
     - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
     - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/template_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/table_row_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/condition_unit_test.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 10
+# Offense count: 44
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+Naming/ConstantName:
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: prefer_alias, prefer_alias_method
-Style/Alias:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/i18n.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 22
-Style/CommentedKeyword:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, SingleLineConditionsOnly, IncludeTernaryExpressions.
-# SupportedStyles: assign_to_condition, assign_inside_condition
-Style/ConditionalAssignment:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/errors.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-Style/DateTime:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/EmptyCaseCondition:
   Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 5
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: compact, expanded
-Style/EmptyMethod:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 3
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/Encoding:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/version.rb'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/ExpandPathArguments:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'Rakefile'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-
-# Offense count: 7
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: annotated, template, unannotated
-Style/FormatStringToken:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 14
-# Configuration parameters: MinBodyLength.
-Style/GuardClause:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/case.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
     - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/tokenizer_unit_test.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/comment_form.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 9
+# Configuration parameters: CheckIdentifiers, CheckConstants, CheckVariables, CheckStrings, CheckSymbols, CheckComments, CheckFilepaths, FlaggedTerms.
+Naming/InclusiveLanguage:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/parse_context.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 2
+Style/ClassVars:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 3
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+Style/ExplicitBlockArgument:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tag/disableable_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 2982
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, ConsistentQuotesInMultiline.
+# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
+Style/StringLiterals:
+  Enabled: false
+
+# Offense count: 20
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
+# SupportedStyles: single_quotes, double_quotes
+Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb'
+
+# Offense count: 6
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
+# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
+Style/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'example/server/example_servlet.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
+    - 'test/unit/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb'
 
 # Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, MinBodyLength.
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyleForMultiline.
-# SupportedStyles: skip_modifier_ifs, always
+# SupportedStylesForMultiline: comma, consistent_comma, no_comma
-Style/Next:
+Style/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:
   Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 4
+# Offense count: 19
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, EnforcedStyle.
+# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, MinSize, WordRegex.
-# SupportedStyles: predicate, comparison
+# SupportedStyles: percent, brackets
-Style/NumericPredicate:
+Style/WordArray:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'spec/**/*'
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 14
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: PreferredDelimiters.
-Style/PercentLiteralDelimiters:
   Exclude:
     - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
     - 'liquid.gemspec'
     - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/context_test.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/drop_test.rb'
     - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 1
+# Offense count: 117
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
+# This cop supports safe auto-correction (--auto-correct).
-Style/RedundantSelf:
+# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, AllowedPatterns, IgnoredPatterns.
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 9
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AllowAsExpressionSeparator.
-Style/Semicolon:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/error_handling_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/template_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 7
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: MinSize.
-# SupportedStyles: percent, brackets
-Style/SymbolArray:
-  EnforcedStyle: brackets
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, AllowSafeAssignment.
-# SupportedStyles: require_parentheses, require_no_parentheses, require_parentheses_when_complex
-Style/TernaryParentheses:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/UnneededPercentQ:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/error_handling_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/WhileUntilModifier:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/case.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 640
-# Configuration parameters: AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
 # URISchemes: http, https
-Metrics/LineLength:
+Layout/LineLength:
-  Max: 294
+  Max: 260

.ruby-version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.3.4

.travis.yml

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-language: ruby
-
-rvm:
-  - 2.1
-  - 2.2
-  - 2.3
-  - 2.4
-  - 2.5
-  - ruby-head
-  - jruby-head
-#  - rbx-2
-
-sudo: false
-
-addons:
-  apt:
-    packages:
-    - libgmp3-dev
-
-matrix:
-  allow_failures:
-    - rvm: ruby-head
-    - rvm: jruby-head
-
-install:
-  - bundle install
-
-script: bundle exec rake
-
-notifications:
-  disable: true

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 * Bugfixes
 * Performance improvements
 * Features that are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
+* Documentation updates that are concise and likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
 
 ## Things we won't merge
 
@@ -14,12 +15,14 @@
 * Features that can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
 * Code that does not include tests
 * Code that breaks existing tests
+* Documentation changes that are verbose, incorrect or not important to most people (we want to keep it simple and easy to understand)
 
 ## Workflow
 
+* [Sign the CLA](https://cla.shopify.com/) if you haven't already
 * Fork the Liquid repository
 * Create a new branch in your fork
+  * For updating [Liquid documentation](https://shopify.github.io/liquid/), create it from `gh-pages` branch. (You can skip tests.)
 * If it makes sense, add tests for your code and/or run a performance benchmark
 * Make sure all tests pass (`bundle exec rake`)
 * Create a pull request
-

Gemfile

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 git_source(:github) do |repo_name|
   "https://github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
@@ -5,19 +7,24 @@ end
 
 gemspec
 
+gem "base64"
+
 group :benchmark, :test do
   gem 'benchmark-ips'
   gem 'memory_profiler'
+  gem 'terminal-table'
 
-  install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /mingw|mswin|java/ } do
+  install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /mingw|mswin|java/ && RUBY_ENGINE != 'truffleruby' } do
     gem 'stackprof'
   end
 end
 
 group :test do
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 0.53.0'
+  gem 'rubocop', '~> 1.61.0'
+  gem 'rubocop-shopify', '~> 2.12.0', require: false
+  gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false
 
-  platform :mri do
+  platform :mri, :truffleruby do
-    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: '9168659de45d6d576fce30c735f857e597fa26f6'
+    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'main'
   end
 end

History.md

@@ -1,5 +1,98 @@
 # Liquid Change Log
 
+## 5.5.0 2024-03-21
+
+Please reference the GitHub release for more information.
+
+## 5.4.0 2022-07-29
+
+### Breaking Changes
+* Drop support for end-of-life Ruby versions (2.5 and 2.6) (#1578) [Andy Waite]
+
+### Features
+* Allow `#` to be used as an inline comment tag (#1498) [CP Clermont]
+
+### Fixes
+* `PartialCache` now shares snippet cache with subcontexts by default (#1553) [Chris AtLee]
+* Hash registers no longer leak into subcontexts as static registers (#1564) [Chris AtLee]
+* Fix `ParseTreeVisitor` for `with` variable expressions in `Render` tag (#1596) [CP Clermont]
+
+### Changed
+* Liquid::Context#registers now always returns a Liquid::Registers object, though supports the most used Hash functions for compatibility (#1553)
+
+## 5.3.0 2022-03-22
+
+### Fixes
+* StandardFilter: Fix missing @context on iterations (#1525) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Fix warning about block and default value in `static_registers.rb` (#1531) [Peter Zhu]
+
+### Deprecation
+* Condition#evaluate to require mandatory context argument in Liquid 6.0.0 (#1527) [Thierry Joyal]
+
+## 5.2.0 2022-03-01
+
+### Features
+* Add `remove_last`, and `replace_last` filters (#1422) [Anders Hagbard]
+* Eagerly cache global filters (#1524) [Jean Boussier]
+
+### Fixes
+* Fix some internal errors in filters from invalid input (#1476) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Allow dash in filter kwarg name for consistency with Liquid::C (#1518) [CP Clermont]
+
+## 5.1.0 / 2021-09-09
+
+### Features
+* Add `base64_encode`, `base64_decode`, `base64_url_safe_encode`, and `base64_url_safe_decode` filters (#1450) [Daniel Insley]
+* Introduce `to_liquid_value` in `Liquid::Drop` (#1441) [Michael Go]
+
+### Fixes
+* Fix support for using a String subclass for the liquid source (#1421) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Add `ParseTreeVisitor` to `RangeLookup` (#1470) [CP Clermont]
+* Translate `RangeError` to `Liquid::Error` for `truncatewords` with large int (#1431) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+## 5.0.1 / 2021-03-24
+
+### Fixes
+* Add ParseTreeVisitor to Echo tag (#1414) [CP Clermont]
+* Test with ruby 3.0 as the latest ruby version (#1398) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Handle carriage return in newlines_to_br (#1391) [Unending]
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Use split limit in truncatewords (#1361) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+## 5.0.0 / 2021-01-06
+
+### Features
+* Add new `{% render %}` tag (#1122) [Samuel Doiron]
+* Add support for `as` in `{% render %}` and `{% include %}` (#1181) [Mike Angell]
+* Add `{% liquid %}` and `{% echo %}` tags (#1086) [Justin Li]
+* Add [usage tracking](README.md#usage-tracking) [Mike Angell]
+* Add `Tag.disable_tags` for disabling tags that prepend `Tag::Disableable` at render time (#1162, #1274, #1275) [Mike Angell]
+* Support using a profiler for multiple renders (#1365, #1366) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+### Fixes
+* Fix catastrophic backtracking in `RANGES_REGEX` regular expression (#1357) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Make sure the for tag's limit and offset are integers (#1094) [David Cornu]
+* Invokable methods for enumerable reject include (#1151) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Allow `default` filter to handle `false` as value (#1144) [Mike Angell]
+* Fix render length resource limit so it doesn't multiply nested output (#1285) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Fix duplication of text in raw tags (#1304) [Peter Zhu]
+* Fix strict parsing of find variable with a name expression (#1317) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Use monotonic time to measure durations in Liquid::Profiler (#1362) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
+### Breaking Changes
+* Require Ruby >= 2.5 (#1131, #1310) [Mike Angell, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Remove support for taint checking (#1268) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Split Strainer class into StrainerFactory and StrainerTemplate (#1208) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Remove handling of a nil context in the Strainer class (#1218) [Thierry Joyal]
+* Handle `BlockBody#blank?` at parse time (#1287) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Pass the tag markup and tokenizer to `Document#unknown_tag` (#1290) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* And several internal changes
+
+### Performance Improvements
+* Reduce allocations (#1073, #1091, #1115, #1099, #1117, #1141, #1322, #1341) [Richard Monette, Florian Weingarten, Ashwin Maroli]
+* Improve resources limits performance (#1093, #1323) [Florian Weingarten, Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+
 ## 4.0.3 / 2019-03-12
 
 ### Fixed

README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid)
+[![Build status](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/actions/workflows/liquid.yml)
 [![Inline docs](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid)
 
 # Liquid template engine
 
 * [Contributing guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md)
 * [Version history](History.md)
-* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](http://docs.shopify.com/themes/liquid-basics)
+* [Liquid documentation from Shopify](https://shopify.dev/docs/api/liquid)
 * [Liquid Wiki at GitHub](https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/wiki)
 * [Website](http://liquidmarkup.org/)
 
@@ -52,24 +52,66 @@ For standard use you can just pass it the content of a file and call render with
 @template.render('name' => 'tobi')                # => "hi tobi"
 ```
 
+### Concept of Environments
+
+In Liquid, a "Environment" is a scoped environment that encapsulates custom tags, filters, and other configurations. This allows you to define and isolate different sets of functionality for different contexts, avoiding global overrides that can lead to conflicts and unexpected behavior.
+
+By using environments, you can:
+
+1. **Encapsulate Logic**: Keep the logic for different parts of your application separate.
+2. **Avoid Conflicts**: Prevent custom tags and filters from clashing with each other.
+3. **Improve Maintainability**: Make it easier to manage and understand the scope of customizations.
+4. **Enhance Security**: Limit the availability of certain tags and filters to specific contexts.
+
+We encourage the use of Environments over globally overriding things because it promotes better software design principles such as modularity, encapsulation, and separation of concerns.
+
+Here's an example of how you can define and use Environments in Liquid:
+
+```ruby
+user_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
+  environment.register_tag("renderobj", RenderObjTag)
+end
+
+Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: user_environment)
+  {% renderobj src: "path/to/model.obj" %}
+LIQUID
+```
+
+In this example, `RenderObjTag` is a custom tag that is only available within the `user_environment`.
+
+Similarly, you can define another environment for a different context, such as email templates:
+
+```ruby
+email_environment = Liquid::Environment.build do |environment|
+  environment.register_tag("unsubscribe_footer", UnsubscribeFooter)
+end
+
+Liquid::Template.parse(<<~LIQUID, environment: email_environment)
+  {% unsubscribe_footer %}
+LIQUID
+```
+
+By using Environments, you ensure that custom tags and filters are only available in the contexts where they are needed, making your Liquid templates more robust and easier to manage.
+
 ### Error Modes
 
 Setting the error mode of Liquid lets you specify how strictly you want your templates to be interpreted.
 Normally the parser is very lax and will accept almost anything without error. Unfortunately this can make
-it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour. 
+it very hard to debug and can lead to unexpected behaviour.
 
 Liquid also comes with a stricter parser that can be used when editing templates to give better error messages
 when templates are invalid. You can enable this new parser like this:
 
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = :warn # Adds errors to template.errors but continues as normal
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :strict # Raises a SyntaxError when invalid syntax is used
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :warn # Adds strict errors to template.errors but continues as normal
+Liquid::Environment.default.error_mode = :lax # The default mode, accepts almost anything.
 ```
 
 If you want to set the error mode only on specific templates you can pass `:error_mode` as an option to `parse`:
 ```ruby
-Liquid::Template.parse(source, :error_mode => :strict)
+Liquid::Template.parse(source, error_mode: :strict)
 ```
 This is useful for doing things like enabling strict mode only in the theme editor.
 
@@ -106,3 +148,9 @@ template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x}} {{y}}")
 template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })
 #=> Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable y
 ```
+
+### Usage tracking
+
+To help track usages of a feature or code path in production, we have released opt-in usage tracking. To enable this, we provide an empty `Liquid:: Usage.increment` method which you can customize to your needs. The feature is well suited to https://github.com/Shopify/statsd-instrument. However, the choice of implementation is up to you.
+
+Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.

Rakefile

@@ -1,29 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'rake'
 require 'rake/testtask'
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__))
 require "liquid/version"
 
-task default: [:test, :rubocop]
+task(default: [:test, :rubocop])
 
-desc 'run test suite with default parser'
+desc('run test suite with default parser')
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
-  t.libs << '.' << 'lib' << 'test'
+  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
   t.test_files = FileList['test/{integration,unit}/**/*_test.rb']
-  t.verbose = false
+  t.verbose    = false
 end
 
-desc 'run test suite with warn error mode'
+Rake::TestTask.new(:integration_test) do |t|
+  t.libs << 'lib' << 'test'
+  t.test_files = FileList['test/integration/**/*_test.rb']
+  t.verbose    = false
+end
+
+desc('run test suite with warn error mode')
 task :warn_test do
   ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'warn'
   Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
 end
 
 task :rubocop do
-  require 'rubocop/rake_task'
+  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
-  RuboCop::RakeTask.new
+    require 'rubocop/rake_task'
+    RuboCop::RakeTask.new
+  end
 end
 
-desc 'runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers'
+desc('runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers')
 task :test do
   ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
   Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
@@ -32,20 +42,20 @@ task :test do
   Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
   Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
 
-  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
+  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' || RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
-    ENV['LIQUID-C'] = '1'
+    ENV['LIQUID_C'] = '1'
 
     ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
 
     ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
+    Rake::Task['integration_test'].invoke
   end
 end
 
-task gem: :build
+task(gem: :build)
 task :build do
   system "gem build liquid.gemspec"
 end
@@ -71,6 +81,14 @@ namespace :benchmark do
   task :strict do
     ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb strict"
   end
+
+  desc "Run unit benchmarks"
+  task :unit do
+    Dir["./performance/unit/*_benchmark.rb"].each do |file|
+      puts "🧪 Running #{file}"
+      ruby file
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 namespace :profile do
@@ -92,7 +110,7 @@ namespace :memory_profile do
   end
 end
 
-desc "Run example"
+desc("Run example")
 task :example do
   ruby "-w -d -Ilib example/server/server.rb"
 end

example/server/example_servlet.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ProductsFilter
   def price(integer)
-    sprintf("$%.2d USD", integer / 100.0)
+    format("$%.2d USD", integer / 100.0)
   end
 
   def prettyprint(text)
@@ -28,14 +30,18 @@ class Servlet < LiquidServlet
   private
 
   def products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
+    [
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }]
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }
+    ]
   end
 
   def more_products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
+    [
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }]
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
+      { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }
+    ]
   end
 
   def description

example/server/liquid_servlet.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
   def do_GET(req, res)
     handle(:get, req, res)
@@ -9,17 +11,17 @@ class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
 
   private
 
-  def handle(type, req, res)
+  def handle(_type, req, res)
-    @request = req
+    @request  = req
     @response = res
 
     @request.path_info =~ /(\w+)\z/
-    @action = $1 || 'index'
+    @action  = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
     @assigns = send(@action) if respond_to?(@action)
 
     @response['Content-Type'] = "text/html"
     @response.status = 200
-    @response.body = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
+    @response.body   = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
   end
 
   def read_template(filename = @action)

example/server/server.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'webrick'
 require 'rexml/document'
 
@@ -8,5 +10,5 @@ require_relative 'example_servlet'
 # Setup webrick
 server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(Port: ARGV[1] || 3000)
 server.mount('/', Servlet)
-trap("INT"){ server.shutdown }
+trap("INT") { server.shutdown }
 server.start

lib/liquid.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Tobias Luetke
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
@@ -21,12 +23,13 @@
 
 module Liquid
   FilterSeparator             = /\|/
-  ArgumentSeparator           = ','.freeze
+  ArgumentSeparator           = ','
-  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'.freeze
+  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'
-  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'.freeze
+  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'
-  WhitespaceControl           = '-'.freeze
+  WhitespaceControl           = '-'
   TagStart                    = /\{\%/
   TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
+  TagName                     = /#|\w+/
   VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
   VariableSegment             = /[\w\-]/
   VariableStart               = /\{\{/
@@ -34,18 +37,30 @@ module Liquid
   VariableIncompleteEnd       = /\}\}?/
   QuotedString                = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
   QuotedFragment              = /#{QuotedString}|(?:[^\s,\|'"]|#{QuotedString})+/o
-  TagAttributes               = /(\w+)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
+  TagAttributes               = /(\w[\w-]*)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
   AnyStartingTag              = /#{TagStart}|#{VariableStart}/o
   PartialTemplateParser       = /#{TagStart}.*?#{TagEnd}|#{VariableStart}.*?#{VariableIncompleteEnd}/om
   TemplateParser              = /(#{PartialTemplateParser}|#{AnyStartingTag})/om
-  VariableParser              = /\[[^\]]+\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
+  VariableParser              = /\[(?>[^\[\]]+|\g<0>)*\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
+
+  RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA = ->(_e) { raise }
 
   singleton_class.send(:attr_accessor, :cache_classes)
   self.cache_classes = true
 end
 
 require "liquid/version"
+require "liquid/deprecations"
+require "liquid/const"
+require 'liquid/standardfilters'
+require 'liquid/file_system'
+require 'liquid/parser_switching'
+require 'liquid/tag'
+require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/parse_tree_visitor'
+require 'liquid/interrupts'
+require 'liquid/tags'
+require "liquid/environment"
 require 'liquid/lexer'
 require 'liquid/parser'
 require 'liquid/i18n'
@@ -55,26 +70,23 @@ require 'liquid/forloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/extensions'
 require 'liquid/errors'
 require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/strainer'
+require 'liquid/strainer_template'
+require 'liquid/strainer_factory'
 require 'liquid/expression'
 require 'liquid/context'
-require 'liquid/parser_switching'
 require 'liquid/tag'
-require 'liquid/block'
 require 'liquid/block_body'
 require 'liquid/document'
 require 'liquid/variable'
 require 'liquid/variable_lookup'
 require 'liquid/range_lookup'
-require 'liquid/file_system'
 require 'liquid/resource_limits'
 require 'liquid/template'
-require 'liquid/standardfilters'
 require 'liquid/condition'
 require 'liquid/utils'
 require 'liquid/tokenizer'
 require 'liquid/parse_context'
-
+require 'liquid/partial_cache'
-# Load all the tags of the standard library
+require 'liquid/usage'
-#
+require 'liquid/registers'
-Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/tags/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+require 'liquid/template_factory'

lib/liquid/block.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class Block < Tag
     MAX_DEPTH = 100
@@ -8,11 +10,13 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      @body = BlockBody.new
+      @body = new_body
       while parse_body(@body, tokens)
       end
+      @body.freeze
     end
 
+    # For backwards compatibility
     def render(context)
       @body.render(context)
     end
@@ -25,20 +29,33 @@ module Liquid
       @body.nodelist
     end
 
-    def unknown_tag(tag, _params, _tokens)
+    def unknown_tag(tag_name, _markup, _tokenizer)
-      if tag == 'else'.freeze
+      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag_name, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else".freeze,
+    end
-          block_name: block_name))
+
-      elsif tag.start_with?('end'.freeze)
+    # @api private
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter".freeze,
+    def self.raise_unknown_tag(tag, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
+      if tag == 'else'
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
+          "errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
+          block_name: block_name,
+        )
+      elsif tag.start_with?('end')
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t(
+          "errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
           tag: tag,
           block_name: block_name,
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter))
+          block_delimiter: block_delimiter,
+        )
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
       end
     end
 
+    def raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
+    end
+
     def block_name
       @tag_name
     end
@@ -47,11 +64,17 @@ module Liquid
       @block_delimiter ||= "end#{block_name}"
     end
 
-    protected
+    private
 
+    # @api public
+    def new_body
+      parse_context.new_block_body
+    end
+
+    # @api public
     def parse_body(body, tokens)
       if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
-        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze
+        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
       end
       parse_context.depth += 1
       begin
@@ -59,9 +82,7 @@ module Liquid
           @blank &&= body.blank?
 
           return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
-          unless end_tag_name
+          raise_tag_never_closed(block_name) unless end_tag_name
-            raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, block_name: block_name))
-          end
 
           # this tag is not registered with the system
           # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting

lib/liquid/block_body.rb

@@ -1,32 +1,153 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'English'
+
 module Liquid
   class BlockBody
-    FullToken = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    LiquidTagToken      = /\A\s*(#{TagName})\s*(.*?)\z/o
-    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
+    FullToken           = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(#{TagName})(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    ContentOfVariable   = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
     WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
-    TAGSTART = "{%".freeze
+    TAGSTART            = "{%"
-    VARSTART = "{{".freeze
+    VARSTART            = "{{"
 
     attr_reader :nodelist
 
     def initialize
       @nodelist = []
-      @blank = true
+      @blank    = true
     end
 
-    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
+    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+      raise FrozenError, "can't modify frozen Liquid::BlockBody" if frozen?
+
       parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
-      while token = tokenizer.shift
+
+      if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
+        parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+      else
+        parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @nodelist.freeze
+      super
+    end
+
+    private def parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context)
+      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
+        unless token.empty? || token.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
+          unless token =~ LiquidTagToken
+            # line isn't empty but didn't match tag syntax, yield and let the
+            # caller raise a syntax error
+            return yield token, token
+          end
+          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+          markup   = Regexp.last_match(2)
+
+          if tag_name == 'liquid'
+            parse_context.line_number -= 1
+            next parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
+          end
+
+          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
+            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
+            # determine how to proceed
+            return yield tag_name, markup
+          end
+          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
+          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
+          @nodelist << new_tag
+        end
+        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
+      end
+
+      yield nil, nil
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(tag, parse_context)
+      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag, 'liquid', '%}', parse_context)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.render_node(context, output, node)
+      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    rescue => exc
+      blank_tag = !node.instance_of?(Variable) && node.blank?
+      rescue_render_node(context, output, node.line_number, exc, blank_tag)
+    end
+
+    # @api private
+    def self.rescue_render_node(context, output, line_number, exc, blank_tag)
+      case exc
+      when MemoryError
+        raise
+      when UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter
+        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
+      else
+        error_message = context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
+        unless blank_tag # conditional for backwards compatibility
+          output << error_message
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
+      liquid_tag_tokenizer = parse_context.new_tokenizer(
+        markup, start_line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true
+      )
+      parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_markup|
+        if end_tag_name
+          BlockBody.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context)
+      if token.end_with?('%}')
+        yield token, token
+      else
+        BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
         next if token.empty?
         case
         when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
           whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
           unless token =~ FullToken
-            raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+            return handle_invalid_tag_token(token, parse_context, &block)
           end
-          tag_name = $1
+          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
-          markup = $2
+          markup   = Regexp.last_match(4)
-          # fetch the tag from registered blocks
+
-          unless tag = registered_tags[tag_name]
+          if parse_context.line_number
+            # newlines inside the tag should increase the line number,
+            # particularly important for multiline {% liquid %} tags
+            parse_context.line_number += Regexp.last_match(1).count("\n") + Regexp.last_match(3).count("\n")
+          end
+
+          if tag_name == 'liquid'
+            parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
+            next
+          end
+
+          unless (tag = parse_context.environment.tag_for_name(tag_name))
             # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
             # determine how to proceed
             return yield tag_name, markup
@@ -44,7 +165,7 @@ module Liquid
           end
           parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
           @nodelist << token
-          @blank &&= !!(token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing)
+          @blank &&= token.match?(WhitespaceOrNothing)
         end
         parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
       end
@@ -55,8 +176,12 @@ module Liquid
     def whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
       if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
         previous_token = @nodelist.last
-        if previous_token.is_a? String
+        if previous_token.is_a?(String)
+          first_byte = previous_token.getbyte(0)
           previous_token.rstrip!
+          if previous_token.empty? && parse_context[:bug_compatible_whitespace_trimming] && first_byte
+            previous_token << first_byte
+          end
         end
       end
       parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
@@ -66,78 +191,83 @@ module Liquid
       @blank
     end
 
+    # Remove blank strings in the block body for a control flow tag (e.g. `if`, `for`, `case`, `unless`)
+    # with a blank body.
+    #
+    # For example, in a conditional assignment like the following
+    #
+    # ```
+    # {% if size > max_size %}
+    #   {% assign size = max_size %}
+    # {% endif %}
+    # ```
+    #
+    # we assume the intention wasn't to output the blank spaces in the `if` tag's block body, so this method
+    # will remove them to reduce the render output size.
+    #
+    # Note that it is now preferred to use the `liquid` tag for this use case.
+    def remove_blank_strings
+      raise "remove_blank_strings only support being called on a blank block body" unless @blank
+      @nodelist.reject! { |node| node.instance_of?(String) }
+    end
+
     def render(context)
-      output = []
+      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
-      context.resource_limits.render_score += @nodelist.length
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      freeze unless frozen?
+
+      context.resource_limits.increment_render_score(@nodelist.length)
 
       idx = 0
-      while node = @nodelist[idx]
+      while (node = @nodelist[idx])
-        case node
+        if node.instance_of?(String)
-        when String
-          check_resources(context, node)
           output << node
-        when Variable
+        else
-          render_node_to_output(node, output, context)
+          render_node(context, output, node)
-        when Block
-          render_node_to_output(node, output, context, node.blank?)
-          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
-        when Continue, Break
           # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
           # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
-          # or {% continue %}
+          # or {% continue %}. These tags may also occur through Block or Include tags.
-          context.push_interrupt(node.interrupt)
+          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
-          break
-        else # Other non-Block tags
-          render_node_to_output(node, output, context)
-          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened through an include
         end
         idx += 1
+
+        context.resource_limits.increment_write_score(output)
       end
 
-      output.join
+      output
     end
 
     private
 
-    def render_node_to_output(node, output, context, skip_output = false)
+    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      node_output = node.render(context)
+      BlockBody.render_node(context, output, node)
-      node_output = node_output.is_a?(Array) ? node_output.join : node_output.to_s
-      check_resources(context, node_output)
-      output << node_output unless skip_output
-    rescue MemoryError => e
-      raise e
-    rescue UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter => e
-      context.handle_error(e, node.line_number)
-      output << nil
-    rescue ::StandardError => e
-      line_number = node.is_a?(String) ? nil : node.line_number
-      output << context.handle_error(e, line_number)
-    end
-
-    def check_resources(context, node_output)
-      context.resource_limits.render_length += node_output.bytesize
-      return unless context.resource_limits.reached?
-      raise MemoryError.new("Memory limits exceeded".freeze)
     end
 
     def create_variable(token, parse_context)
-      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
+      if token.end_with?("}}")
-        markup = content.first
+        i = 2
+        i = 3 if token[i] == "-"
+        parse_end = token.length - 3
+        parse_end -= 1 if token[parse_end] == "-"
+        markup_end = parse_end - i + 1
+        markup = markup_end <= 0 ? "" : token.slice(i, markup_end)
+
         return Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
       end
-      raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+
+      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
     end
 
+    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_tag_terminator} instead
     def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination".freeze, token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect))
+      BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
     end
 
+    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_variable_terminator} instead
     def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination".freeze, token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect))
+      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    def registered_tags
-      Template.tags
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/condition.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # Container for liquid nodes which conveniently wraps decision making logic
   #
@@ -6,41 +8,63 @@ module Liquid
   #   c = Condition.new(1, '==', 1)
   #   c.evaluate #=> true
   #
-  class Condition #:nodoc:
+  class Condition # :nodoc:
     @@operators = {
-      '=='.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '==' => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '!='.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '!=' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<>'.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '<>' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<'.freeze  => :<,
+      '<' => :<,
-      '>'.freeze  => :>,
+      '>' => :>,
-      '>='.freeze => :>=,
+      '>=' => :>=,
-      '<='.freeze => :<=,
+      '<=' => :<=,
-      'contains'.freeze => lambda do |cond, left, right|
+      'contains' => lambda do |_cond, left, right|
         if left && right && left.respond_to?(:include?)
           right = right.to_s if left.is_a?(String)
           left.include?(right)
         else
           false
         end
+      rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
+        # "✅".b.include?("✅") raises Encoding::CompatibilityError despite being materially equal
+        left.b.include?(right.b)
+      end,
+    }
+
+    class MethodLiteral
+      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
+
+      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
+        @method_name = method_name
+        @to_s = to_s
       end
+    end
+
+    @@method_literals = {
+      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze,
     }
 
     def self.operators
       @@operators
     end
 
+    def self.parse_expression(parse_context, markup)
+      @@method_literals[markup] || parse_context.parse_expression(markup)
+    end
+
     attr_reader :attachment, :child_condition
     attr_accessor :left, :operator, :right
 
     def initialize(left = nil, operator = nil, right = nil)
-      @left = left
+      @left     = left
       @operator = operator
-      @right = right
+      @right    = right
+
       @child_relation  = nil
       @child_condition = nil
     end
 
-    def evaluate(context = Context.new)
+    def evaluate(context = deprecated_default_context)
       condition = self
       result = nil
       loop do
@@ -48,9 +72,9 @@ module Liquid
 
         case condition.child_relation
         when :or
-          break if result
+          break if Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
         when :and
-          break unless result
+          break unless Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(result)
         else
           break
         end
@@ -60,12 +84,12 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def or(condition)
-      @child_relation = :or
+      @child_relation  = :or
       @child_condition = condition
     end
 
     def and(condition)
-      @child_relation = :and
+      @child_relation  = :and
       @child_condition = condition
     end
 
@@ -78,7 +102,7 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def inspect
-      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' '.freeze)}>"
+      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' ')}>"
     end
 
     protected
@@ -88,7 +112,7 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def equal_variables(left, right)
-      if left.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+      if left.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
         if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
           return right.send(left.method_name)
         else
@@ -96,7 +120,7 @@ module Liquid
         end
       end
 
-      if right.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+      if right.is_a?(MethodLiteral)
         if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
           return left.send(right.method_name)
         else
@@ -113,10 +137,10 @@ module Liquid
       # return this as the result.
       return context.evaluate(left) if op.nil?
 
-      left = context.evaluate(left)
+      left  = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(left))
-      right = context.evaluate(right)
+      right = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(context.evaluate(right))
 
-      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError.new("Unknown operator #{op}"))
+      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError, "Unknown operator #{op}")
 
       if operation.respond_to?(:call)
         operation.call(self, left, right)
@@ -124,16 +148,24 @@ module Liquid
         begin
           left.send(operation, right)
         rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-          raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new(e.message)
+          raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message
         end
       end
     end
 
+    def deprecated_default_context
+      warn("DEPRECATION WARNING: Condition#evaluate without a context argument is deprecated" \
+        " and will be removed from Liquid 6.0.0.")
+      Context.new
+    end
+
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
       def children
         [
-          @node.left, @node.right,
+          @node.left,
-          @node.child_condition, @node.attachment
+          @node.right,
+          @node.child_condition,
+          @node.attachment
         ].compact
       end
     end

lib/liquid/const.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  module Const
+    EMPTY_HASH = {}.freeze
+    EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/context.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # Context keeps the variable stack and resolves variables, as well as keywords
   #
@@ -12,37 +14,54 @@ module Liquid
   #
   #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
   class Context
-    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits
+    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits, :static_registers, :static_environments
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters
+    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters, :environment
 
-    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil)
+    # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
-      @environments     = [environments].flatten
+    def self.build(environment: Environment.default, environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {}, &block)
-      @scopes           = [(outer_scope || {})]
+      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments, environment, &block)
-      @registers        = registers
+    end
-      @errors           = []
-      @partial          = false
-      @strict_variables = false
-      @resource_limits  = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
-      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
 
-      @this_stack_used = false
+    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {}, environment = Environment.default)
+      @environment = environment
+      @environments = [environments]
+      @environments.flatten!
 
-      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
+      @static_environments = [static_environments].flatten(1).freeze
+      @scopes              = [outer_scope || {}]
+      @registers           = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers : Registers.new(registers)
+      @errors              = []
+      @partial             = false
+      @strict_variables    = false
+      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
+      @base_scope_depth    = 0
+      @interrupts          = []
+      @filters             = []
+      @global_filter       = nil
+      @disabled_tags       = {}
+
+      @registers.static[:cached_partials] ||= {}
+      @registers.static[:file_system] ||= environment.file_system
+      @registers.static[:template_factory] ||= Liquid::TemplateFactory.new
+
+      self.exception_renderer = environment.exception_renderer
       if rethrow_errors
-        self.exception_renderer = ->(e) { raise }
+        self.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
       end
 
-      @interrupts = []
+      yield self if block_given?
-      @filters = []
+
-      @global_filter = nil
+      # Do this last, since it could result in this object being passed to a Proc in the environment
+      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
     end
+    # rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists
 
     def warnings
       @warnings ||= []
     end
 
     def strainer
-      @strainer ||= Strainer.create(self, @filters)
+      @strainer ||= @environment.create_strainer(self, @filters)
     end
 
     # Adds filters to this context.
@@ -77,7 +96,7 @@ module Liquid
     def handle_error(e, line_number = nil)
       e = internal_error unless e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
       e.template_name ||= template_name
-      e.line_number ||= line_number
+      e.line_number   ||= line_number
       errors.push(e)
       exception_renderer.call(e).to_s
     end
@@ -89,7 +108,7 @@ module Liquid
     # Push new local scope on the stack. use <tt>Context#stack</tt> instead
     def push(new_scope = {})
       @scopes.unshift(new_scope)
-      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze if @scopes.length > Block::MAX_DEPTH
+      check_overflow
     end
 
     # Merge a hash of variables in the current local scope
@@ -110,20 +129,33 @@ module Liquid
     #      context['var'] = 'hi'
     #   end
     #
-    #   context['var]  #=> nil
+    #   context['var']  #=> nil
-    def stack(new_scope = nil)
+    def stack(new_scope = {})
-      old_stack_used = @this_stack_used
+      push(new_scope)
-      if new_scope
-        push(new_scope)
-        @this_stack_used = true
-      else
-        @this_stack_used = false
-      end
-
       yield
     ensure
-      pop if @this_stack_used
+      pop
-      @this_stack_used = old_stack_used
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new context inheriting resource limits, filters, environment etc.,
+    # but with an isolated scope.
+    def new_isolated_subcontext
+      check_overflow
+
+      self.class.build(
+        environment: @environment,
+        resource_limits: resource_limits,
+        static_environments: static_environments,
+        registers: Registers.new(registers),
+      ).tap do |subcontext|
+        subcontext.base_scope_depth   = base_scope_depth + 1
+        subcontext.exception_renderer = exception_renderer
+        subcontext.filters  = @filters
+        subcontext.strainer = nil
+        subcontext.errors   = errors
+        subcontext.warnings = warnings
+        subcontext.disabled_tags = @disabled_tags
+      end
     end
 
     def clear_instance_assigns
@@ -132,10 +164,6 @@ module Liquid
 
     # Only allow String, Numeric, Hash, Array, Proc, Boolean or <tt>Liquid::Drop</tt>
     def []=(key, value)
-      unless @this_stack_used
-        @this_stack_used = true
-        push({})
-      end
       @scopes[0][key] = value
     end
 
@@ -164,29 +192,21 @@ module Liquid
       # This was changed from find() to find_index() because this is a very hot
       # path and find_index() is optimized in MRI to reduce object allocation
       index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.key?(key) }
-      scope = @scopes[index] if index
 
-      variable = nil
+      variable = if index
-
+        lookup_and_evaluate(@scopes[index], key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-      if scope.nil?
+      else
-        @environments.each do |e|
+        try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-          variable = lookup_and_evaluate(e, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-          # When lookup returned a value OR there is no value but the lookup also did not raise
-          # then it is the value we are looking for.
-          if !variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
-            scope = e
-            break
-          end
-        end
       end
 
-      scope ||= @environments.last || @scopes.last
+      # update variable's context before invoking #to_liquid
-      variable ||= lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-
-      variable = variable.to_liquid
       variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)
 
-      variable
+      liquid_variable = variable.to_liquid
+
+      liquid_variable.context = self if variable != liquid_variable && liquid_variable.respond_to?(:context=)
+
+      liquid_variable
     end
 
     def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key, raise_on_not_found: true)
@@ -197,14 +217,59 @@ module Liquid
       value = obj[key]
 
       if value.is_a?(Proc) && obj.respond_to?(:[]=)
-        obj[key] = (value.arity == 0) ? value.call : value.call(self)
+        obj[key] = value.arity == 0 ? value.call : value.call(self)
       else
         value
       end
     end
 
+    def with_disabled_tags(tag_names)
+      tag_names.each do |name|
+        @disabled_tags[name] = @disabled_tags.fetch(name, 0) + 1
+      end
+      yield
+    ensure
+      tag_names.each do |name|
+        @disabled_tags[name] -= 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def tag_disabled?(tag_name)
+      @disabled_tags.fetch(tag_name, 0) > 0
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters, :disabled_tags
+
     private
 
+    attr_reader :base_scope_depth
+
+    def try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found:)
+      @environments.each do |environment|
+        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
+          return found_variable
+        end
+      end
+      @static_environments.each do |environment|
+        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
+          return found_variable
+        end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def check_overflow
+      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep" if overflow?
+    end
+
+    def overflow?
+      base_scope_depth + @scopes.length > Block::MAX_DEPTH
+    end
+
     def internal_error
       # raise and catch to set backtrace and cause on exception
       raise Liquid::InternalError, 'internal'

lib/liquid/deprecations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "set"
+
+module Liquid
+  class Deprecations
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :warned
+
+      Deprecations.warned = Set.new
+
+      def warn(name, alternative)
+        return if warned.include?(name)
+
+        warned << name
+
+        caller_location = caller_locations(2, 1).first
+        Warning.warn("[DEPRECATION] #{name} is deprecated. Use #{alternative} instead. Called from #{caller_location}\n")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/document.rb

@@ -1,26 +1,64 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  class Document < BlockBody
+  class Document
     def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      doc = new
+      doc = new(parse_context)
       doc.parse(tokens, parse_context)
       doc
     end
 
-    def parse(tokens, parse_context)
+    attr_reader :parse_context, :body
-      super do |end_tag_name, end_tag_params|
+
-        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context) if end_tag_name
+    def initialize(parse_context)
+      @parse_context = parse_context
+      @body = new_body
+    end
+
+    def nodelist
+      @body.nodelist
+    end
+
+    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
+      while parse_body(tokenizer)
       end
+      @body.freeze
     rescue SyntaxError => e
       e.line_number ||= parse_context.line_number
       raise
     end
 
-    def unknown_tag(tag, parse_context)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, _markup, _tokenizer)
       case tag
-      when 'else'.freeze, 'end'.freeze
+      when 'else', 'end'
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag", tag: tag)
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      @body.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    end
+
+    def render(context)
+      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def new_body
+      parse_context.new_block_body
+    end
+
+    def parse_body(tokenizer)
+      @body.parse(tokenizer, parse_context) do |unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup|
+        if unknown_tag_name
+          unknown_tag(unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup, tokenizer)
+          true
+        else
+          false
+        end
       end
     end
   end

lib/liquid/drop.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'set'
 
 module Liquid
@@ -23,9 +25,13 @@ module Liquid
   class Drop
     attr_writer :context
 
+    def initialize
+      @context = nil
+    end
+
     # Catch all for the method
     def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      return nil unless @context && @context.strict_variables
+      return nil unless @context&.strict_variables
       raise Liquid::UndefinedDropMethod, "undefined method #{method}"
     end
 
@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ module Liquid
 
         if include?(Enumerable)
           blacklist += Enumerable.public_instance_methods
-          blacklist -= [:sort, :count, :first, :min, :max, :include?]
+          blacklist -= [:sort, :count, :first, :min, :max]
         end
 
         whitelist = [:to_liquid] + (public_instance_methods - blacklist)

lib/liquid/environment.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  # The Environment is the container for all configuration options of Liquid, such as
+  # the registered tags, filters, and the default error mode.
+  class Environment
+    # The default error mode for all templates. This can be overridden on a
+    # per-template basis.
+    attr_accessor :error_mode
+
+    # The tags that are available to use in the template.
+    attr_accessor :tags
+
+    # The strainer template which is used to store filters that are available to
+    # use in templates.
+    attr_accessor :strainer_template
+
+    # The exception renderer that is used to render exceptions that are raised
+    # when rendering a template
+    attr_accessor :exception_renderer
+
+    # The default file system that is used to load templates from.
+    attr_accessor :file_system
+
+    # The default resource limits that are used to limit the resources that a
+    # template can consume.
+    attr_accessor :default_resource_limits
+
+    class << self
+      # Creates a new environment instance.
+      #
+      # @param tags [Hash] The tags that are available to use in
+      #  the template.
+      # @param file_system The default file system that is used
+      #  to load templates from.
+      # @param error_mode [Symbol] The default error mode for all templates
+      #  (either :strict, :warn, or :lax).
+      # @param exception_renderer [Proc] The exception renderer that is used to
+      #   render exceptions.
+      # @yieldparam environment [Environment] The environment instance that is being built.
+      # @return [Environment] The new environment instance.
+      def build(tags: nil, file_system: nil, error_mode: nil, exception_renderer: nil)
+        ret = new
+        ret.tags = tags if tags
+        ret.file_system = file_system if file_system
+        ret.error_mode = error_mode if error_mode
+        ret.exception_renderer = exception_renderer if exception_renderer
+        yield ret if block_given?
+        ret.freeze
+      end
+
+      # Returns the default environment instance.
+      #
+      # @return [Environment] The default environment instance.
+      def default
+        @default ||= new
+      end
+
+      # Sets the default environment instance for the duration of the block
+      #
+      # @param environment [Environment] The environment instance to use as the default for the
+      #   duration of the block.
+      # @yield
+      # @return [Object] The return value of the block.
+      def dangerously_override(environment)
+        original_default = @default
+        @default = environment
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @default = original_default
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Initializes a new environment instance.
+    # @api private
+    def initialize
+      @tags = Tags::STANDARD_TAGS.dup
+      @error_mode = :lax
+      @strainer_template = Class.new(StrainerTemplate).tap do |klass|
+        klass.add_filter(StandardFilters)
+      end
+      @exception_renderer = ->(exception) { exception }
+      @file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
+      @default_resource_limits = Const::EMPTY_HASH
+      @strainer_template_class_cache = {}
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new tag with the environment.
+    #
+    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
+    # @param klass [Liquid::Tag] The class that implements the tag.
+    # @return [void]
+    def register_tag(name, klass)
+      @tags[name] = klass
+    end
+
+    # Registers a new filter with the environment.
+    #
+    # @param filter [Module] The module that contains the filter methods.
+    # @return [void]
+    def register_filter(filter)
+      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
+      @strainer_template.add_filter(filter)
+    end
+
+    # Registers multiple filters with this environment.
+    #
+    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The modules that contain the filter methods.
+    # @return [self]
+    def register_filters(filters)
+      @strainer_template_class_cache.clear
+      filters.each { |f| @strainer_template.add_filter(f) }
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new strainer instance with the given filters, caching the result
+    # for faster lookup.
+    #
+    # @param context [Liquid::Context] The context that the strainer will be
+    #   used in.
+    # @param filters [Array<Module>] The filters that the strainer will have
+    #   access to.
+    # @return [Liquid::Strainer] The new strainer instance.
+    def create_strainer(context, filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY)
+      return @strainer_template.new(context) if filters.empty?
+
+      strainer_template = @strainer_template_class_cache[filters] ||= begin
+        klass = Class.new(@strainer_template)
+        filters.each { |f| klass.add_filter(f) }
+        klass
+      end
+
+      strainer_template.new(context)
+    end
+
+    # Returns the names of all the filter methods that are available to use in
+    # the strainer template.
+    #
+    # @return [Array<String>] The names of all the filter methods.
+    def filter_method_names
+      @strainer_template.filter_method_names
+    end
+
+    # Returns the tag class for the given tag name.
+    #
+    # @param name [String] The name of the tag.
+    # @return [Liquid::Tag] The tag class.
+    def tag_for_name(name)
+      @tags[name]
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @tags.freeze
+      # TODO: freeze the tags, currently this is not possible because of liquid-c
+      # @strainer_template.freeze
+      super
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/errors.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class Error < ::StandardError
     attr_accessor :line_number
@@ -5,7 +7,7 @@ module Liquid
     attr_accessor :markup_context
 
     def to_s(with_prefix = true)
-      str = ""
+      str = +""
       str << message_prefix if with_prefix
       str << super()
 
@@ -20,11 +22,11 @@ module Liquid
     private
 
     def message_prefix
-      str = ""
+      str = +""
-      if is_a?(SyntaxError)
+      str << if is_a?(SyntaxError)
-        str << "Liquid syntax error"
+        "Liquid syntax error"
       else
-        str << "Liquid error"
+        "Liquid error"
       end
 
       if line_number
@@ -38,19 +40,20 @@ module Liquid
     end
   end
 
-  ArgumentError = Class.new(Error)
+  ArgumentError         = Class.new(Error)
-  ContextError = Class.new(Error)
+  ContextError          = Class.new(Error)
-  FileSystemError = Class.new(Error)
+  FileSystemError       = Class.new(Error)
-  StandardError = Class.new(Error)
+  StandardError         = Class.new(Error)
-  SyntaxError = Class.new(Error)
+  SyntaxError           = Class.new(Error)
-  StackLevelError = Class.new(Error)
+  StackLevelError       = Class.new(Error)
-  TaintedError = Class.new(Error)
+  MemoryError           = Class.new(Error)
-  MemoryError = Class.new(Error)
+  ZeroDivisionError     = Class.new(Error)
-  ZeroDivisionError = Class.new(Error)
+  FloatDomainError      = Class.new(Error)
-  FloatDomainError = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedVariable     = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedVariable = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedDropMethod   = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedDropMethod = Class.new(Error)
+  UndefinedFilter       = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedFilter = Class.new(Error)
+  MethodOverrideError   = Class.new(Error)
-  MethodOverrideError = Class.new(Error)
+  DisabledError         = Class.new(Error)
-  InternalError = Class.new(Error)
+  InternalError         = Class.new(Error)
+  TemplateEncodingError = Class.new(Error)
 end

lib/liquid/expression.rb

@@ -1,45 +1,44 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class Expression
-    class MethodLiteral
-      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
-
-      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
-        @method_name = method_name
-        @to_s = to_s
-      end
-
-      def to_liquid
-        to_s
-      end
-    end
-
     LITERALS = {
-      nil => nil, 'nil'.freeze => nil, 'null'.freeze => nil, ''.freeze => nil,
+      nil => nil,
-      'true'.freeze  => true,
+      'nil' => nil,
-      'false'.freeze => false,
+      'null' => nil,
-      'blank'.freeze => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      '' => nil,
-      'empty'.freeze => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
+      'true' => true,
+      'false' => false,
+      'blank' => '',
+      'empty' => ''
     }.freeze
 
-    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
-    DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A"(.*)"\z/m
     INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
     FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
-    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/
+
+    # Use an atomic group (?>...) to avoid pathological backtracing from
+    # malicious input as described in https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/issues/1357
+    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\(\s*(?>(\S+)\s*\.\.)\s*(\S+)\s*\)\z/
 
     def self.parse(markup)
-      if LITERALS.key?(markup)
+      return nil unless markup
-        LITERALS[markup]
+
+      markup = markup.strip
+      if (markup.start_with?('"') && markup.end_with?('"')) ||
+         (markup.start_with?("'") && markup.end_with?("'"))
+        return markup[1..-2]
+      end
+
+      case markup
+      when INTEGERS_REGEX
+        Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
+      when RANGES_REGEX
+        RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
+      when FLOATS_REGEX
+        Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
       else
-        case markup
+        if LITERALS.key?(markup)
-        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
+          LITERALS[markup]
-          $1
-        when INTEGERS_REGEX
-          $1.to_i
-        when RANGES_REGEX
-          RangeLookup.parse($1, $2)
-        when FLOATS_REGEX
-          $1.to_f
         else
           VariableLookup.parse(markup)
         end

lib/liquid/extensions.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'time'
 require 'date'
 

lib/liquid/file_system.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # A Liquid file system is a way to let your templates retrieve other templates for use with the include tag.
   #
@@ -44,8 +46,8 @@ module Liquid
   class LocalFileSystem
     attr_accessor :root
 
-    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid".freeze)
+    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid")
-      @root = root
+      @root    = root
       @pattern = pattern
     end
 
@@ -57,9 +59,9 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def full_path(template_path)
-      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template name '#{template_path}'" unless template_path =~ /\A[^.\/][a-zA-Z0-9_\/]+\z/
+      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template name '#{template_path}'" unless %r{\A[^./][a-zA-Z0-9_/]+\z}.match?(template_path)
 
-      full_path = if template_path.include?('/'.freeze)
+      full_path = if template_path.include?('/')
         File.join(root, File.dirname(template_path), @pattern % File.basename(template_path))
       else
         File.join(root, @pattern % template_path)

lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb

@@ -1,34 +1,81 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type object
+  # @liquid_name forloop
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Information about a parent [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
   class ForloopDrop < Drop
     def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
-      @name = name
+      @name       = name
-      @length = length
+      @length     = length
       @parentloop = parentloop
-      @index = 0
+      @index      = 0
     end
 
-    attr_reader :name, :length, :parentloop
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_name length
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :length
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_name parentloop
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The parent `forloop` object.
+    # @liquid_description
+    #   If the current `for` loop isn't nested inside another `for` loop, then `nil` is returned.
+    # @liquid_return [forloop]
+    attr_reader :parentloop
+
+    attr_reader :name
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index
       @index + 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index0
       @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex
       @length - @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex0
       @length - @index - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def first
       @index == 0
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def last
       @index == @length - 1
     end

lib/liquid/i18n.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'yaml'
 
 module Liquid
@@ -26,13 +28,13 @@ module Liquid
     def interpolate(name, vars)
       name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) do
         # raise TranslationError, "Undefined key #{$1} for interpolation in translation #{name}"  unless vars[$1.to_sym]
-        (vars[$1.to_sym]).to_s
+        (vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym]).to_s
       end
     end
 
     def deep_fetch_translation(name)
-      name.split('.'.freeze).reduce(locale) do |level, cur|
+      name.split('.').reduce(locale) do |level, cur|
-        level[cur] or raise TranslationError, "Translation for #{name} does not exist in locale #{path}"
+        level[cur] || raise(TranslationError, "Translation for #{name} does not exist in locale #{path}")
       end
     end
   end

lib/liquid/interrupts.rb

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # An interrupt is any command that breaks processing of a block (ex: a for loop).
   class Interrupt
     attr_reader :message
 
     def initialize(message = nil)
-      @message = message || "interrupt".freeze
+      @message = message || "interrupt"
     end
   end
 

lib/liquid/lexer.rb

@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "strscan"
+
 module Liquid
-  class Lexer
+  class Lexer1
     SPECIALS = {
-      '|'.freeze => :pipe,
+      '|' => :pipe,
-      '.'.freeze => :dot,
+      '.' => :dot,
-      ':'.freeze => :colon,
+      ':' => :colon,
-      ','.freeze => :comma,
+      ',' => :comma,
-      '['.freeze => :open_square,
+      '[' => :open_square,
-      ']'.freeze => :close_square,
+      ']' => :close_square,
-      '('.freeze => :open_round,
+      '(' => :open_round,
-      ')'.freeze => :close_round,
+      ')' => :close_round,
-      '?'.freeze => :question,
+      '?' => :question,
-      '-'.freeze => :dash
+      '-' => :dash,
     }.freeze
-    IDENTIFIER = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
+    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
     SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
     DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
-    NUMBER_LITERAL = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
+    STRING_LITERAL        = Regexp.union(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL)
-    DOTDOT = /\.\./
+    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
-    COMPARISON_OPERATOR = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
+    DOTDOT                = /\.\./
+    COMPARISON_OPERATOR   = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
     WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
 
     def initialize(input)
@@ -31,16 +35,19 @@ module Liquid
       until @ss.eos?
         @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
         break if @ss.eos?
-        tok = case
+        tok      = if (t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR))
-        when t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR) then [:comparison, t]
+          [:comparison, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(STRING_LITERAL))
-        when t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
+          [:string, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL) then [:number, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL))
-        when t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER) then [:id, t]
+          [:number, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT) then [:dotdot, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER))
+          [:id, t]
+        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT))
+          [:dotdot, t]
         else
-          c = @ss.getch
+          c     = @ss.getch
-          if s = SPECIALS[c]
+          if (s = SPECIALS[c])
             [s, c]
           else
             raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{c}"
@@ -52,4 +59,179 @@ module Liquid
       @output << [:end_of_string]
     end
   end
+
+  class Lexer2
+    CLOSE_ROUND = [:close_round, ")"].freeze
+    CLOSE_SQUARE = [:close_square, "]"].freeze
+    COLON = [:colon, ":"].freeze
+    COMMA = [:comma, ","].freeze
+    COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL = [:comparison, "!="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_CONTAINS = [:comparison, "contains"].freeze
+    COMPARISON_EQUAL = [:comparison, "=="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN = [:comparison, ">"].freeze
+    COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, ">="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN = [:comparison, "<"].freeze
+    COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL = [:comparison, "<="].freeze
+    COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT = [:comparison, "<>"].freeze
+    DASH = [:dash, "-"].freeze
+    DOT = [:dot, "."].freeze
+    DOTDOT = [:dotdot, ".."].freeze
+    DOT_ORD = ".".ord
+    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
+    EOS = [:end_of_string].freeze
+    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
+    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
+    OPEN_ROUND = [:open_round, "("].freeze
+    OPEN_SQUARE = [:open_square, "["].freeze
+    PIPE = [:pipe, "|"].freeze
+    QUESTION = [:question, "?"].freeze
+    RUBY_WHITESPACE = [" ", "\t", "\r", "\n", "\f"].freeze
+    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
+    WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
+
+    SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS = [].tap do |table|
+      table["<".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN
+      table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN
+    end
+
+    TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      table["=".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_EQUAL
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+      table["!".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISION_NOT_EQUAL
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+    end
+
+    COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      table["<".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL
+        sub_table[">".ord] = COMPARISON_NOT_EQUAL_ALT
+        RUBY_WHITESPACE.each { |c| sub_table[c.ord] = COMPARISON_LESS_THAN }
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+      table[">".ord] = [].tap do |sub_table|
+        sub_table["=".ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL
+        RUBY_WHITESPACE.each { |c| sub_table[c.ord] = COMPARISON_GREATER_THAN }
+        sub_table.freeze
+      end
+      table.freeze
+    end
+
+    NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      "a".upto("z") do |c|
+        table[c.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
+        table[c.upcase.ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
+      end
+      table["_".ord] = [:id, IDENTIFIER].freeze
+
+      "0".upto("9") do |c|
+        table[c.ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
+      end
+      table["-".ord] = [:number, NUMBER_LITERAL].freeze
+
+      table["'".ord] = [:string, SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
+      table["\"".ord] = [:string, DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL].freeze
+      table.freeze
+    end
+
+    SPECIAL_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      table["|".ord] = PIPE
+      table[".".ord] = DOT
+      table[":".ord] = COLON
+      table[",".ord] = COMMA
+      table["[".ord] = OPEN_SQUARE
+      table["]".ord] = CLOSE_SQUARE
+      table["(".ord] = OPEN_ROUND
+      table[")".ord] = CLOSE_ROUND
+      table["?".ord] = QUESTION
+      table["-".ord] = DASH
+    end
+
+    NUMBER_TABLE = [].tap do |table|
+      "0".upto("9") do |c|
+        table[c.ord] = true
+      end
+      table.freeze
+    end
+
+    def initialize(input)
+      @ss = StringScanner.new(input)
+    end
+
+    # rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockNesting
+    def tokenize
+      @output = []
+
+      until @ss.eos?
+        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
+
+        break if @ss.eos?
+
+        start_pos = @ss.pos
+        peeked = @ss.peek_byte
+
+        if (special = SPECIAL_TABLE[peeked])
+          @ss.scan_byte
+          # Special case for ".."
+          if special == DOT && @ss.peek_byte == DOT_ORD
+            @ss.scan_byte
+            @output << DOTDOT
+          elsif special == DASH
+            # Special case for negative numbers
+            if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && NUMBER_TABLE[peeked_byte]
+              @ss.pos -= 1
+              @output << [:number, @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL)]
+            else
+              @output << special
+            end
+          else
+            @output << special
+          end
+        elsif (sub_table = TWO_CHARS_COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
+          @ss.scan_byte
+          if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
+            @output << found
+            @ss.scan_byte
+          else
+            raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
+          end
+        elsif (sub_table = COMPARISON_JUMP_TABLE[peeked])
+          @ss.scan_byte
+          if (peeked_byte = @ss.peek_byte) && (found = sub_table[peeked_byte])
+            @output << found
+            @ss.scan_byte
+          else
+            @output << SINGLE_COMPARISON_TOKENS[peeked]
+          end
+        else
+          type, pattern = NEXT_MATCHER_JUMP_TABLE[peeked]
+
+          if type && (t = @ss.scan(pattern))
+            # Special case for "contains"
+            @output << if type == :id && t == "contains" && @output.last&.first != :dot
+              COMPARISON_CONTAINS
+            else
+              [type, t]
+            end
+          else
+            raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      # rubocop:enable Metrics/BlockNesting
+
+      @output << EOS
+    end
+
+    def raise_syntax_error(start_pos)
+      @ss.pos = start_pos
+      # the character could be a UTF-8 character, use getch to get all the bytes
+      raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{@ss.getch}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Lexer = StringScanner.instance_methods.include?(:scan_byte) ? Lexer2 : Lexer1
 end

lib/liquid/locales/en.yml

@@ -13,14 +13,18 @@
       for_invalid_attribute: "Invalid attribute in for loop. Valid attributes are limit and offset"
       if: "Syntax Error in tag 'if' - Valid syntax: if [expression]"
       include: "Error in tag 'include' - Valid syntax: include '[template]' (with|for) [object|collection]"
-      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
+      inline_comment_invalid: "Syntax error in tag '#' - Each line of comments must be prefixed by the '#' character"
       invalid_delimiter: "'%{tag}' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
+      invalid_template_encoding: "Invalid template encoding"
+      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
+      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
+      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
+      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
       unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect 'else' tag"
       unexpected_outer_tag: "Unexpected outer '%{tag}' tag"
-      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
+      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
       variable_termination: "Variable '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
-      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
-      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
-      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
     argument:
       include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
+    disabled:
+      tag: "usage is not allowed in this context"

lib/liquid/parse_context.rb

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class ParseContext
     attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
-    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode
+    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode, :environment
 
-    def initialize(options = {})
+    def initialize(options = Const::EMPTY_HASH)
+      @environment = options.fetch(:environment, Environment.default)
       @template_options = options ? options.dup : {}
-      @locale = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
+
+      @locale   = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
       @warnings = []
-      self.depth = 0
+
+      self.depth   = 0
       self.partial = false
     end
 
@@ -15,11 +20,23 @@ module Liquid
       @options[option_key]
     end
 
+    def new_block_body
+      Liquid::BlockBody.new
+    end
+
+    def new_tokenizer(markup, start_line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
+      Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: start_line_number, for_liquid_tag: for_liquid_tag)
+    end
+
+    def parse_expression(markup)
+      Expression.parse(markup)
+    end
+
     def partial=(value)
       @partial = value
       @options = value ? partial_options : @template_options
-      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
+
-      value
+      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || @environment.error_mode
     end
 
     def partial_options
@@ -28,7 +45,7 @@ module Liquid
         if dont_pass == true
           { locale: locale }
         elsif dont_pass.is_a?(Array)
-          @template_options.reject { |k, v| dont_pass.include?(k) }
+          @template_options.reject { |k, _v| dont_pass.include?(k) }
         else
           @template_options
         end

lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def initialize(node, callbacks)
-      @node = node
+      @node      = node
       @callbacks = callbacks
     end
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module Liquid
         item, new_context = @callbacks[node.class].call(node, context)
         [
           item,
-          ParseTreeVisitor.for(node, @callbacks).visit(new_context || context)
+          ParseTreeVisitor.for(node, @callbacks).visit(new_context || context),
         ]
       end
     end
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module Liquid
     protected
 
     def children
-      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : []
+      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/parser.rb

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class Parser
     def initialize(input)
-      l = Lexer.new(input)
+      l       = Lexer.new(input)
       @tokens = l.tokenize
-      @p = 0 # pointer to current location
+      @p      = 0 # pointer to current location
     end
 
     def jump(point)
@@ -46,11 +48,18 @@ module Liquid
 
     def expression
       token = @tokens[@p]
-      if token[0] == :id
+      case token[0]
-        variable_signature
+      when :id
-      elsif [:string, :number].include? token[0]
+        str = consume
+        str << variable_lookups
+      when :open_square
+        str = consume.dup
+        str << expression
+        str << consume(:close_square)
+        str << variable_lookups
+      when :string, :number
         consume
-      elsif token.first == :open_round
+      when :open_round
         consume
         first = expression
         consume(:dotdot)
@@ -63,26 +72,29 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def argument
-      str = ""
+      str = +""
       # might be a keyword argument (identifier: expression)
       if look(:id) && look(:colon, 1)
-        str << consume << consume << ' '.freeze
+        str << consume << consume << ' '
       end
 
       str << expression
       str
     end
 
-    def variable_signature
+    def variable_lookups
-      str = consume(:id)
+      str = +""
-      while look(:open_square)
+      loop do
-        str << consume
+        if look(:open_square)
-        str << expression
+          str << consume
-        str << consume(:close_square)
+          str << expression
-      end
+          str << consume(:close_square)
-      if look(:dot)
+        elsif look(:dot)
-        str << consume
+          str << consume
-        str << variable_signature
+          str << consume(:id)
+        else
+          break
+        end
       end
       str
     end

lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb

@@ -1,15 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   module ParserSwitching
+    def strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
+      strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+    rescue SyntaxError => e
+      case parse_context.error_mode
+      when :strict
+        raise
+      when :warn
+        parse_context.warnings << e
+      end
+      lax_parse(markup)
+    end
+
     def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
       case parse_context.error_mode
       when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
       when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
       when :warn
         begin
-          return strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+          strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
         rescue SyntaxError => e
           parse_context.warnings << e
-          return lax_parse(markup)
+          lax_parse(markup)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -19,7 +33,7 @@ module Liquid
     def strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
       strict_parse(markup)
     rescue SyntaxError => e
-      e.line_number = line_number
+      e.line_number    = line_number
       e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)
       raise e
     end

lib/liquid/partial_cache.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class PartialCache
+    def self.load(template_name, context:, parse_context:)
+      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials]
+      cache_key = "#{template_name}:#{parse_context.error_mode}"
+      cached = cached_partials[cache_key]
+      return cached if cached
+
+      file_system = context.registers[:file_system]
+      source      = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
+
+      parse_context.partial = true
+
+      template_factory = context.registers[:template_factory]
+      template = template_factory.for(template_name)
+
+      begin
+        partial = template.parse(source, parse_context)
+      rescue Liquid::Error => e
+        e.template_name = template&.name || template_name
+        raise e
+      end
+
+      partial.name ||= template_name
+
+      cached_partials[cache_key] = partial
+    ensure
+      parse_context.partial = false
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/profiler.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'liquid/profiler/hooks'
 
 module Liquid
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ module Liquid
   #     node.code
   #
   #     # Which template and line number of this node.
-  #     # If top level, this will be "<root>".
+  #     # The top-level template name is `nil` by default, but can be set in the Liquid::Context before rendering.
   #     node.partial
   #     node.line_number
   #
@@ -44,115 +46,94 @@ module Liquid
     include Enumerable
 
     class Timing
-      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children
+      attr_reader :code, :template_name, :line_number, :children
+      attr_accessor :total_time
+      alias_method :render_time, :total_time
+      alias_method :partial, :template_name
 
-      def initialize(node, partial)
+      def initialize(code: nil, template_name: nil, line_number: nil)
-        @code        = node.respond_to?(:raw) ? node.raw : node
+        @code = code
-        @partial     = partial
+        @template_name = template_name
-        @line_number = node.respond_to?(:line_number) ? node.line_number : nil
+        @line_number = line_number
-        @children    = []
+        @children = []
       end
 
-      def self.start(node, partial)
+      def self_time
-        new(node, partial).tap(&:start)
+        @self_time ||= begin
-      end
+          total_children_time = 0.0
-
+          @children.each do |child|
-      def start
+            total_children_time += child.total_time
-        @start_time = Time.now
+          end
-      end
+          @total_time - total_children_time
-
+        end
-      def finish
-        @end_time = Time.now
-      end
-
-      def render_time
-        @end_time - @start_time
       end
     end
 
-    def self.profile_node_render(node)
+    attr_reader :total_time
-      if Profiler.current_profile && node.respond_to?(:render)
+    alias_method :total_render_time, :total_time
-        Profiler.current_profile.start_node(node)
-        output = yield
-        Profiler.current_profile.end_node(node)
-        output
-      else
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.profile_children(template_name)
-      if Profiler.current_profile
-        Profiler.current_profile.push_partial(template_name)
-        output = yield
-        Profiler.current_profile.pop_partial
-        output
-      else
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.current_profile
-      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler]
-    end
 
     def initialize
-      @partial_stack = ["<root>"]
+      @root_children = []
-
+      @current_children = nil
-      @root_timing = Timing.new("", current_partial)
+      @total_time = 0.0
-      @timing_stack = [@root_timing]
-
-      @render_start_at = Time.now
-      @render_end_at = @render_start_at
     end
 
-    def start
+    def profile(template_name, &block)
-      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = self
+      # nested renders are done from a tag that already has a timing node
-      @render_start_at = Time.now
+      return yield if @current_children
+
+      root_children = @root_children
+      render_idx = root_children.length
+      begin
+        @current_children = root_children
+        profile_node(template_name, &block)
+      ensure
+        @current_children = nil
+        if (timing = root_children[render_idx])
+          @total_time += timing.total_time
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def stop
+    def children
-      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler] = nil
+      children = @root_children
-      @render_end_at = Time.now
+      if children.length == 1
-    end
+        children.first.children
-
+      else
-    def total_render_time
+        children
-      @render_end_at - @render_start_at
+      end
     end
 
     def each(&block)
-      @root_timing.children.each(&block)
+      children.each(&block)
     end
 
     def [](idx)
-      @root_timing.children[idx]
+      children[idx]
     end
 
     def length
-      @root_timing.children.length
+      children.length
     end
 
-    def start_node(node)
+    def profile_node(template_name, code: nil, line_number: nil)
-      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(node, current_partial))
+      timing = Timing.new(code: code, template_name: template_name, line_number: line_number)
+      parent_children = @current_children
+      start_time = monotonic_time
+      begin
+        @current_children = timing.children
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @current_children = parent_children
+        timing.total_time = monotonic_time - start_time
+        parent_children << timing
+      end
     end
 
-    def end_node(_node)
+    private
-      timing = @timing_stack.pop
-      timing.finish
 
-      @timing_stack.last.children << timing
+    def monotonic_time
-    end
+      Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-
-    def current_partial
-      @partial_stack.last
-    end
-
-    def push_partial(partial_name)
-      @partial_stack.push(partial_name)
-    end
-
-    def pop_partial
-      @partial_stack.pop
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,35 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  class BlockBody
+  module BlockBodyProfilingHook
-    def render_node_with_profiling(node, output, context, skip_output = false)
+    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      Profiler.profile_node_render(node) do
+      if (profiler = context.profiler)
-        render_node_without_profiling(node, output, context, skip_output)
+        profiler.profile_node(context.template_name, code: node.raw, line_number: node.line_number) do
+          super
+        end
+      else
+        super
       end
     end
-
-    alias_method :render_node_without_profiling, :render_node_to_output
-    alias_method :render_node_to_output, :render_node_with_profiling
   end
+  BlockBody.prepend(BlockBodyProfilingHook)
 
-  class Include < Tag
+  module DocumentProfilingHook
-    def render_with_profiling(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr).to_s) do
+      return super unless context.profiler
-        render_without_profiling(context)
+      context.profiler.profile(context.template_name) { super }
-      end
     end
-
-    alias_method :render_without_profiling, :render
-    alias_method :render, :render_with_profiling
   end
+  Document.prepend(DocumentProfilingHook)
+
+  module ContextProfilingHook
+    attr_accessor :profiler
+
+    def new_isolated_subcontext
+      new_context = super
+      new_context.profiler = profiler
+      new_context
+    end
+  end
+  Context.prepend(ContextProfilingHook)
 end

lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class RangeLookup
     def self.parse(start_markup, end_markup)
       start_obj = Expression.parse(start_markup)
-      end_obj = Expression.parse(end_markup)
+      end_obj   = Expression.parse(end_markup)
       if start_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate) || end_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate)
         new(start_obj, end_obj)
       else
-        start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
+        begin
+          start_obj.to_i..end_obj.to_i
+        rescue NoMethodError
+          invalid_expr = start_markup unless start_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
+          invalid_expr ||= end_markup unless end_obj.respond_to?(:to_i)
+          if invalid_expr
+            raise Liquid::SyntaxError, "Invalid expression type '#{invalid_expr}' in range expression"
+          end
+
+          raise
+        end
       end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :start_obj, :end_obj
+
     def initialize(start_obj, end_obj)
       @start_obj = start_obj
-      @end_obj = end_obj
+      @end_obj   = end_obj
     end
 
     def evaluate(context)
       start_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@start_obj))
-      end_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
+      end_int   = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
       start_int..end_int
     end
 
@@ -33,5 +47,11 @@ module Liquid
         Utils.to_integer(input)
       end
     end
+
+    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+      def children
+        [@node.start_obj, @node.end_obj]
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/registers.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Registers
+    attr_reader :static
+
+    def initialize(registers = {})
+      @static = registers.is_a?(Registers) ? registers.static : registers
+      @changes = {}
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @changes[key] = value
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      if @changes.key?(key)
+        @changes[key]
+      else
+        @static[key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def delete(key)
+      @changes.delete(key)
+    end
+
+    UNDEFINED = Object.new
+
+    def fetch(key, default = UNDEFINED, &block)
+      if @changes.key?(key)
+        @changes.fetch(key)
+      elsif default != UNDEFINED
+        if block_given?
+          @static.fetch(key, &block)
+        else
+          @static.fetch(key, default)
+        end
+      else
+        @static.fetch(key, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def key?(key)
+      @changes.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Alias for backwards compatibility
+  StaticRegisters = Registers
+end

lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class ResourceLimits
-    attr_accessor :render_length, :render_score, :assign_score,
+    attr_accessor :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
-      :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
+    attr_reader :render_score, :assign_score
 
     def initialize(limits)
       @render_length_limit = limits[:render_length_limit]
-      @render_score_limit = limits[:render_score_limit]
+      @render_score_limit  = limits[:render_score_limit]
-      @assign_score_limit = limits[:assign_score_limit]
+      @assign_score_limit  = limits[:assign_score_limit]
       reset
     end
 
+    def increment_render_score(amount)
+      @render_score += amount
+      raise_limits_reached if @render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit
+    end
+
+    def increment_assign_score(amount)
+      @assign_score += amount
+      raise_limits_reached if @assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit
+    end
+
+    # update either render_length or assign_score based on whether or not the writes are captured
+    def increment_write_score(output)
+      if (last_captured = @last_capture_length)
+        captured = output.bytesize
+        increment = captured - last_captured
+        @last_capture_length = captured
+        increment_assign_score(increment)
+      elsif @render_length_limit && output.bytesize > @render_length_limit
+        raise_limits_reached
+      end
+    end
+
+    def raise_limits_reached
+      @reached_limit = true
+      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
+    end
+
     def reached?
-      (@render_length_limit && @render_length > @render_length_limit) ||
+      @reached_limit
-        (@render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit) ||
-        (@assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit)
     end
 
     def reset
-      @render_length = @render_score = @assign_score = 0
+      @reached_limit = false
+      @last_capture_length = nil
+      @render_score = @assign_score = 0
+    end
+
+    def with_capture
+      old_capture_length = @last_capture_length
+      begin
+        @last_capture_length = 0
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @last_capture_length = old_capture_length
+      end
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/strainer.rb

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-
-module Liquid
-  # Strainer is the parent class for the filters system.
-  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
-  #
-  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via Strainer.global_filter,
-  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
-  class Strainer #:nodoc:
-    @@global_strainer = Class.new(Strainer) do
-      @filter_methods = Set.new
-    end
-    @@strainer_class_cache = Hash.new do |hash, filters|
-      hash[filters] = Class.new(@@global_strainer) do
-        @filter_methods = @@global_strainer.filter_methods.dup
-        filters.each { |f| add_filter(f) }
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize(context)
-      @context = context
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      attr_reader :filter_methods
-    end
-
-    def self.add_filter(filter)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{filter.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
-      unless self.include?(filter)
-        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
-        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
-          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
-        else
-          send(:include, filter)
-          @filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.global_filter(filter)
-      @@strainer_class_cache.clear
-      @@global_strainer.add_filter(filter)
-    end
-
-    def self.invokable?(method)
-      @filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
-    end
-
-    def self.create(context, filters = [])
-      @@strainer_class_cache[filters].new(context)
-    end
-
-    def invoke(method, *args)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method)
-        send(method, *args)
-      elsif @context && @context.strict_filters
-        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
-      else
-        args.first
-      end
-    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
-    end
-  end
-end

lib/liquid/strainer_factory.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  # StrainerFactory is the factory for the filters system.
+  module StrainerFactory
+    extend self
+
+    def add_global_filter(filter, environment = Environment.default)
+      Deprecations.warn("StrainerFactory.add_global_filter", "Environment#register_filter")
+      environment.register_filter(filter)
+    end
+
+    def create(context, filters = Const::EMPTY_ARRAY, environment = Environment.default)
+      Deprecations.warn("StrainerFactory.create", "StrainerFactory.create_strainer")
+      environment.create_strainer(context, filters)
+    end
+
+    def global_filter_names(environment = Environment.default)
+      Deprecations.warn("StrainerFactory.global_filter_names", "Environment#filter_method_names")
+      Environment.strainer_template.filter_method_names
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'set'
+
+module Liquid
+  # StrainerTemplate is the computed class for the filters system.
+  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
+  #
+  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via StrainerFactory.add_global_filter,
+  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
+  class StrainerTemplate
+    def initialize(context)
+      @context = context
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def add_filter(filter)
+        return if include?(filter)
+
+        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
+        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
+          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
+        end
+
+        include(filter)
+
+        filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
+      end
+
+      def invokable?(method)
+        filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
+      end
+
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        super
+        subclass.instance_variable_set(:@filter_methods, @filter_methods.dup)
+      end
+
+      def filter_method_names
+        filter_methods.map(&:to_s).to_a
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def filter_methods
+        @filter_methods ||= Set.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    def invoke(method, *args)
+      if self.class.invokable?(method)
+        send(method, *args)
+      elsif @context.strict_filters
+        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
+      else
+        args.first
+      end
+    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb

@@ -1,47 +1,106 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type object
+  # @liquid_name tablerowloop
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Information about a parent [`tablerow` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/tablerow).
   class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
     def initialize(length, cols)
       @length = length
-      @row = 1
+      @row    = 1
-      @col = 1
+      @col    = 1
-      @cols = cols
+      @cols   = cols
-      @index = 0
+      @index  = 0
     end
 
-    attr_reader :length, :col, :row
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The total number of iterations in the loop.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :length
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current column.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :col
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of current row.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
+    attr_reader :row
+
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index
       @index + 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def index0
       @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current column.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def col0
       @col - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 1-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex
       @length - @index
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   The 0-based index of the current iteration, in reverse order.
+    # @liquid_return [number]
     def rindex0
       @length - @index - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the first. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def first
       @index == 0
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current iteration is the last. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def last
       @index == @length - 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the first in the row. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def col_first
       @col == 1
     end
 
+    # @liquid_public_docs
+    # @liquid_summary
+    #   Returns `true` if the current column is the last in the row. Returns `false` if not.
+    # @liquid_return [boolean]
     def col_last
       @col == @cols
     end

lib/liquid/tag.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'liquid/tag/disabler'
+require 'liquid/tag/disableable'
+
 module Liquid
   class Tag
     attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
@@ -5,20 +10,32 @@ module Liquid
     include ParserSwitching
 
     class << self
-      def parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, options)
+      def parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-        tag = new(tag_name, markup, options)
+        tag = new(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
         tag.parse(tokenizer)
         tag
       end
 
+      def disable_tags(*tag_names)
+        tag_names += disabled_tags
+        define_singleton_method(:disabled_tags) { tag_names }
+        prepend(Disabler)
+      end
+
       private :new
+
+      protected
+
+      def disabled_tags
+        []
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      @tag_name   = tag_name
+      @tag_name      = tag_name
-      @markup     = markup
+      @markup        = markup
       @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
+      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
     end
 
     def parse(_tokens)
@@ -33,11 +50,26 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def render(_context)
-      ''.freeze
+      ''
+    end
+
+    # For backwards compatibility with custom tags. In a future release, the semantics
+    # of the `render_to_output_buffer` method will become the default and the `render`
+    # method will be removed.
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      render_result = render(context)
+      output << render_result if render_result
+      output
     end
 
     def blank?
       false
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def parse_expression(markup)
+      parse_context.parse_expression(markup)
+    end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Tag
+    module Disableable
+      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        if context.tag_disabled?(tag_name)
+          output << disabled_error(context)
+          return
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      def disabled_error(context)
+        # raise then rescue the exception so that the Context#exception_renderer can re-raise it
+        raise DisabledError, "#{tag_name} #{parse_context[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
+      rescue DisabledError => exc
+        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tag/disabler.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Tag
+    module Disabler
+      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        context.with_disabled_tags(self.class.disabled_tags) do
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "tags/table_row"
+require_relative "tags/echo"
+require_relative "tags/if"
+require_relative "tags/break"
+require_relative "tags/inline_comment"
+require_relative "tags/for"
+require_relative "tags/assign"
+require_relative "tags/ifchanged"
+require_relative "tags/case"
+require_relative "tags/include"
+require_relative "tags/continue"
+require_relative "tags/capture"
+require_relative "tags/decrement"
+require_relative "tags/unless"
+require_relative "tags/increment"
+require_relative "tags/comment"
+require_relative "tags/raw"
+require_relative "tags/render"
+require_relative "tags/cycle"
+
+module Liquid
+  module Tags
+    STANDARD_TAGS = {
+      'cycle' => Cycle,
+      'render' => Render,
+      'raw' => Raw,
+      'comment' => Comment,
+      'increment' => Increment,
+      'unless' => Unless,
+      'decrement' => Decrement,
+      'capture' => Capture,
+      'continue' => Continue,
+      'include' => Include,
+      'case' => Case,
+      'ifchanged' => Ifchanged,
+      'assign' => Assign,
+      'for' => For,
+      '#' => InlineComment,
+      'break' => Break,
+      'if' => If,
+      'echo' => Echo,
+      'tablerow' => TableRow,
+    }.freeze
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb

@@ -1,32 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #   {% assign foo = 'monkey' %}
+  # @liquid_category variable
-  #
+  # @liquid_name assign
-  # You can then use the variable later in the page.
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #
+  #   Creates a new variable.
-  #  {{ foo }}
+  # @liquid_description
-  #
+  #   You can create variables of any [basic type](/docs/api/liquid/basics#types), [object](/docs/api/liquid/objects), or object property.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% assign variable_name = value %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being created.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
   class Assign < Tag
     Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om
 
+    # @api private
+    def self.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
+      raise Liquid::SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t('errors.syntax.assign')
+    end
+
     attr_reader :to, :from
 
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
       super
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to = $1
+        @to   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @from = Variable.new($2, options)
+        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), parse_context)
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.assign".freeze)
+        self.class.raise_syntax_error(parse_context)
       end
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       val = @from.render(context)
       context.scopes.last[@to] = val
-      context.resource_limits.assign_score += assign_score_of(val)
+      context.resource_limits.increment_assign_score(assign_score_of(val))
-      ''.freeze
+      output
     end
 
     def blank?
@@ -38,11 +49,18 @@ module Liquid
     def assign_score_of(val)
       if val.instance_of?(String)
         val.bytesize
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash)
+      elsif val.instance_of?(Array)
         sum = 1
         # Uses #each to avoid extra allocations.
         val.each { |child| sum += assign_score_of(child) }
         sum
+      elsif val.instance_of?(Hash)
+        sum = 1
+        val.each do |key, entry_value|
+          sum += assign_score_of(key)
+          sum += assign_score_of(entry_value)
+        end
+        sum
       else
         1
       end
@@ -54,6 +72,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('assign'.freeze, Assign)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/break.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # Break tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
   #
@@ -8,11 +10,20 @@ module Liquid
   #      {% endif %}
   #    {% endfor %}
   #
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name break
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Stops a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) from iterating.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% break %}
   class Break < Tag
-    def interrupt
+    INTERRUPT = BreakInterrupt.new.freeze
-      BreakInterrupt.new
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('break'.freeze, Break)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb

@@ -1,38 +1,42 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # Capture stores the result of a block into a variable without rendering it inplace.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #   {% capture heading %}
+  # @liquid_category variable
-  #     Monkeys!
+  # @liquid_name capture
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Creates a new variable with a string value.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   You can create complex strings with Liquid logic and variables.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% capture variable %}
+  #     value
   #   {% endcapture %}
-  #   ...
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable being created.
-  #   <h1>{{ heading }}</h1>
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword value The value you want to assign to the variable.
-  #
-  # Capture is useful for saving content for use later in your template, such as
-  # in a sidebar or footer.
-  #
   class Capture < Block
     Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)/o
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to = $1
+        @to = Regexp.last_match(1)
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.capture"))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.capture")
       end
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      output = super
+      context.resource_limits.with_capture do
-      context.scopes.last[@to] = output
+        capture_output = render(context)
-      context.resource_limits.assign_score += output.bytesize
+        context.scopes.last[@to] = capture_output
-      ''.freeze
+      end
+      output
     end
 
     def blank?
       true
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('capture'.freeze, Capture)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/case.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,27 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category conditional
+  # @liquid_name case
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders a specific expression depending on the value of a specific variable.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% case variable %}
+  #     {% when first_value %}
+  #       first_expression
+  #     {% when second_value %}
+  #       second_expression
+  #     {% else %}
+  #       third_expression
+  #   {% endcase %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The name of the variable you want to base your case statement on.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_value A specific value to check for.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_value A specific value to check for.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword first_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `first_value`.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword second_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value matches `second_value`.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword third_expression An expression to be rendered when the variable's value has no match.
   class Case < Block
     Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
     WhenSyntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})(?:(?:\s+or\s+|\s*\,\s*)(#{QuotedFragment}.*))?/om
@@ -10,17 +33,23 @@ module Liquid
       @blocks = []
 
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @left = Expression.parse($1)
+        @left = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
       end
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      body = BlockBody.new
+      body = case_body = new_body
-      while parse_body(body, tokens)
+      body = @blocks.last.attachment while parse_body(body, tokens)
-        body = @blocks.last.attachment
+      @blocks.reverse_each do |condition|
+        body = condition.attachment
+        unless body.frozen?
+          body.remove_blank_strings if blank?
+          body.freeze
+        end
       end
+      case_body.freeze
     end
 
     def nodelist
@@ -29,45 +58,50 @@ module Liquid
 
     def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
       case tag
-      when 'when'.freeze
+      when 'when'
         record_when_condition(markup)
-      when 'else'.freeze
+      when 'else'
         record_else_condition(markup)
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
+      execute_else_block = true
-        execute_else_block = true
 
-        output = ''
+      @blocks.each do |block|
-        @blocks.each do |block|
+        if block.else?
-          if block.else?
+          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
-            return block.attachment.render(context) if execute_else_block
+          next
-          elsif block.evaluate(context)
+        end
-            execute_else_block = false
+
-            output << block.attachment.render(context)
+        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          end
+          block.evaluate(context),
+        )
+
+        if result
+          execute_else_block = false
+          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
         end
-        output
       end
+
+      output
     end
 
     private
 
     def record_when_condition(markup)
-      body = BlockBody.new
+      body = new_body
 
       while markup
         unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
-          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when".freeze))
+          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when")
         end
 
-        markup = $2
+        markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
 
-        block = Condition.new(@left, '=='.freeze, Expression.parse($1))
+        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, Regexp.last_match(1)))
         block.attach(body)
         @blocks << block
       end
@@ -75,11 +109,11 @@ module Liquid
 
     def record_else_condition(markup)
       unless markup.strip.empty?
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else")
       end
 
       block = ElseCondition.new
-      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
+      block.attach(new_body)
       @blocks << block
     end
 
@@ -89,6 +123,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('case'.freeze, Case)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category syntax
+  # @liquid_name comment
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Prevents an expression from being rendered or output.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Any text inside `comment` tags won't be output, and any Liquid code will be parsed, but not executed.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% comment %}
+  #     content
+  #   {% endcomment %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword content The content of the comment.
   class Comment < Block
-    def render(_context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      ''.freeze
+      output
     end
 
     def unknown_tag(_tag, _markup, _tokens)
@@ -10,7 +25,64 @@ module Liquid
     def blank?
       true
     end
-  end
 
-  Template.register_tag('comment'.freeze, Comment)
+    private
+
+    def parse_body(body, tokenizer)
+      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
+        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
+      end
+
+      parse_context.depth += 1
+      comment_tag_depth = 1
+
+      begin
+        # Consume tokens without creating child nodes.
+        # The children tag doesn't require to be a valid Liquid except the comment and raw tag.
+        # The child comment and raw tag must be closed.
+        while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
+          tag_name = if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
+            next if token.empty? || token.match?(BlockBody::WhitespaceOrNothing)
+
+            tag_name_match = BlockBody::LiquidTagToken.match(token)
+
+            next if tag_name_match.nil?
+
+            tag_name_match[1]
+          else
+            token =~ BlockBody::FullToken
+            Regexp.last_match(2)
+          end
+
+          case tag_name
+          when "raw"
+            parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
+          when "comment"
+            comment_tag_depth += 1
+          when "endcomment"
+            comment_tag_depth -= 1
+          end
+
+          if comment_tag_depth.zero?
+            parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl) unless tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
+            return false
+          end
+        end
+
+        raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
+      ensure
+        parse_context.depth -= 1
+      end
+
+      false
+    end
+
+    def parse_raw_tag_body(tokenizer)
+      while (token = tokenizer.send(:shift))
+        return if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && "endraw" == Regexp.last_match(2)
+      end
+
+      raise_tag_never_closed("raw")
+    end
+  end
 end

lib/liquid/tags/continue.rb

@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # Continue tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  # == Basic Usage:
+  # @liquid_category iteration
-  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  # @liquid_name continue
-  #      {% if item.condition %}
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #        {% continue %}
+  #   Causes a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for) to skip to the next iteration.
-  #      {% endif %}
+  # @liquid_syntax
-  #    {% endfor %}
+  #   {% continue %}
-  #
   class Continue < Tag
-    def interrupt
+    INTERRUPT = ContinueInterrupt.new.freeze
-      ContinueInterrupt.new
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('continue'.freeze, Continue)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # Cycle is usually used within a loop to alternate between values, like colors or DOM classes.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #   {% for item in items %}
+  # @liquid_category iteration
-  #     <div class="{% cycle 'red', 'green', 'blue' %}"> {{ item }} </div>
+  # @liquid_name cycle
-  #   {% end %}
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #
+  #   Loops through a group of strings and outputs them one at a time for each iteration of a [`for` loop](/docs/api/liquid/tags/for).
-  #    <div class="red"> Item one </div>
+  # @liquid_description
-  #    <div class="green"> Item two </div>
+  #   The `cycle` tag must be used inside a `for` loop.
-  #    <div class="blue"> Item three </div>
-  #    <div class="red"> Item four </div>
-  #    <div class="green"> Item five</div>
   #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Use the `cycle` tag to output text in a predictable pattern. For example, to apply odd/even classes to rows in a table.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% cycle string, string, ... %}
   class Cycle < Tag
     SimpleSyntax = /\A#{QuotedFragment}+/o
     NamedSyntax  = /\A(#{QuotedFragment})\s*\:\s*(.*)/om
@@ -21,28 +24,43 @@ module Liquid
       super
       case markup
       when NamedSyntax
-        @variables = variables_from_string($2)
+        @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @name = Expression.parse($1)
+        @name      = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @is_named = true
       when SimpleSyntax
         @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
-        @name = @variables.to_s
+        @name      = @variables.to_s
+        @is_named = !@name.match?(/\w+:0x\h{8}/)
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
       end
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def named?
+      @is_named
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}
 
-      context.stack do
+      key       = context.evaluate(@name)
-        key = context.evaluate(@name)
+      iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i
-        iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i
+
-        result = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
+      val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
-        iteration += 1
+
-        iteration  = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
+      if val.is_a?(Array)
-        context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+        val = val.join
-        result
+      elsif !val.is_a?(String)
+        val = val.to_s
       end
+
+      output << val
+
+      iteration += 1
+      iteration = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
+
+      context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+      output
     end
 
     private
@@ -50,7 +68,7 @@ module Liquid
     def variables_from_string(markup)
       markup.split(',').collect do |var|
         var =~ /\s*(#{QuotedFragment})\s*/o
-        $1 ? Expression.parse($1) : nil
+        Regexp.last_match(1) ? parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
       end.compact
     end
 
@@ -60,6 +78,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('cycle', Cycle)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb

@@ -1,35 +1,38 @@
-module Liquid
+# frozen_string_literal: true
-  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
-  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
-  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
-  #     NOTE: decrement is a pre-decrement, --i,
-  #           while increment is post:      i++.
-  #
-  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
-  #
-  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.
 
-  #   Hello: {% decrement variable %}
+module Liquid
-  #
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # gives you:
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #
+  # @liquid_category variable
-  #    Hello: -1
+  # @liquid_name decrement
-  #    Hello: -2
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #    Hello: -3
+  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of -1, that's decreased by 1 with each subsequent call.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Variables that are declared with `decrement` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
+  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
+  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture#snippets) included in the file.
   #
+  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `decrement` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
+  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `decrement` and [`increment`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/increment) share
+  #   variables.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% decrement variable_name %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being decremented.
   class Decrement < Tag
+    attr_reader :variable_name
+
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
-      @variable = markup.strip
+      @variable_name = markup.strip
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
+      counter_environment = context.environments.first
+      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
       value -= 1
-      context.environments.first[@variable] = value
+      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value
-      value.to_s
+      output << value.to_s
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('decrement'.freeze, Decrement)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category syntax
+  # @liquid_name echo
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Outputs an expression.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Using the `echo` tag is the same as wrapping an expression in curly brackets (`{{` and `}}`). However, unlike the curly
+  #   bracket method, you can use the `echo` tag inside [`liquid` tags](/docs/api/liquid/tags/liquid).
+  #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > You can use [filters](/docs/api/liquid/filters) on expressions inside `echo` tags.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% liquid
+  #     echo expression
+  #   %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output.
+  class Echo < Tag
+    attr_reader :variable
+
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
+      super
+      @variable = Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
+    end
+
+    def render(context)
+      @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
+    end
+
+    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+      def children
+        [@node.variable]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags/for.rb

@@ -1,48 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #
+  # @liquid_category iteration
-  # == Basic usage:
+  # @liquid_name for
-  #    {% for item in collection %}
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #      {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
+  #   Renders an expression for every item in an array.
-  #    {% endfor %}
+  # @liquid_description
-  #
+  #   You can do a maximum of 50 iterations with a `for` loop. If you need to iterate over more than 50 items, then use the
-  # == Advanced usage:
+  #   [`paginate` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/paginate) to split the items over multiple pages.
-  #    {% for item in collection %}
-  #      <div {% if forloop.first %}class="first"{% endif %}>
-  #        Item {{ forloop.index }}: {{ item.name }}
-  #      </div>
-  #    {% else %}
-  #      There is nothing in the collection.
-  #    {% endfor %}
-  #
-  # You can also define a limit and offset much like SQL.  Remember
-  # that offset starts at 0 for the first item.
-  #
-  #    {% for item in collection limit:5 offset:10 %}
-  #      {{ item.name }}
-  #    {% end %}
-  #
-  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %} (note that the flag's spelling is different to the filter `reverse`)
-  #
-  # == Available variables:
-  #
-  # forloop.name:: 'item-collection'
-  # forloop.length:: Length of the loop
-  # forloop.index:: The current item's position in the collection;
-  #                 forloop.index starts at 1.
-  #                 This is helpful for non-programmers who start believe
-  #                 the first item in an array is 1, not 0.
-  # forloop.index0:: The current item's position in the collection
-  #                  where the first item is 0
-  # forloop.rindex:: Number of items remaining in the loop
-  #                  (length - index) where 1 is the last item.
-  # forloop.rindex0:: Number of items remaining in the loop
-  #                   where 0 is the last item.
-  # forloop.first:: Returns true if the item is the first item.
-  # forloop.last:: Returns true if the item is the last item.
-  # forloop.parentloop:: Provides access to the parent loop, if present.
   #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Every `for` loop has an associated [`forloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/forloop) with information about the loop.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% for variable in array %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endfor %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render for each iteration.
+  # @liquid_optional_param limit [number] The number of iterations to perform.
+  # @liquid_optional_param offset [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
+  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
+  # @liquid_optional_param reversed [untyped] Iterate in reverse order.
   class For < Block
     Syntax = /\A(#{VariableSegment}+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)\s*(reversed)?/o
 
@@ -52,13 +33,20 @@ module Liquid
       super
       @from = @limit = nil
       parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      @for_block = BlockBody.new
+      @for_block = new_body
       @else_block = nil
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      return unless parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
+      if parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
-      parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
+        parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
+      end
+      if blank?
+        @else_block&.remove_blank_strings
+        @for_block.remove_blank_strings
+      end
+      @else_block&.freeze
+      @for_block.freeze
     end
 
     def nodelist
@@ -66,51 +54,56 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      return super unless tag == 'else'.freeze
+      return super unless tag == 'else'
-      @else_block = BlockBody.new
+      @else_block = new_body
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       segment = collection_segment(context)
 
       if segment.empty?
-        render_else(context)
+        render_else(context, output)
       else
-        render_segment(context, segment)
+        render_segment(context, output, segment)
       end
+
+      output
     end
 
     protected
 
     def lax_parse(markup)
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name = $1
+        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        collection_name = $2
+        collection_name  = Regexp.last_match(2)
-        @reversed = !!$3
+        @reversed        = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
-        @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+        @name            = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
+        @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
         markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
           set_attribute(key, value)
         end
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for")
       end
     end
 
     def strict_parse(markup)
       p = Parser.new(markup)
       @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in".freeze)) unless p.id?('in'.freeze)
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in") unless p.id?('in')
-      collection_name = p.expression
-      @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
-      @reversed = p.id?('reversed'.freeze)
 
-      while p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
+      collection_name  = p.expression
-        unless attribute = p.id?('limit'.freeze) || p.id?('offset'.freeze)
+      @collection_name = parse_expression(collection_name)
-          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute".freeze))
+
+      @name     = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+      @reversed = p.id?('reversed')
+
+      while p.look(:comma) || p.look(:id)
+        p.consume?(:comma)
+        unless (attribute = p.id?('limit') || p.id?('offset'))
+          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute")
         end
-        p.consume
+        p.consume(:colon)
         set_attribute(attribute, p.expression)
       end
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -150,11 +143,9 @@ module Liquid
       segment
     end
 
-    def render_segment(context, segment)
+    def render_segment(context, output, segment)
       for_stack = context.registers[:for_stack] ||= []
-      length = segment.length
+      length    = segment.length
-
-      result = ''
 
       context.stack do
         loop_vars = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(@name, length, for_stack[-1])
@@ -162,43 +153,46 @@ module Liquid
         for_stack.push(loop_vars)
 
         begin
-          context['forloop'.freeze] = loop_vars
+          context['forloop'] = loop_vars
 
           segment.each do |item|
             context[@variable_name] = item
-            result << @for_block.render(context)
+            @for_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
             loop_vars.send(:increment!)
 
             # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
-            if context.interrupt?
+            next unless context.interrupt?
-              interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
+            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
-              break if interrupt.is_a? BreakInterrupt
+            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
-              next if interrupt.is_a? ContinueInterrupt
+            next if interrupt.is_a?(ContinueInterrupt)
-            end
           end
         ensure
           for_stack.pop
         end
       end
 
-      result
+      output
     end
 
     def set_attribute(key, expr)
       case key
-      when 'offset'.freeze
+      when 'offset'
-        @from = if expr == 'continue'.freeze
+        @from = if expr == 'continue'
           :continue
         else
-          Expression.parse(expr)
+          parse_expression(expr)
         end
-      when 'limit'.freeze
+      when 'limit'
-        @limit = Expression.parse(expr)
+        @limit = parse_expression(expr)
       end
     end
 
-    def render_else(context)
+    def render_else(context, output)
-      @else_block ? @else_block.render(context) : ''.freeze
+      if @else_block
+        @else_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      else
+        output
+      end
     end
 
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
@@ -207,6 +201,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('for'.freeze, For)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/if.rb

@@ -1,25 +1,29 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # If is the conditional block
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #   {% if user.admin %}
+  # @liquid_category conditional
-  #     Admin user!
+  # @liquid_name if
-  #   {% else %}
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #     Not admin user
+  #   Renders an expression if a specific condition is `true`.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% if condition %}
+  #     expression
   #   {% endif %}
-  #
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
-  #    There are {% if count < 5 %} less {% else %} more {% endif %} items than you need.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render if the condition is met.
-  #
   class If < Block
-    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
+    Syntax                  = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
     ExpressionsAndOperators = /(?:\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b|(?:\s*(?!\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b)(?:#{QuotedFragment}|\S+)\s*)+)/o
-    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS = %w(and or).freeze
+    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS       = %w(and or).freeze
 
     attr_reader :blocks
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
       @blocks = []
-      push_block('if'.freeze, markup)
+      push_block('if', markup)
     end
 
     def nodelist
@@ -29,53 +33,67 @@ module Liquid
     def parse(tokens)
       while parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
       end
+      @blocks.reverse_each do |block|
+        block.attachment.remove_blank_strings if blank?
+        block.attachment.freeze
+      end
     end
 
+    ELSE_TAG_NAMES = ['elsif', 'else'].freeze
+    private_constant :ELSE_TAG_NAMES
+
     def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      if ['elsif'.freeze, 'else'.freeze].include?(tag)
+      if ELSE_TAG_NAMES.include?(tag)
         push_block(tag, markup)
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
+      @blocks.each do |block|
-        @blocks.each do |block|
+        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-          if block.evaluate(context)
+          block.evaluate(context),
-            return block.attachment.render(context)
+        )
-          end
+
+        if result
+          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
         end
-        ''.freeze
       end
+
+      output
     end
 
     private
 
     def push_block(tag, markup)
-      block = if tag == 'else'.freeze
+      block = if tag == 'else'
         ElseCondition.new
       else
         parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
       end
 
       @blocks.push(block)
-      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
+      block.attach(new_body)
+    end
+
+    def parse_expression(markup)
+      Condition.parse_expression(parse_context, markup)
     end
 
     def lax_parse(markup)
       expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
-      raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
 
-      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
+      condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
 
       until expressions.empty?
         operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip
 
-        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
 
-        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
+        new_condition = Condition.new(parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(3)))
-        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
         new_condition.send(operator, condition)
         condition = new_condition
       end
@@ -93,7 +111,7 @@ module Liquid
     def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
       condition = parse_comparison(p)
       first_condition = condition
-      while op = (p.id?('and'.freeze) || p.id?('or'.freeze))
+      while (op = p.id?('and') || p.id?('or'))
         child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
         condition.send(op, child_condition)
         condition = child_condition
@@ -102,9 +120,9 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def parse_comparison(p)
-      a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+      a = parse_expression(p.expression)
-      if op = p.consume?(:comparison)
+      if (op = p.consume?(:comparison))
-        b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+        b = parse_expression(p.expression)
         Condition.new(a, op, b)
       else
         Condition.new(a)
@@ -117,6 +135,4 @@ module Liquid
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('if'.freeze, If)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb

@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class Ifchanged < Block
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
+      block_output = +''
-        output = super
+      super(context, block_output)
 
-        if output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
+      if block_output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
-          context.registers[:ifchanged] = output
+        context.registers[:ifchanged] = block_output
-          output
+        output << block_output
-        else
-          ''.freeze
-        end
       end
+
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('ifchanged'.freeze, Ifchanged)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/include.rb

@@ -1,53 +1,66 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  # Simply include another template:
+  # @liquid_category theme
-  #
+  # @liquid_name include
-  #   {% include 'product' %}
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #
+  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture#snippets).
-  # Include a template with a local variable:
+  # @liquid_description
-  #
+  #   Inside the snippet, you can access and alter variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside of the
-  #   {% include 'product' with products[0] %}
+  #   snippet.
-  #
+  # @liquid_syntax
-  # Include a template for a collection:
+  #   {% include 'filename' %}
-  #
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
-  #   {% include 'product' for products %}
+  # @liquid_deprecated
+  #   Deprecated because the way that variables are handled reduces performance and makes code harder to both read and maintain.
   #
+  #   The `include` tag has been replaced by [`render`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render).
   class Include < Tag
-    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?/o
+    prepend Tag::Disableable
+
+    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
+    Syntax = SYNTAX
 
     attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
 
-      if markup =~ Syntax
+      if markup =~ SYNTAX
 
-        template_name = $1
+        template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        variable_name = $3
+        variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)
 
-        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
+        @alias_name         = Regexp.last_match(5)
-        @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
+        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
-        @attributes = {}
+        @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
+        @attributes         = {}
 
         markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
         end
 
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include")
       end
     end
 
     def parse(_tokens)
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
       template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include")) unless template_name
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name.is_a?(String)
 
-      partial = load_cached_partial(template_name, context)
+      partial = PartialCache.load(
-      context_variable_name = template_name.split('/'.freeze).last
+        template_name,
+        context: context,
+        parse_context: parse_context,
+      )
+
+      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
 
       variable = if @variable_name_expr
         context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr)
@@ -56,69 +69,45 @@ module Liquid
       end
 
       old_template_name = context.template_name
-      old_partial = context.partial
+      old_partial       = context.partial
+
       begin
-        context.template_name = template_name
+        context.template_name = partial.name
         context.partial = true
+
         context.stack do
           @attributes.each do |key, value|
             context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
           end
 
           if variable.is_a?(Array)
-            variable.collect do |var|
+            variable.each do |var|
               context[context_variable_name] = var
-              partial.render(context)
+              partial.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
             end
           else
             context[context_variable_name] = variable
-            partial.render(context)
+            partial.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
           end
         end
       ensure
         context.template_name = old_template_name
-        context.partial = old_partial
+        context.partial       = old_partial
       end
-    end
 
-    private
+      output
+    end
 
     alias_method :parse_context, :options
     private :parse_context
 
-    def load_cached_partial(template_name, context)
-      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials] || {}
-
-      if cached = cached_partials[template_name]
-        return cached
-      end
-      source = read_template_from_file_system(context)
-      begin
-        parse_context.partial = true
-        partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
-      ensure
-        parse_context.partial = false
-      end
-      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
-      context.registers[:cached_partials] = cached_partials
-      partial
-    end
-
-    def read_template_from_file_system(context)
-      file_system = context.registers[:file_system] || Liquid::Template.file_system
-
-      file_system.read_template_file(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr))
-    end
-
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
       def children
         [
           @node.template_name_expr,
-          @node.variable_name_expr
+          @node.variable_name_expr,
         ] + @node.attributes.values
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('include'.freeze, Include)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb

@@ -1,31 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
-  # increment is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
+  # @liquid_category variable
-  #     (To achieve the survival, the application must keep the context)
+  # @liquid_name increment
-  #
+  # @liquid_summary
-  #     if the variable does not exist, it is created with value 0.
+  #   Creates a new variable, with a default value of 0, that's increased by 1 with each subsequent call.
-  #
+  # @liquid_description
-  #   Hello: {% increment variable %}
+  #   Variables that are declared with `increment` are unique to the [layout](/themes/architecture/layouts), [template](/themes/architecture/templates),
-  #
+  #   or [section](/themes/architecture/sections) file that they're created in. However, the variable is shared across
-  # gives you:
+  #   [snippets](/themes/architecture#snippets) included in the file.
-  #
-  #    Hello: 0
-  #    Hello: 1
-  #    Hello: 2
   #
+  #   Similarly, variables that are created with `increment` are independent from those created with [`assign`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/assign)
+  #   and [`capture`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/capture). However, `increment` and [`decrement`](/docs/api/liquid/tags/decrement) share
+  #   variables.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% increment variable_name %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable_name The name of the variable being incremented.
   class Increment < Tag
+    attr_reader :variable_name
+
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
-      @variable = markup.strip
+      @variable_name = markup.strip
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
+      counter_environment = context.environments.first
-      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1
+      value = counter_environment[@variable_name] || 0
-      value.to_s
+      counter_environment[@variable_name] = value + 1
+
+      output << value.to_s
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('increment'.freeze, Increment)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/inline_comment.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class InlineComment < Tag
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+      super
+
+      # Semantically, a comment should only ignore everything after it on the line.
+      # Currently, this implementation doesn't support mixing a comment with another tag
+      # but we need to reserve future support for this and prevent the introduction
+      # of inline comments from being backward incompatible change.
+      #
+      # As such, we're forcing users to put a # symbol on every line otherwise this
+      # tag will throw an error.
+      if markup.match?(/\n\s*[^#\s]/)
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.inline_comment_invalid")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
+      output
+    end
+
+    def blank?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category syntax
+  # @liquid_name raw
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Outputs any Liquid code as text instead of rendering it.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% raw %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endraw %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to be output without being rendered.
   class Raw < Block
     Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
-    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om
 
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
       super
@@ -10,20 +22,22 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def parse(tokens)
-      @body = ''
+      @body = +''
-      while token = tokens.shift
+      while (token = tokens.shift)
-        if token =~ FullTokenPossiblyInvalid
+        if token =~ BlockBody::FullTokenPossiblyInvalid && block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
-          @body << $1 if $1 != "".freeze
+          parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
-          return if block_delimiter == $2
+          @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
+          return
         end
         @body << token unless token.empty?
       end
 
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, block_name: block_name))
+      raise_tag_never_closed(block_name)
     end
 
-    def render(_context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      @body
+      output << @body
+      output
     end
 
     def nodelist
@@ -37,11 +51,9 @@ module Liquid
     protected
 
     def ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      unless markup =~ Syntax
+      unless Syntax.match?(markup)
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_unexpected_args".freeze, tag: tag_name))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_unexpected_args", tag: tag_name)
       end
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('raw'.freeze, Raw)
 end

lib/liquid/tags/render.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category theme
+  # @liquid_name render
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders a [snippet](/themes/architecture#snippets) or [app block](/themes/architecture/sections/section-schema#render-app-blocks).
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   Inside snippets and app blocks, you can't directly access variables that are [created](/docs/api/liquid/tags/variable-tags) outside
+  #   of the snippet or app block. However, you can [specify variables as parameters](/docs/api/liquid/tags/render#render-passing-variables-to-a-snippet)
+  #   to pass outside variables to snippets.
+  #
+  #   While you can't directly access created variables, you can access global objects, as well as any objects that are
+  #   directly accessible outside the snippet or app block. For example, a snippet or app block inside the [product template](/themes/architecture/templates/product)
+  #   can access the [`product` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/product), and a snippet or app block inside a [section](/themes/architecture/sections)
+  #   can access the [`section` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/section).
+  #
+  #   Outside a snippet or app block, you can't access variables created inside the snippet or app block.
+  #
+  #   > Note:
+  #   > When you render a snippet using the `render` tag, you can't use the [`include` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/include)
+  #   > inside the snippet.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% render 'filename' %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword filename The name of the snippet to render, without the `.liquid` extension.
+  class Render < Tag
+    FOR = 'for'
+    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString}+)(\s+(with|#{FOR})\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
+
+    disable_tags "include"
+
+    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes, :alias_name
+
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+      super
+
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.render") unless markup =~ SYNTAX
+
+      template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+      with_or_for = Regexp.last_match(3)
+      variable_name = Regexp.last_match(4)
+
+      @alias_name = Regexp.last_match(6)
+      @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? parse_expression(variable_name) : nil
+      @template_name_expr = parse_expression(template_name)
+      @is_for_loop = (with_or_for == FOR)
+
+      @attributes = {}
+      markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
+        @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def for_loop?
+      @is_for_loop
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      render_tag(context, output)
+    end
+
+    def render_tag(context, output)
+      # The expression should be a String literal, which parses to a String object
+      template_name = @template_name_expr
+      raise ::ArgumentError unless template_name.is_a?(String)
+
+      partial = PartialCache.load(
+        template_name,
+        context: context,
+        parse_context: parse_context,
+      )
+
+      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
+
+      render_partial_func = ->(var, forloop) {
+        inner_context               = context.new_isolated_subcontext
+        inner_context.template_name = partial.name
+        inner_context.partial       = true
+        inner_context['forloop']    = forloop if forloop
+
+        @attributes.each do |key, value|
+          inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
+        end
+        inner_context[context_variable_name] = var unless var.nil?
+        partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)
+        forloop&.send(:increment!)
+      }
+
+      variable = @variable_name_expr ? context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr) : nil
+      if @is_for_loop && variable.respond_to?(:each) && variable.respond_to?(:count)
+        forloop = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(template_name, variable.count, nil)
+        variable.each { |var| render_partial_func.call(var, forloop) }
+      else
+        render_partial_func.call(variable, nil)
+      end
+
+      output
+    end
+
+    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+      def children
+        [
+          @node.template_name_expr,
+          @node.variable_name_expr,
+        ] + @node.attributes.values
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
+  # @liquid_public_docs
+  # @liquid_type tag
+  # @liquid_category iteration
+  # @liquid_name tablerow
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Generates HTML table rows for every item in an array.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   The `tablerow` tag must be wrapped in HTML `<table>` and `</table>` tags.
+  #
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Every `tablerow` loop has an associated [`tablerowloop` object](/docs/api/liquid/objects/tablerowloop) with information about the loop.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% tablerow variable in array %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endtablerow %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword variable The current item in the array.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword array The array to iterate over.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render.
+  # @liquid_optional_param cols [number] The number of columns that the table should have.
+  # @liquid_optional_param limit [number] The number of iterations to perform.
+  # @liquid_optional_param offset [number] The 1-based index to start iterating at.
+  # @liquid_optional_param range [untyped] A custom numeric range to iterate over.
   class TableRow < Block
     Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o
 
@@ -7,48 +31,56 @@ module Liquid
     def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
       super
       if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name = $1
+        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @collection_name = Expression.parse($2)
+        @collection_name = parse_expression(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @attributes = {}
+        @attributes      = {}
         markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+          @attributes[key] = parse_expression(value)
         end
       else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row")
       end
     end
 
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name) or return ''.freeze
+      (collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)) || (return '')
 
-      from = @attributes.key?('offset'.freeze) ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'.freeze]).to_i : 0
+      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'])) : 0
-      to = @attributes.key?('limit'.freeze) ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'.freeze]).to_i : nil
+      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'])) : nil
 
       collection = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
+      length     = collection.length
 
-      length = collection.length
+      cols = @attributes.key?('cols') ? to_integer(context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'])) : length
 
-      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'.freeze]).to_i
+      output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
-
-      result = "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
       context.stack do
         tablerowloop = Liquid::TablerowloopDrop.new(length, cols)
-        context['tablerowloop'.freeze] = tablerowloop
+        context['tablerowloop'] = tablerowloop
 
         collection.each do |item|
           context[@variable_name] = item
 
-          result << "<td class=\"col#{tablerowloop.col}\">" << super << '</td>'
+          output << "<td class=\"col#{tablerowloop.col}\">"
+          super
+          output << '</td>'
+
+          # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
+          if context.interrupt?
+            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
+            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
+          end
 
           if tablerowloop.col_last && !tablerowloop.last
-            result << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
+            output << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
           end
 
           tablerowloop.send(:increment!)
         end
       end
-      result << "</tr>\n"
+
-      result
+      output << "</tr>\n"
+      output
     end
 
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
@@ -56,7 +88,13 @@ module Liquid
         super + @node.attributes.values + [@node.collection_name]
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  Template.register_tag('tablerow'.freeze, TableRow)
+    private
+
+    def to_integer(value)
+      value.to_i
+    rescue NoMethodError
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid integer"
+    end
+  end
 end

lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb

@@ -1,30 +1,47 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require_relative 'if'
 
 module Liquid
-  # Unless is a conditional just like 'if' but works on the inverse logic.
+  # @liquid_public_docs
-  #
+  # @liquid_type tag
-  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% endunless %}
+  # @liquid_category conditional
-  #
+  # @liquid_name unless
+  # @liquid_summary
+  #   Renders an expression unless a specific condition is `true`.
+  # @liquid_description
+  #   > Tip:
+  #   > Similar to the [`if` tag](/docs/api/liquid/tags/if), you can use `elsif` to add more conditions to an `unless` tag.
+  # @liquid_syntax
+  #   {% unless condition %}
+  #     expression
+  #   {% endunless %}
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword condition The condition to evaluate.
+  # @liquid_syntax_keyword expression The expression to render unless the condition is met.
   class Unless < If
-    def render(context)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
+      # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
-        # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
+      first_block = @blocks.first
-        first_block = @blocks.first
+      result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
-        unless first_block.evaluate(context)
+        first_block.evaluate(context),
-          return first_block.attachment.render(context)
+      )
-        end
 
-        # After the first condition unless works just like if
+      unless result
-        @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
+        return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-          if block.evaluate(context)
-            return block.attachment.render(context)
-          end
-        end
-
-        ''.freeze
       end
+
+      # After the first condition unless works just like if
+      @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
+        result = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(
+          block.evaluate(context),
+        )
+
+        if result
+          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        end
+      end
+
+      output
     end
   end
-
-  Template.register_tag('unless'.freeze, Unless)
 end

lib/liquid/template.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # Templates are central to liquid.
   # Interpretating templates is a two step process. First you compile the
@@ -13,47 +15,9 @@ module Liquid
   #   template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
   #
   class Template
-    attr_accessor :root
+    attr_accessor :root, :name
     attr_reader :resource_limits, :warnings
 
-    @@file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
-
-    class TagRegistry
-      include Enumerable
-
-      def initialize
-        @tags = {}
-        @cache = {}
-      end
-
-      def [](tag_name)
-        return nil unless @tags.key?(tag_name)
-        return @cache[tag_name] if Liquid.cache_classes
-
-        lookup_class(@tags[tag_name]).tap { |o| @cache[tag_name] = o }
-      end
-
-      def []=(tag_name, klass)
-        @tags[tag_name]  = klass.name
-        @cache[tag_name] = klass
-      end
-
-      def delete(tag_name)
-        @tags.delete(tag_name)
-        @cache.delete(tag_name)
-      end
-
-      def each(&block)
-        @tags.each(&block)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def lookup_class(name)
-        name.split("::").reject(&:empty?).reduce(Object) { |scope, const| scope.const_get(const) }
-      end
-    end
-
     attr_reader :profiler
 
     class << self
@@ -61,76 +25,85 @@ module Liquid
       # :lax acts like liquid 2.5 and silently ignores malformed tags in most cases.
       # :warn is the default and will give deprecation warnings when invalid syntax is used.
       # :strict will enforce correct syntax.
-      attr_writer :error_mode
+      def error_mode=(mode)
-
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.error_mode=", "Environment#error_mode=")
-      # Sets how strict the taint checker should be.
+        Environment.default.error_mode = mode
-      # :lax is the default, and ignores the taint flag completely
-      # :warn adds a warning, but does not interrupt the rendering
-      # :error raises an error when tainted output is used
-      attr_writer :taint_mode
-
-      attr_accessor :default_exception_renderer
-      Template.default_exception_renderer = lambda do |exception|
-        exception
-      end
-
-      def file_system
-        @@file_system
-      end
-
-      def file_system=(obj)
-        @@file_system = obj
-      end
-
-      def register_tag(name, klass)
-        tags[name.to_s] = klass
-      end
-
-      def tags
-        @tags ||= TagRegistry.new
       end
 
       def error_mode
-        @error_mode ||= :lax
+        Environment.default.error_mode
       end
 
-      def taint_mode
+      def default_exception_renderer=(renderer)
-        @taint_mode ||= :lax
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_exception_renderer=", "Environment#exception_renderer=")
+        Environment.default.exception_renderer = renderer
+      end
+
+      def default_exception_renderer
+        Environment.default.exception_renderer
+      end
+
+      def file_system=(file_system)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.file_system=", "Environment#file_system=")
+        Environment.default.file_system = file_system
+      end
+
+      def file_system
+        Environment.default.file_system
+      end
+
+      def tags
+        Environment.default.tags
+      end
+
+      def register_tag(name, klass)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_tag", "Environment#register_tag")
+        Environment.default.register_tag(name, klass)
       end
 
       # Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
       # to all liquid views. Good for registering the standard library
       def register_filter(mod)
-        Strainer.global_filter(mod)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.register_filter", "Environment#register_filter")
+        Environment.default.register_filter(mod)
+      end
+
+      private def default_resource_limits=(limits)
+        Deprecations.warn("Template.default_resource_limits=", "Environment#default_resource_limits=")
+        Environment.default.default_resource_limits = limits
       end
 
       def default_resource_limits
-        @default_resource_limits ||= {}
+        Environment.default.default_resource_limits
       end
 
       # creates a new <tt>Template</tt> object from liquid source code
       # To enable profiling, pass in <tt>profile: true</tt> as an option.
       # See Liquid::Profiler for more information
       def parse(source, options = {})
-        template = Template.new
+        environment = options[:environment] || Environment.default
-        template.parse(source, options)
+        new(environment: environment).parse(source, options)
       end
     end
 
-    def initialize
+    def initialize(environment: Environment.default)
-      @rethrow_errors = false
+      @environment = environment
-      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(self.class.default_resource_limits)
+      @rethrow_errors  = false
+      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(environment.default_resource_limits)
     end
 
     # Parse source code.
     # Returns self for easy chaining
     def parse(source, options = {})
-      @options = options
+      parse_context = configure_options(options)
-      @profiling = options[:profile]
+      source = source.to_s.to_str
-      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
+
-      parse_context = options.is_a?(ParseContext) ? options : ParseContext.new(options)
+      unless source.valid_encoding?
-      @root = Document.parse(tokenize(source), parse_context)
+        raise TemplateEncodingError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_template_encoding")
-      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
+      end
+
+      tokenizer     = parse_context.new_tokenizer(source, start_line_number: @line_numbers && 1)
+      @root         = Document.parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
       self
     end
 
@@ -165,33 +138,39 @@ module Liquid
     #    filters and tags and might be useful to integrate liquid more with its host application
     #
     def render(*args)
-      return ''.freeze if @root.nil?
+      return '' if @root.nil?
 
       context = case args.first
       when Liquid::Context
         c = args.shift
 
         if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = ->(e) { raise }
+          c.exception_renderer = Liquid::RAISE_EXCEPTION_LAMBDA
         end
 
         c
       when Liquid::Drop
-        drop = args.shift
+        drop         = args.shift
-        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
+        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
       when Hash
-        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
+        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
       when nil
-        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
+        Context.new(assigns, instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits, {}, @environment)
       else
         raise ArgumentError, "Expected Hash or Liquid::Context as parameter"
       end
 
+      output = nil
+
       case args.last
       when Hash
         options = args.pop
+        output  = options[:output] if options[:output]
+        static_registers = context.registers.static
 
-        registers.merge!(options[:registers]) if options[:registers].is_a?(Hash)
+        options[:registers]&.each do |key, register|
+          static_registers[key] = register
+        end
 
         apply_options_to_context(context, options)
       when Module, Array
@@ -201,13 +180,15 @@ module Liquid
       # Retrying a render resets resource usage
       context.resource_limits.reset
 
+      if @profiling && context.profiler.nil?
+        @profiler = context.profiler = Liquid::Profiler.new
+      end
+
+      context.template_name ||= name
+
       begin
         # render the nodelist.
-        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
+        @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
-        result = with_profiling(context) do
-          @root.render(context)
-        end
-        result.respond_to?(:join) ? result.join : result
       rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
         context.handle_error(e)
       ensure
@@ -220,35 +201,37 @@ module Liquid
       render(*args)
     end
 
-    private
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-
+      render(context, output: output)
-    def tokenize(source)
-      Tokenizer.new(source, @line_numbers)
     end
 
-    def with_profiling(context)
+    private
-      if @profiling && !context.partial
+
+    def configure_options(options)
+      if (profiling = options[:profile])
         raise "Profiler not loaded, require 'liquid/profiler' first" unless defined?(Liquid::Profiler)
-
-        @profiler = Profiler.new
-        @profiler.start
-
-        begin
-          yield
-        ensure
-          @profiler.stop
-        end
-      else
-        yield
       end
+
+      @options      = options
+      @profiling    = profiling
+      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
+      parse_context = if options.is_a?(ParseContext)
+        options
+      else
+        opts = options.key?(:environment) ? options : options.merge(environment: @environment)
+        ParseContext.new(opts)
+      end
+
+      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
+      parse_context
     end
 
     def apply_options_to_context(context, options)
       context.add_filters(options[:filters]) if options[:filters]
-      context.global_filter = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
+      context.global_filter      = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
       context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
-      context.strict_variables = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
+      context.strict_variables   = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
-      context.strict_filters = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
+      context.strict_filters     = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
     end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/template_factory.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class TemplateFactory
+    def for(_template_name)
+      Liquid::Template.new
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb

@@ -1,29 +1,43 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class Tokenizer
-    attr_reader :line_number
+    attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag
 
-    def initialize(source, line_numbers = false)
+    def initialize(source, line_numbers = false, line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
-      @source = source
+      @source         = source
-      @line_number = line_numbers ? 1 : nil
+      @line_number    = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
-      @tokens = tokenize
+      @for_liquid_tag = for_liquid_tag
+      @offset         = 0
+      @tokens         = tokenize
     end
 
     def shift
-      token = @tokens.shift
+      token = @tokens[@offset]
-      @line_number += token.count("\n") if @line_number && token
+      return nil unless token
+
+      @offset += 1
+
+      if @line_number
+        @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
+      end
+
       token
     end
 
     private
 
     def tokenize
-      @source = @source.source if @source.respond_to?(:source)
+      return [] if @source.empty?
-      return [] if @source.to_s.empty?
+
+      return @source.split("\n") if @for_liquid_tag
 
       tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)
 
       # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
-      tokens.shift if tokens[0] && tokens[0].empty?
+      if tokens[0]&.empty?
+        @offset += 1
+      end
 
       tokens
     end

lib/liquid/usage.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  module Usage
+    def self.increment(name)
+    end
+  end
+end

lib/liquid/utils.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   module Utils
     def self.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ module Liquid
 
     def self.slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
       segments = []
-      index = 0
+      index    = 0
 
       # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
       if collection.is_a?(String)
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ module Liquid
       when Numeric
         obj
       when String
-        (obj.strip =~ /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
+        /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/.match?(obj.strip) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
       else
         if obj.respond_to?(:to_number)
           obj.to_number
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ module Liquid
       end
 
       case obj
-      when 'now'.freeze, 'today'.freeze
+      when 'now', 'today'
         Time.now
       when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
         Time.at(obj.to_i)
@@ -79,5 +81,13 @@ module Liquid
     rescue ::ArgumentError
       nil
     end
+
+    def self.to_liquid_value(obj)
+      # Enable "obj" to represent itself as a primitive value like integer, string, or boolean
+      return obj.to_liquid_value if obj.respond_to?(:to_liquid_value)
+
+      # Otherwise return the object itself
+      obj
+    end
   end
 end

lib/liquid/variable.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   # Holds variables. Variables are only loaded "just in time"
   # and are not evaluated as part of the render stage
@@ -10,10 +12,10 @@ module Liquid
   #   {{ user | link }}
   #
   class Variable
-    FilterMarkupRegex = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
+    FilterMarkupRegex        = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
-    FilterParser = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
+    FilterParser             = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
-    FilterArgsRegex = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
+    FilterArgsRegex          = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
-    JustTagAttributes = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
+    JustTagAttributes        = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
     MarkupWithQuotedFragment = /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om
 
     attr_accessor :filters, :name, :line_number
@@ -23,12 +25,12 @@ module Liquid
     include ParserSwitching
 
     def initialize(markup, parse_context)
-      @markup  = markup
+      @markup        = markup
-      @name    = nil
+      @name          = nil
       @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
+      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
 
-      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+      strict_parse_with_error_mode_fallback(markup)
     end
 
     def raw
@@ -43,11 +45,11 @@ module Liquid
       @filters = []
       return unless markup =~ MarkupWithQuotedFragment
 
-      name_markup = $1
+      name_markup   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      filter_markup = $2
+      filter_markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
-      @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
+      @name         = parse_context.parse_expression(name_markup)
       if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
-        filters = $1.scan(FilterParser)
+        filters = Regexp.last_match(1).scan(FilterParser)
         filters.each do |f|
           next unless f =~ /\w+/
           filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
@@ -61,10 +63,12 @@ module Liquid
       @filters = []
       p = Parser.new(markup)
 
-      @name = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+      return if p.look(:end_of_string)
+
+      @name = parse_context.parse_expression(p.expression)
       while p.consume?(:pipe)
         filtername = p.consume(:id)
-        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : []
+        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : Const::EMPTY_ARRAY
         @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
       end
       p.consume(:end_of_string)
@@ -79,29 +83,48 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def render(context)
-      obj = @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
+      obj = context.evaluate(@name)
+
+      @filters.each do |filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs|
         filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-        context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
+        obj = context.invoke(filter_name, obj, *filter_args)
       end
 
-      obj = context.apply_global_filter(obj)
+      context.apply_global_filter(obj)
+    end
 
-      taint_check(context, obj)
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      obj = render(context)
 
-      obj
+      if obj.is_a?(Array)
+        output << obj.join
+      elsif obj.nil?
+      else
+        output << obj.to_s
+      end
+
+      output
+    end
+
+    def disabled?(_context)
+      false
+    end
+
+    def disabled_tags
+      []
     end
 
     private
 
     def parse_filter_expressions(filter_name, unparsed_args)
-      filter_args = []
+      filter_args  = []
       keyword_args = nil
       unparsed_args.each do |a|
-        if matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes)
+        if (matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes))
-          keyword_args ||= {}
+          keyword_args           ||= {}
-          keyword_args[matches[1]] = Expression.parse(matches[2])
+          keyword_args[matches[1]] = parse_context.parse_expression(matches[2])
         else
-          filter_args << Expression.parse(a)
+          filter_args << parse_context.parse_expression(a)
         end
       end
       result = [filter_name, filter_args]
@@ -110,7 +133,7 @@ module Liquid
     end
 
     def evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-      parsed_args = filter_args.map{ |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
+      parsed_args = filter_args.map { |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
       if filter_kwargs
         parsed_kwargs = {}
         filter_kwargs.each do |key, expr|
@@ -121,25 +144,6 @@ module Liquid
       parsed_args
     end
 
-    def taint_check(context, obj)
-      return unless obj.tainted?
-      return if Template.taint_mode == :lax
-
-      @markup =~ QuotedFragment
-      name = Regexp.last_match(0)
-
-      error = TaintedError.new("variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped")
-      error.line_number = line_number
-      error.template_name = context.template_name
-
-      case Template.taint_mode
-      when :warn
-        context.warnings << error
-      when :error
-        raise error
-      end
-    end
-
     class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
       def children
         [@node.name] + @node.filters.flatten

lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
   class VariableLookup
-    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
+    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze
-    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size'.freeze, 'first'.freeze, 'last'.freeze].freeze
 
     attr_reader :name, :lookups
 
@@ -13,31 +14,38 @@ module Liquid
       lookups = markup.scan(VariableParser)
 
       name = lookups.shift
-      if name =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
+      if name&.start_with?('[') && name&.end_with?(']')
-        name = Expression.parse($1)
+        name = Expression.parse(name[1..-2])
       end
       @name = name
 
-      @lookups = lookups
+      @lookups       = lookups
       @command_flags = 0
 
       @lookups.each_index do |i|
         lookup = lookups[i]
-        if lookup =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
+        if lookup&.start_with?('[') && lookup&.end_with?(']')
-          lookups[i] = Expression.parse($1)
+          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(lookup[1..-2])
         elsif COMMAND_METHODS.include?(lookup)
           @command_flags |= 1 << i
         end
       end
     end
 
+    def lookup_command?(lookup_index)
+      @command_flags & (1 << lookup_index) != 0
+    end
+
     def evaluate(context)
-      name = context.evaluate(@name)
+      name   = context.evaluate(@name)
       object = context.find_variable(name)
 
       @lookups.each_index do |i|
         key = context.evaluate(@lookups[i])
 
+        # Cast "key" to its liquid value to enable it to act as a primitive value
+        key = Liquid::Utils.to_liquid_value(key)
+
         # If object is a hash- or array-like object we look for the
         # presence of the key and if its available we return it
         if object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
@@ -45,13 +53,13 @@ module Liquid
              (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
 
           # if its a proc we will replace the entry with the proc
-          res = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
+          res    = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
           object = res.to_liquid
 
           # Some special cases. If the part wasn't in square brackets and
           # no key with the same name was found we interpret following calls
           # as commands and call them on the current object
-        elsif @command_flags & (1 << i) != 0 && object.respond_to?(key)
+        elsif lookup_command?(i) && object.respond_to?(key)
           object = object.send(key).to_liquid
 
           # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported

lib/liquid/version.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "4.0.3".freeze
+  VERSION = "5.6.0.alpha"
 end

liquid.gemspec

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
 lib = File.expand_path('../lib/', __FILE__)
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift lib unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
 
 require "liquid/version"
 
@@ -16,16 +17,20 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.license     = "MIT"
   # s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
 
-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.1.0"
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 3.0.0"
   s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.3.7"
 
-  s.test_files  = Dir.glob("{test}/**/*")
+  s.metadata['allowed_push_host'] = 'https://rubygems.org'
-  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
+
+  s.files = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
 
   s.extra_rdoc_files = ["History.md", "README.md"]
 
   s.require_path = "lib"
 
-  s.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 11.3'
+  s.add_dependency("strscan")
-  s.add_development_dependency 'minitest'
+  s.add_dependency("bigdecimal")
+
+  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 13.0')
+  s.add_development_dependency('minitest')
 end

performance/benchmark.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'
 
+RubyVM::YJIT.enable if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new
 
 Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.time = 10
+  x.time   = 10
   x.warmup = 5
 
   puts

performance/memory_profile.rb

@@ -2,25 +2,62 @@
 
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require 'memory_profiler'
+require 'terminal-table'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'
 
-def profile(phase, &block)
+class Profiler
-  puts
+  LOG_LABEL   = "Profiling: ".rjust(14).freeze
-  puts "#{phase}:"
+  REPORTS_DIR = File.expand_path('.memprof', __dir__).freeze
-  puts
 
-  report = MemoryProfiler.report(&block)
+  def self.run
+    puts
+    yield new
+  end
 
-  report.pretty_print(
+  def initialize
-    color_output: true,
+    @allocated = []
-    scale_bytes: true,
+    @retained  = []
-    detailed_report: true
+    @headings  = []
-  )
+  end
+
+  def profile(phase, &block)
+    print(LOG_LABEL)
+    print("#{phase}.. ".ljust(10))
+    report = MemoryProfiler.report(&block)
+    puts 'Done.'
+    @headings  << phase.capitalize
+    @allocated << "#{report.scale_bytes(report.total_allocated_memsize)} (#{report.total_allocated} objects)"
+    @retained  << "#{report.scale_bytes(report.total_retained_memsize)} (#{report.total_retained} objects)"
+
+    return if ENV['CI']
+
+    require 'fileutils'
+    report_file = File.join(REPORTS_DIR, "#{sanitize(phase)}.txt")
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(REPORTS_DIR)
+    report.pretty_print(to_file: report_file, scale_bytes: true)
+  end
+
+  def tabulate
+    table = Terminal::Table.new(headings: @headings.unshift('Phase')) do |t|
+      t << @allocated.unshift('Total allocated')
+      t << @retained.unshift('Total retained')
+    end
+
+    puts
+    puts table
+    puts "\nDetailed report(s) saved to #{REPORTS_DIR}/" unless ENV['CI']
+  end
+
+  def sanitize(string)
+    string.downcase.gsub(/[\W]/, '-').squeeze('-')
+  end
 end
 
 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 
-profiler = ThemeRunner.new
+runner = ThemeRunner.new
-
+Profiler.run do |x|
-profile("Parsing") { profiler.compile }
+  x.profile('parse') { runner.compile }
-profile("Rendering") { profiler.render }
+  x.profile('render') { runner.render }
+  x.tabulate
+end

performance/profile.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'stackprof'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'
 
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ profiler.run
     end
   end
 
-  if profile_type == :cpu && graph_filename = ENV['GRAPH_FILENAME']
+  if profile_type == :cpu && (graph_filename = ENV['GRAPH_FILENAME'])
     File.open(graph_filename, 'w') do |f|
       StackProf::Report.new(results).print_graphviz(nil, f)
     end

performance/shopify/comment_form.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
   Syntax = /(#{Liquid::VariableSignature}+)/
 
@@ -5,14 +7,14 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
     super
 
     if markup =~ Syntax
-      @variable_name = $1
+      @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @attributes = {}
+      @attributes    = {}
     else
-      raise SyntaxError.new("Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]")
+      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]"
     end
   end
 
-  def render(context)
+  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
     article = context[@variable_name]
 
     context.stack do
@@ -20,10 +22,12 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
         'posted_successfully?' => context.registers[:posted_successfully],
         'errors' => context['comment.errors'],
         'author' => context['comment.author'],
-        'email'  => context['comment.email'],
+        'email' => context['comment.email'],
-        'body'   => context['comment.body']
+        'body' => context['comment.body'],
       }
-      wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context))
+
+      output << wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context, output))
+      output
     end
   end
 

performance/shopify/database.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,21 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'yaml'
 
 module Database
+  DATABASE_FILE_PATH = "#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml"
+
   # Load the standard vision toolkit database and re-arrage it to be simply exportable
   # to liquid as assigns. All this is based on Shopify
   def self.tables
     @tables ||= begin
-      db = YAML.load_file("#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml")
+      db =
+        if YAML.respond_to?(:unsafe_load_file) # Only Psych 4+ can use unsafe_load_file
+          # unsafe_load_file is needed for YAML references
+          YAML.unsafe_load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
+        else
+          YAML.load_file(DATABASE_FILE_PATH)
+        end
 
       # From vision source
       db['products'].each do |product|
@@ -16,9 +26,10 @@ module Database
       end
 
       # key the tables by handles, as this is how liquid expects it.
-      db = db.inject({}) do |assigns, (key, values)|
+      db = db.each_with_object({}) do |(key, values), assigns|
-        assigns[key] = values.inject({}) { |h, v| h[v['handle']] = v; h; }
+        assigns[key] = values.each_with_object({}) do |v, h|
-        assigns
+          h[v['handle']] = v
+        end
       end
 
       # Some standard direct accessors so that the specialized templates
@@ -29,17 +40,12 @@ module Database
       db['article']    = db['blog']['articles'].first
 
       db['cart']       = {
-        'total_price' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['line_price'] * item['quantity'] },
+        'total_price' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum + item['line_price'] * item['quantity'] },
-        'item_count'  => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['quantity'] },
+        'item_count' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum + item['quantity'] },
-        'items'       => db['line_items'].values
+        'items' => db['line_items'].values,
       }
 
       db
     end
   end
 end
-
-if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
-  p Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys
-  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
-end

performance/shopify/json_filter.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'json'
 
 module JsonFilter
   def json(object)
-    JSON.dump(object.reject { |k, v| k == "collections" })
+    JSON.dump(object.reject { |k, _v| k == "collections" })
   end
 end

performance/shopify/liquid.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-$:.unshift __dir__ + '/../../lib'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(__dir__ + '/../../lib')
 require_relative '../../lib/liquid'
 
 require_relative 'comment_form'
@@ -9,11 +11,11 @@ require_relative 'shop_filter'
 require_relative 'tag_filter'
 require_relative 'weight_filter'
 
-Liquid::Template.register_tag 'paginate', Paginate
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
-Liquid::Template.register_tag 'form', CommentForm
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('form', CommentForm)
 
-Liquid::Template.register_filter JsonFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(JsonFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter MoneyFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter WeightFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(WeightFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter ShopFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(ShopFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter TagFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(TagFilter)

performance/shopify/money_filter.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module MoneyFilter
   def money_with_currency(money)
     return '' if money.nil?
-    sprintf("$ %.2f USD", money / 100.0)
+    format("$ %.2f USD", money / 100.0)
   end
 
   def money(money)
     return '' if money.nil?
-    sprintf("$ %.2f", money / 100.0)
+    format("$ %.2f", money / 100.0)
   end
 
   private

performance/shopify/paginate.rb

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 class Paginate < Liquid::Block
-  Syntax     = /(#{Liquid::QuotedFragment})\s*(by\s*(\d+))?/
+  Syntax = /(#{Liquid::QuotedFragment})\s*(by\s*(\d+))?/
 
   def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
     super
 
     if markup =~ Syntax
-      @collection_name = $1
+      @collection_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @page_size = if $2
+      @page_size       = if Regexp.last_match(2)
-        $3.to_i
+        Regexp.last_match(3).to_i
       else
         20
       end
@@ -17,34 +19,34 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
         @attributes[key] = value
       end
     else
-      raise SyntaxError.new("Syntax Error in tag 'paginate' - Valid syntax: paginate [collection] by number")
+      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in tag 'paginate' - Valid syntax: paginate [collection] by number"
     end
   end
 
-  def render(context)
+  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
     @context = context
 
     context.stack do
-      current_page  = context['current_page'].to_i
+      current_page = context['current_page'].to_i
 
       pagination = {
-        'page_size'      => @page_size,
+        'page_size' => @page_size,
-        'current_page'   => 5,
+        'current_page' => 5,
-        'current_offset' => @page_size * 5
+        'current_offset' => @page_size * 5,
       }
 
       context['paginate'] = pagination
 
-      collection_size  = context[@collection_name].size
+      collection_size = context[@collection_name].size
 
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot paginate array '#{@collection_name}'. Not found.") if collection_size.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot paginate array '#{@collection_name}'. Not found." if collection_size.nil?
 
       page_count = (collection_size.to_f / @page_size.to_f).to_f.ceil + 1
 
       pagination['items']      = collection_size
       pagination['pages']      = page_count - 1
-      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  unless 1 >= current_page
+      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  if 1 < current_page
-      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      unless page_count <= current_page + 1
+      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      if page_count > current_page + 1
       pagination['parts']      = []
 
       hellip_break = false

performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ShopFilter
   def asset_url(input)
     "/files/1/[shop_id]/[shop_id]/assets/#{input}"
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ module ShopFilter
 
   def link_to_vendor(vendor)
     if vendor
-      link_to vendor, url_for_vendor(vendor), vendor
+      link_to(vendor, url_for_vendor(vendor), vendor)
     else
       'Unknown Vendor'
     end
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ module ShopFilter
 
   def link_to_type(type)
     if type
-      link_to type, url_for_type(type), type
+      link_to(type, url_for_type(type), type)
     else
       'Unknown Vendor'
     end
@@ -52,15 +54,15 @@ module ShopFilter
   end
 
   def product_img_url(url, style = 'small')
-    unless url =~ /\Aproducts\/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})/
+    unless url =~ %r{\Aproducts/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})}
       raise ArgumentError, 'filter "size" can only be called on product images'
     end
 
     case style
     when 'original'
-      return '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
+      '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
     when 'grande', 'large', 'medium', 'compact', 'small', 'thumb', 'icon'
-      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{$1}_#{style}.#{$2}"
+      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{Regexp.last_match(1)}_#{style}.#{Regexp.last_match(2)}"
     else
       raise ArgumentError, 'valid parameters for filter "size" are: original, grande, large, medium, compact, small, thumb and icon '
     end
@@ -70,16 +72,14 @@ module ShopFilter
     html = []
     html << %(<span class="prev">#{link_to(paginate['previous']['title'], paginate['previous']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['previous']
 
-    for part in paginate['parts']
+    paginate['parts'].each do |part|
-
+      html << if part['is_link']
-      if part['is_link']
+        %(<span class="page">#{link_to(part['title'], part['url'])}</span>)
-        html << %(<span class="page">#{link_to(part['title'], part['url'])}</span>)
       elsif part['title'].to_i == paginate['current_page'].to_i
-        html << %(<span class="page current">#{part['title']}</span>)
+        %(<span class="page current">#{part['title']}</span>)
       else
-        html << %(<span class="deco">#{part['title']}</span>)
+        %(<span class="deco">#{part['title']}</span>)
       end
-
     end
 
     html << %(<span class="next">#{link_to(paginate['next']['title'], paginate['next']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['next']

performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module TagFilter
   def link_to_tag(label, tag)
     "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tag}\">#{label}</a>"
@@ -13,11 +15,11 @@ module TagFilter
 
   def link_to_add_tag(label, tag)
     tags = (@context['current_tags'] + [tag]).uniq
-    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
+    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join('+')}\">#{label}</a>"
   end
 
   def link_to_remove_tag(label, tag)
     tags = (@context['current_tags'] - [tag]).uniq
-    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
+    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join('+')}\">#{label}</a>"
   end
 end

performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module WeightFilter
   def weight(grams)
-    sprintf("%.2f", grams / 1000)
+    format("%.2f", grams / 1000)
   end
 
   def weight_with_unit(grams)

performance/theme_runner.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # This profiler run simulates Shopify.
 # We are looking in the tests directory for liquid files and render them within the designated layout file.
 # We will also export a substantial database to liquid which the templates can render values of.
-# All this is to make the benchmark as non syntetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
+# All this is to make the benchmark as non synthetic as possible. All templates and tests are lifted from
 # direct real-world usage and the profiler measures code that looks very similar to the way it looks in
 # Shopify which is likely the biggest user of liquid in the world which something to the tune of several
 # million Template#render calls a day.
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class ThemeRunner
       {
         liquid: File.read(test),
         layout: (File.file?(theme_path) ? File.read(theme_path) : nil),
-        template_name: test
+        template_name: test,
       }
     end.compact
 
@@ -56,9 +58,9 @@ class ThemeRunner
   # `render` is called to benchmark just the render portion of liquid
   def render
     @compiled_tests.each do |test|
-      tmpl = test[:tmpl]
+      tmpl    = test[:tmpl]
       assigns = test[:assigns]
-      layout = test[:layout]
+      layout  = test[:layout]
 
       if layout
         assigns['content_for_layout'] = tmpl.render!(assigns)
@@ -71,10 +73,14 @@ class ThemeRunner
 
   private
 
+  def render_layout(template, layout, assigns)
+    assigns['content_for_layout'] = template.render!(assigns)
+    layout&.render!(assigns)
+  end
+
   def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
     compiled_test = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    assigns['content_for_layout'] = compiled_test[:tmpl].render!(assigns)
+    render_layout(compiled_test[:tmpl], compiled_test[:layout], compiled_test[:assigns])
-    compiled_test[:layout].render!(assigns) if layout
   end
 
   def compile_all_tests
@@ -86,7 +92,7 @@ class ThemeRunner
   end
 
   def compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl = init_template(page_template, template_file)
+    tmpl            = init_template(page_template, template_file)
     parsed_template = tmpl.parse(template).dup
 
     if layout
@@ -111,9 +117,9 @@ class ThemeRunner
 
   # set up a new Liquid::Template object for use in `compile_and_render` and `compile_test`
   def init_template(page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
+    tmpl                         = Liquid::Template.new
-    tmpl.assigns['page_title'] = 'Page title'
+    tmpl.assigns['page_title']   = 'Page title'
-    tmpl.assigns['template'] = page_template
+    tmpl.assigns['template']     = page_template
     tmpl.registers[:file_system] = ThemeRunner::FileSystem.new(File.dirname(template_file))
     tmpl
   end

performance/unit/lexer_benchmark.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "benchmark/ips"
+
+# benchmark liquid lexing
+
+require 'liquid'
+
+RubyVM::YJIT.enable
+
+EXPRESSIONS = [
+  "foo[1..2].baz",
+  "12.0",
+  "foo.bar.based",
+  "21 - 62",
+  "foo.bar.baz",
+  "foo > 12",
+  "foo < 12",
+  "foo <= 12",
+  "foo >= 12",
+  "foo <> 12",
+  "foo == 12",
+  "foo != 12",
+  "foo contains 12",
+  "foo contains 'bar'",
+  "foo != 'bar'",
+  "'foo' contains 'bar'",
+  '234089',
+  "foo | default: -1",
+]
+
+EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
+  lexer_1_result = Liquid::Lexer1.new(expr).tokenize
+  lexer_2_result = Liquid::Lexer2.new(expr).tokenize
+
+  next if lexer_1_result == lexer_2_result
+
+  warn "Lexer1 and Lexer2 results are different for expression: #{expr}"
+  warn "expected: #{lexer_1_result}"
+  warn "got: #{lexer_2_result}"
+  abort
+end
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  x.config(time: 10, warmup: 5)
+
+  x.report("Liquid::Lexer1#tokenize") do
+    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
+      l = Liquid::Lexer1.new(expr)
+      l.tokenize
+    end
+  end
+
+  x.report("Liquid::Lexer2#tokenize") do
+    EXPRESSIONS.each do |expr|
+      l = Liquid::Lexer2.new(expr)
+      l.tokenize
+    end
+  end
+
+  x.compare!
+end

test/integration/assign_test.rb

@@ -1,48 +1,117 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class AssignTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
 
   def test_assign_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' %}
+      {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' -%}
-    {{ this-thing }}
+      {{ this-thing -}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
+    assert_template_result("Print this-thing", template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal "Print this-thing", rendered.strip
   end
 
   def test_assigned_variable
-    assert_template_result('.foo.',
+    assert_template_result(
+      '.foo.',
       '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+      { 'values' => %w(foo bar baz) },
+    )
 
-    assert_template_result('.bar.',
+    assert_template_result(
+      '.bar.',
       '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+      { 'values' => %w(foo bar baz) },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_assign_with_filter
-    assert_template_result('.bar.',
+    assert_template_result(
+      '.bar.',
       '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+      { 'values' => "foo,bar,baz" },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_assign_syntax_error
-    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/,
+    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/, '{% assign foo not values %}.')
-      '{% assign foo not values %}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
   end
 
   def test_assign_uses_error_mode
-    with_error_mode(:strict) do
+    assert_match_syntax_error(
-      assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+      "Expected dotdot but found pipe in ",
-        Template.parse("{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}")
+      "{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}",
-      end
+      error_mode: :strict,
+    )
+    assert_template_result("", "{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}", error_mode: :lax)
+  end
+
+  def test_expression_with_whitespace_in_square_brackets
+    source = "{% assign r = a[ 'b' ] %}{{ r }}"
+    assert_template_result('result', source, { 'a' => { 'b' => 'result' } })
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_exceeding_resource_limit
+    t = Template.parse("{% assign foo = 42 %}{% assign bar = 23 %}")
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 1
+    assert_equal("Liquid error: Memory limits exceeded", t.render)
+    assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
+
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 2
+    assert_equal("", t.render!)
+    refute_nil(t.resource_limits.assign_score)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_exceeding_limit_from_composite_object
+    t = Template.parse("{% assign foo = 'aaaa' | reverse %}")
+
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 3
+    assert_equal("Liquid error: Memory limits exceeded", t.render)
+    assert(t.resource_limits.reached?)
+
+    t.resource_limits.assign_score_limit = 5
+    assert_equal("", t.render!)
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_int
+    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of(123))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_string_counts_bytes
+    assert_equal(3, assign_score_of('123'))
+    assert_equal(5, assign_score_of('12345'))
+    assert_equal(9, assign_score_of('すごい'))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_array
+    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of([]))
+    assert_equal(2, assign_score_of([123]))
+    assert_equal(6, assign_score_of([123, 'abcd']))
+  end
+
+  def test_assign_score_of_hash
+    assert_equal(1, assign_score_of({}))
+    assert_equal(5, assign_score_of('int' => 123))
+    assert_equal(12, assign_score_of('int' => 123, 'str' => 'abcd'))
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  class ObjectWrapperDrop < Liquid::Drop
+    def initialize(obj)
+      @obj = obj
     end
-    with_error_mode(:lax) do
+
-      assert Template.parse("{% assign foo = ('X' | downcase) %}")
+    def value
+      @obj
     end
   end
-end # AssignTest
+
+  def assign_score_of(obj)
+    context = Liquid::Context.new('drop' => ObjectWrapperDrop.new(obj))
+    Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign obj = drop.value %}').render!(context)
+    context.resource_limits.assign_score
+  end
+end

test/integration/blank_test.rb

@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class FoobarTag < Liquid::Tag
-  def render(*args)
+  def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-    " "
+    output << ' '
-  end
+    output
-
-  Liquid::Template.register_tag('foobar', FoobarTag)
-end
-
-class BlankTestFileSystem
-  def read_template_file(template_path)
-    template_path
   end
 end
 
@@ -31,7 +26,9 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_new_tags_are_not_blank_by_default
-    assert_template_result(" " * N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
+    with_custom_tag('foobar', FoobarTag) do
+      assert_equal(" " * N, Liquid::Template.parse(wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}")).render!)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_loops_are_blank
@@ -60,9 +57,11 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_nested_blocks_are_blank_but_only_if_all_children_are
     assert_template_result("", wrap(wrap(" ")))
-    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
+    assert_template_result(
+      "\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
       wrap('{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
-      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'))
+      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'),
+    )
   end
 
   def test_assigns_are_blank
@@ -92,10 +91,21 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_include_is_blank
-    Liquid::Template.file_system = BlankTestFileSystem.new
+    assert_template_result(
-    assert_template_result "foobar" * (N + 1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}")
+      "foobar" * (N + 1),
-    assert_template_result " foobar " * (N + 1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}")
+      wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}"),
-    assert_template_result "   " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} ")
+      partials: { 'foobar' => 'foobar' },
+    )
+    assert_template_result(
+      " foobar " * (N + 1),
+      wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}"),
+      partials: { ' foobar ' => ' foobar ' },
+    )
+    assert_template_result(
+      "   " * (N + 1),
+      wrap(" {% include ' ' %} "),
+      partials: { ' ' => ' ' },
+    )
   end
 
   def test_case_is_blank

test/integration/block_test.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,56 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class BlockTest < Minitest::Test
   include Liquid
 
   def test_unexpected_end_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
+    source = '{% if true %}{% endunless %}'
-      Template.parse("{% if true %}{% endunless %}")
+    assert_match_syntax_error("Liquid syntax error (line 1): 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif", source)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_custom_tag
+    with_custom_tag('testtag', Block) do
+      assert(Liquid::Template.parse("{% testtag %} {% endtesttag %}"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_block_tags_have_a_default_render_to_output_buffer_method_for_backwards_compatibility
+    klass1 = Class.new(Block) do
+      def render(*)
+        'hello'
+      end
+    end
+
+    with_custom_tag('blabla', klass1) do
+      template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% blabla %} bla {% endblabla %}")
+
+      assert_equal('hello', template.render)
+
+      buf    = +''
+      output = template.render({}, output: buf)
+      assert_equal('hello', output)
+      assert_equal('hello', buf)
+      assert_equal(buf.object_id, output.object_id)
+    end
+
+    klass2 = Class.new(klass1) do
+      def render(*)
+        'foo' + super + 'bar'
+      end
+    end
+
+    with_custom_tag('blabla', klass2) do
+      template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% blabla %} foo {% endblabla %}")
+
+      assert_equal('foohellobar', template.render)
+
+      buf    = +''
+      output = template.render({}, output: buf)
+      assert_equal('foohellobar', output)
+      assert_equal('foohellobar', buf)
+      assert_equal(buf.object_id, output.object_id)
     end
-    assert_equal exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif"
   end
 end

test/integration/capture_test.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -8,43 +10,43 @@ class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
   end
 
   def test_capture_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-    {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture %}
+      {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture -%}
-    {{ this-thing }}
+      {{ this-thing -}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
+    assert_template_result("Print this-thing", template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal "Print this-thing", rendered.strip
   end
 
   def test_capture_to_variable_from_outer_scope_if_existing
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign var = '' %}
+      {% assign var = '' -%}
-    {% if true %}
+      {% if true -%}
-    {% capture var %}first-block-string{% endcapture %}
+        {% capture var %}first-block-string{% endcapture -%}
-    {% endif %}
+      {% endif -%}
-    {% if true %}
+      {% if true -%}
-    {% capture var %}test-string{% endcapture %}
+        {% capture var %}test-string{% endcapture -%}
-    {% endif %}
+      {% endif -%}
-    {{var}}
+      {{var-}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
+    assert_template_result("test-string", template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal "test-string", rendered.gsub(/\s/, '')
   end
 
   def test_assigning_from_capture
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
+    template_source = <<~END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign first = '' %}
+      {% assign first = '' -%}
-    {% assign second = '' %}
+      {% assign second = '' -%}
-    {% for number in (1..3) %}
+      {% for number in (1..3) -%}
-    {% capture first %}{{number}}{% endcapture %}
+        {% capture first %}{{number}}{% endcapture -%}
-    {% assign second = first %}
+        {% assign second = first -%}
-    {% endfor %}
+      {% endfor -%}
-    {{ first }}-{{ second }}
+      {{ first }}-{{ second -}}
     END_TEMPLATE
-    template = Template.parse(template_source)
+    assert_template_result("3-3", template_source)
-    rendered = template.render!
-    assert_equal "3-3", rendered.gsub(/\s/, '')
   end
-end # CaptureTest
+
+  def test_increment_assign_score_by_bytes_not_characters
+    t = Template.parse("{% capture foo %}すごい{% endcapture %}")
+    t.render!
+    assert_equal(9, t.resource_limits.assign_score)
+  end
+end