diff --git a/.github/workflows/liquid.yml b/.github/workflows/liquid.yml
index dce2d281..3b66161d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/liquid.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/liquid.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
           - { ruby: 3.0, allowed-failure: false } # minimum supported
           - { ruby: 3.2, allowed-failure: false }
           - { ruby: 3.3, allowed-failure: false }
-          - { ruby: "3.4.0-rc1", allowed-failure: false } # latest
+          - { ruby: 3.4, allowed-failure: false } # latest
           - { ruby: ruby-head, allowed-failure: false }
     name: Test Ruby ${{ matrix.entry.ruby }}
     steps:
diff --git a/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb b/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
index 0bd4557b..73dfe346 100644
--- a/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
@@ -40,27 +40,6 @@ module Liquid
         end
         input
       end
-
-      def stringify_object(object)
-        output = String.new
-        self.stringify_inner(object, output)
-        output
-      end
-
-      def stringify_inner(obj, output)
-        case obj
-        when NilClass
-          # Do nothing
-        when Array
-          obj.each do |o|
-            self.stringify_object(o, output)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          output << obj.to_s_legacy
-        when
-          output << obj.to_s
-        end
-      end
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -85,7 +64,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | downcase
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def downcase(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).downcase
+      Utils.to_s(input).downcase
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -96,7 +75,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | upcase
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def upcase(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).upcase
+      Utils.to_s(input).upcase
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -107,7 +86,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | capitalize
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def capitalize(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).capitalize
+      Utils.to_s(input).capitalize
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -118,7 +97,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | escape
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def escape(input)
-      CGI.escapeHTML(StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)) unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escapeHTML(Utils.to_s(input)) unless input.nil?
     end
     alias_method :h, :escape
 
@@ -130,7 +109,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | escape_once
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def escape_once(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
+      Utils.to_s(input).gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -145,7 +124,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | url_encode
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def url_encode(input)
-      CGI.escape(StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)) unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escape(Utils.to_s(input)) unless input.nil?
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -159,7 +138,7 @@ module Liquid
     def url_decode(input)
       return if input.nil?
 
-      result = CGI.unescape(StandardFilters.stringify_object(input))
+      result = CGI.unescape(Utils.to_s(input))
       raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid byte sequence in #{result.encoding}" unless result.valid_encoding?
 
       result
@@ -173,7 +152,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | base64_encode
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def base64_encode(input)
-      Base64.strict_encode64(StandardFilters.stringify_object(input))
+      Base64.strict_encode64(Utils.to_s(input))
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -184,7 +163,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | base64_decode
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def base64_decode(input)
-      input = StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
       StandardFilters.try_coerce_encoding(Base64.strict_decode64(input), encoding: input.encoding)
     rescue ::ArgumentError
       raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid base64 provided to base64_decode"
@@ -198,7 +177,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | base64_url_safe_encode
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def base64_url_safe_encode(input)
-      Base64.urlsafe_encode64(StandardFilters.stringify_object(input))
+      Base64.urlsafe_encode64(Utils.to_s(input))
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -209,7 +188,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | base64_url_safe_decode
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def base64_url_safe_decode(input)
-      input = StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
       StandardFilters.try_coerce_encoding(Base64.urlsafe_decode64(input), encoding: input.encoding)
     rescue ::ArgumentError
       raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid base64 provided to base64_url_safe_decode"
@@ -233,7 +212,7 @@ module Liquid
         if input.is_a?(Array)
           input.slice(offset, length) || []
         else
-          StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).slice(offset, length) || ''
+          Utils.to_s(input).slice(offset, length) || ''
         end
       rescue RangeError
         if I64_RANGE.cover?(length) && I64_RANGE.cover?(offset)
@@ -257,10 +236,10 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...")
       return if input.nil?
-      input_str = StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)
+      input_str = Utils.to_s(input)
       length    = Utils.to_integer(length)
 
-      truncate_string_str = truncate_string.to_s
+      truncate_string_str = Utils.to_s(truncate_string)
 
       l = length - truncate_string_str.length
       l = 0 if l < 0
@@ -284,7 +263,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...")
       return if input.nil?
-      input = StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
       words = Utils.to_integer(words)
       words = 1 if words <= 0
 
@@ -298,7 +277,8 @@ module Liquid
       return input if wordlist.length <= words
 
       wordlist.pop
-      wordlist.join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s)
+      truncate_string = Utils.to_s(truncate_string)
+      wordlist.join(" ").concat(truncate_string)
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -309,7 +289,9 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | split: string
     # @liquid_return [array[string]]
     def split(input, pattern)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).split(pattern.to_s)
+      pattern = Utils.to_s(pattern)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.split(pattern)
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -320,7 +302,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | strip
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def strip(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).strip
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.strip
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -331,7 +314,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | lstrip
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def lstrip(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).lstrip
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.lstrip
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -342,7 +326,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | rstrip
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def rstrip(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).rstrip
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.rstrip
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -353,8 +338,9 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | strip_html
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def strip_html(input)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
       empty  = ''
-      result = StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
+      result = input.gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
       result.gsub!(STRIP_HTML_TAGS, empty)
       result
     end
@@ -367,7 +353,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | strip_newlines
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def strip_newlines(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).gsub(/\r?\n/, '')
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.gsub(/\r?\n/, '')
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -378,6 +365,7 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax array | join
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def join(input, glue = ' ')
+      glue = Utils.to_s(glue)
       InputIterator.new(input, context).join(glue)
     end
 
@@ -594,7 +582,10 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | replace: string, string
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def replace(input, string, replacement = '')
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).gsub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
+      string = Utils.to_s(string)
+      replacement = Utils.to_s(replacement)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.gsub(string, replacement)
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -605,7 +596,10 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | replace_first: string, string
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def replace_first(input, string, replacement = '')
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).sub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
+      string = Utils.to_s(string)
+      replacement = Utils.to_s(replacement)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.sub(string, replacement)
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -616,9 +610,9 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | replace_last: string, string
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def replace_last(input, string, replacement)
-      input = StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)
-      string = string.to_s
-      replacement = replacement.to_s
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      string = Utils.to_s(string)
+      replacement = Utils.to_s(replacement)
 
       start_index = input.rindex(string)
 
@@ -670,7 +664,9 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | append: string
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def append(input, string)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input) + string.to_s
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      string = Utils.to_s(string)
+      input + string
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -699,7 +695,9 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | prepend: string
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def prepend(input, string)
-      string.to_s + StandardFilters.stringify_object(input)
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      string = Utils.to_s(string)
+      string + input
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
@@ -710,7 +708,8 @@ module Liquid
     # @liquid_syntax string | newline_to_br
     # @liquid_return [string]
     def newline_to_br(input)
-      StandardFilters.stringify_object(input).gsub(/\r?\n/, "<br />\n")
+      input = Utils.to_s(input)
+      input.gsub(/\r?\n/, "<br />\n")
     end
 
     # Reformat a date using Ruby's core Time#strftime( string ) -> string
@@ -745,11 +744,12 @@ module Liquid
     #
     #   See also: http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/Time.html#method-i-strftime
     def date(input, format)
-      return input if format.to_s.empty?
+      str_format = Utils.to_s(format)
+      return input if str_format.empty?
 
       return input unless (date = Utils.to_date(input))
 
-      date.strftime(format.to_s)
+      date.strftime(str_format)
     end
 
     # @liquid_public_docs
diff --git a/lib/liquid/utils.rb b/lib/liquid/utils.rb
index 23441b1a..8acfbbf5 100644
--- a/lib/liquid/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/utils.rb
@@ -89,11 +89,90 @@ module Liquid
       # Otherwise return the object itself
       obj
     end
-  end
-end
 
-class Hash
-  def to_s_legacy
-    return "LEGACY RUBY"
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '3.4'
+      def self.to_s(obj, seen = {})
+        case obj
+        when Hash
+          hash_inspect(obj, seen)
+        when Array
+          array_inspect(obj, seen)
+        else
+          obj.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.inspect(obj, seen = {})
+        case obj
+        when Hash
+          hash_inspect(obj, seen)
+        when Array
+          array_inspect(obj, seen)
+        else
+          obj.inspect
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      def self.to_s(obj, seen = nil)
+        obj.to_s
+      end
+
+      def self.inspect(obj, seen = nil)
+        obj.inspect
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.array_inspect(arr, seen = {})
+      if seen[arr.object_id]
+        return "[...]"
+      end
+
+      seen[arr.object_id] = true
+      str = +"["
+      cursor = 0
+      len = arr.length
+
+      while cursor < len
+        if cursor > 0
+          str << ", "
+        end
+
+        item_str = inspect(arr[cursor], seen)
+        str << item_str
+      end
+
+      str << "]"
+      str
+    ensure
+      seen.delete(arr.object_id)
+    end
+
+    def self.hash_inspect(hash, seen = {})
+      if seen[hash.object_id]
+        return "{...}"
+      end
+      seen[hash.object_id] = true
+
+      str = +"{"
+      first = true
+      hash.each do |key, value|
+        if first
+          first = false
+        else
+          str << ", "
+        end
+
+        key_str = inspect(key, seen)
+        str << key_str
+        str << "=>"
+
+        value_str = inspect(value, seen)
+        str << value_str
+      end
+      str << "}"
+      str
+    ensure
+      seen.delete(hash.object_id)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/liquid/variable.rb b/lib/liquid/variable.rb
index efa8ceb4..20957065 100644
--- a/lib/liquid/variable.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ module Liquid
 
       @filters.each do |filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs|
         filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-        binding.irb
         obj = context.invoke(filter_name, obj, *filter_args)
       end
 
@@ -108,10 +107,8 @@ module Liquid
         obj.each do |o|
           render_obj_to_output(o, output)
         end
-      when Hash
-        output << obj.to_s_legacy
-      when
-        output << obj.to_s
+      else
+        output << Liquid::Utils.to_s(obj)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/test/integration/hash_rendering_test.rb b/test/integration/hash_rendering_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c465208f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/hash_rendering_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class HashRenderingTest < Minitest::Test
+  def test_render_empty_hash
+    assert_template_result("{}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => {} })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_hash_with_string_keys_and_values
+    assert_template_result("{\"key1\"=>\"value1\", \"key2\"=>\"value2\"}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { "key1" => "value1", "key2" => "value2" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_hash_with_symbol_keys_and_integer_values
+    assert_template_result("{:key1=>1, :key2=>2}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { key1: 1, key2: 2 } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_nested_hash
+    assert_template_result("{\"outer\"=>{\"inner\"=>\"value\"}}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { "outer" => { "inner" => "value" } } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_hash_with_array_values
+    assert_template_result("{\"numbers\"=>[1, 2, 3]}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { "numbers" => [1, 2, 3] } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_recursive_hash
+    recursive_hash = { "self" => {} }
+    recursive_hash["self"]["self"] = recursive_hash
+    assert_template_result("{\"self\"=>{\"self\"=>{...}}}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => recursive_hash })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_downcase_filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"key\"=>\"value\", \"anotherkey\"=>\"anothervalue\"}", "{{ my_hash | downcase }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_upcase_filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"KEY\"=>\"VALUE\", \"ANOTHERKEY\"=>\"ANOTHERVALUE\"}", "{{ my_hash | upcase }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_strip_filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"Key\"=>\"Value\", \"AnotherKey\"=>\"AnotherValue\"}", "{{ my_hash | strip }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_escape_filter
+    assert_template_result("{&quot;Key&quot;=&gt;&quot;Value&quot;, &quot;AnotherKey&quot;=&gt;&quot;AnotherValue&quot;}", "{{ my_hash | escape }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_url_encode_filter
+    assert_template_result("%7B%22Key%22%3D%3E%22Value%22%2C+%22AnotherKey%22%3D%3E%22AnotherValue%22%7D", "{{ my_hash | url_encode }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_strip_html_filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"Key\"=>\"Value\", \"AnotherKey\"=>\"AnotherValue\"}", "{{ my_hash | strip_html }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_truncate__20_filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"Key\"=>\"Value\", ...", "{{ my_hash | truncate: 20 }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_replace___key____replaced_key__filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"Key\"=>\"Value\", \"AnotherKey\"=>\"AnotherValue\"}", "{{ my_hash | replace: 'key', 'replaced_key' }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_append____appended_text__filter
+    assert_template_result("{\"Key\"=>\"Value\", \"AnotherKey\"=>\"AnotherValue\"} appended text", "{{ my_hash | append: ' appended text' }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_prepend___prepended_text___filter
+    assert_template_result("prepended text {\"Key\"=>\"Value\", \"AnotherKey\"=>\"AnotherValue\"}", "{{ my_hash | prepend: 'prepended text ' }}", { "my_hash" => { "Key" => "Value", "AnotherKey" => "AnotherValue" } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_hash_with_array_values_empty
+    assert_template_result("{\"numbers\"=>[]}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { "numbers" => [] } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_hash_with_array_values_hash
+    assert_template_result("{\"numbers\"=>[{:foo=>42}]}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { "numbers" => [{ foo: 42 }] } })
+  end
+
+  def test_render_hash_with_hash_key
+    assert_template_result("{{\"foo\"=>\"bar\"}=>42}", "{{ my_hash }}", { "my_hash" => { Hash["foo" => "bar"] => 42 } })
+  end
+end